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Literature summary extracted from

  • Kosonen, M.; Laennenpaeae, M.; Ratilainen, M.; Kontunen-Soppela, S.; Julkunen-Tiitto, R.
    Decreased anthocyanidin reductase expression strongly decreases silver birch (Betula pendula) growth and alters accumulation of phenolics (2015), Physiol. Plant., 155, 384-399 .
    View publication on PubMed

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
1.3.1.77 gene BpANR, sequence comparisons, quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis Betula pendula

Protein Variants

EC Number Protein Variants Comment Organism
1.3.1.77 additional information generation of ANR knockout plants using RNAi, phenotype and growth of ANRi birches, overview Betula pendula

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
1.3.1.77 cyanidin + 2 NADPH + H+ Betula pendula
-
 (2R,3R)-epicatechin + 2 NADP+ ? ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
1.3.1.77 Betula pendula
-
-
-

Source Tissue

EC Number Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
1.3.1.77 leaf
-
 Betula pendula
-
1.3.1.77 plantlet
-
 Betula pendula
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
1.3.1.77 cyanidin + 2 NADPH + H+
-
 Betula pendula (2R,3R)-epicatechin + 2 NADP+ ? ?

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
1.3.1.77 ANR
-
 Betula pendula
1.3.1.77 BpANR
-
 Betula pendula

General Information

EC Number General Information Comment Organism
1.3.1.77 malfunction enzyme knockout ANRi birches show decreased growth and reduction in proanthocyanidins content, while the accumulation of total phenolics in both stems and leaves increase. ANRi birches produce more resin glands than do wild-type birches. The response of ANRi birches to N depletion varies compared with that of wild-type birches, and in particular, the concentrations of some phenolics in stems increase in wild-type birches and decrease in ANRi birches. Because the inhibition of proanthocyanidins biosynthesis via ANR seriously affects birch growth and results in accumulation of the precursors, the native level of proanthocyanidins in plant tissues is assumed to be the prerequisite for normal plant growth. Phenotypes, overview Betula pendula
1.3.1.77 metabolism the enzyme is involved in the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by forming (-)-epicatechin, which polymerizes to proanthocyanidins, overview. The enzymes leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR, EC 1.17.1.3) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) provide two separate pathways for the synthesis of the units for proanthocyanidin polymers. Catechins are derived from leucocyanidin by the catalyzation of LAR, while epicatechins are synthesized from cyanidin by ANR Betula pendula