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Literature summary extracted from
- Functional characterization of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase- and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase-encoding genes from Lycoris radiata, a galanthamine-producing plant (2018), Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 117, 1264-1279 .
Cloned(Commentary)
| EC Number | Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.14.14.91 | overexpression in Escherichia coli | Lycoris radiata |
| 4.3.1.24 | overexpression in Escherichia coli | Lycoris radiata |
Inhibitors
| EC Number | Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.3.1.24 | Ca2+ | 1 mM, about 5% loss of activity | Lycoris radiata |  |
| 4.3.1.24 | Cu2+ | 1 mM, about 50% loss of activity | Lycoris radiata | |
| 4.3.1.24 | Fe2+ | 1 mM, about 20% loss of activity | Lycoris radiata | |
| 4.3.1.24 | Fe3+ | 1 mM, about 10% loss of activity | Lycoris radiata | |
| 4.3.1.24 | Mn2+ | 1 mM, about 10% loss of activity | Lycoris radiata | |
| 4.3.1.24 | Na+ | 1 mM, about 20% loss of activity | Lycoris radiata | |
| 4.3.1.24 | Zn2+ | 1 mM, about 80% loss of activity | Lycoris radiata | |
Metals/Ions
| EC Number | Metals/Ions | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.14.91 | Ca2+ | - |
Lycoris radiata | |
| 4.3.1.24 | Ca2+ | - |
Lycoris radiata | |
| 4.3.1.24 | Co2+ | 1 mM, about 50% activation | Lycoris radiata | |
| 4.3.1.24 | K+ | 1 mM, about 5% activation | Lycoris radiata | |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| EC Number | Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.14.91 | trans-cinnamate + [reduced NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + O2 | Lycoris radiata | the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of galanthamine | 4-hydroxycinnamate + [oxidized NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + H2O | - |
? | |
| 4.3.1.24 | L-phenylalanine | Lycoris radiata | the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of galanthamine | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
? | |
Organism
| EC Number | Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.14.91 | Lycoris radiata | A0A2Z4I2V7 | - |
- |
| 4.3.1.24 | Lycoris radiata | B9VU66 | - |
- |
Purification (Commentary)
| EC Number | Purification (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.14.14.91 | - |
Lycoris radiata |
| 4.3.1.24 | - |
Lycoris radiata |
Source Tissue
| EC Number | Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.14.91 | bulb | intermediate transcript level | Lycoris radiata | - |
| 1.14.14.91 | flower | high transcript level, the transcriptional levels of LrPAL3 is positively associated with the galanthamine contents within the leaves and flowers, which suggested that the expression and function is coregulated and involved in the biosynthesis of galanthamine | Lycoris radiata | - |
| 1.14.14.91 | leaf | intermediate transcript level. The transcriptional levels of LrPAL3 is positively associated with the galanthamine contents within the leaves and flowers, which suggested that the expression and function is coregulated and involved in the biosynthesis of galanthamine | Lycoris radiata | - |
| 1.14.14.91 | root | low transcript level | Lycoris radiata | - |
| 4.3.1.24 | bulb | high transcript level | Lycoris radiata | - |
| 4.3.1.24 | flower | the transcriptional level of LrPAL3 is positively associated with the galanthamine contents within the leaves and flowers, which suggested that the expression and function is coregulated and involved in the biosynthesis of galanthamine | Lycoris radiata | - |
| 4.3.1.24 | leaf | the transcriptional level of LrPAL3 is positively associated with the galanthamine contents within the leaves and flowers, which suggested that the expression and function is coregulated and involved in the biosynthesis of galanthamine | Lycoris radiata | - |
| 4.3.1.24 | root | low transcript level | Lycoris radiata | - |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| EC Number | Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.14.91 | trans-cinnamate + [reduced NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + O2 | - |
Lycoris radiata | 4-hydroxycinnamate + [oxidized NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.14.91 | trans-cinnamate + [reduced NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + O2 | the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of galanthamine | Lycoris radiata | 4-hydroxycinnamate + [oxidized NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + H2O | - |
? | |
| 4.3.1.24 | 3-chloro-L-phenylalanine | - |
Lycoris radiata | 3-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
? | |
| 4.3.1.24 | 4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine | - |
Lycoris radiata | 4-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
? | |
| 4.3.1.24 | L-phenylalanine | - |
Lycoris radiata | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
? | |
| 4.3.1.24 | L-phenylalanine | the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of galanthamine | Lycoris radiata | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
? | |
| 4.3.1.24 | trans-cinnamate + NH3 | - |
Lycoris radiata | L-phenylalanine | - |
? | |
Synonyms
| EC Number | Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.14.91 | C4H | - |
Lycoris radiata |
| 1.14.14.91 | cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase | - |
Lycoris radiata |
| 1.14.14.91 | LrC4H | - |
Lycoris radiata |
| 4.3.1.24 | LrPAL3 | - |
Lycoris radiata |
| 4.3.1.24 | Phe ammonia-lyase | - |
Lycoris radiata |
Temperature Optimum [°C]
| EC Number | Temperature Optimum [°C] | Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.3.1.24 | 37 | - |
- |
Lycoris radiata |
Temperature Range [°C]
| EC Number | Temperature Minimum [°C] | Temperature Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.3.1.24 | 30 | 45 | 30°C: about 40% of maximal activity, 45°C: about 65% of maximal activity | Lycoris radiata |
pH Optimum
| EC Number | pH Optimum Minimum | pH Optimum Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.3.1.24 | 8.5 | 9.5 | - |
Lycoris radiata |
pH Range
| EC Number | pH Minimum | pH Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.3.1.24 | 7 | 11 | pH 7.0: about 45% of maximal activity, pH 11.0: about 70% of maximal activity | Lycoris radiata |
Cofactor
| EC Number | Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.3.1.24 | 3,5-dihydro-5-methylidene-4H-imidazol-4-one | dependent on | Lycoris radiata | |
General Information
| EC Number | General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.14.91 | metabolism | the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of galanthamine, a Amaryllidaceae alkaloid, that is a clinically used drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease | Lycoris radiata |
| 4.3.1.24 | metabolism | the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of galanthamine, a Amaryllidaceae alkaloid, that is a clinically used drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease | Lycoris radiata |
kcat/KM [mM/s]
| EC Number | kcat/KM Value [1/mMs-1] | kcat/KM Value Maximum [1/mMs-1] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.3.1.24 | 0.51 | - |
L-phenylalanine | pH 8.8, 37°C | Lycoris radiata | |
| 4.3.1.24 | 0.81 | - |
3-chloro-L-phenylalanine | pH 8.8, 37°C | Lycoris radiata | |
| 4.3.1.24 | 0.84 | - |
4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine | pH 8.8, 37°C | Lycoris radiata | |
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