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Literature summary extracted from
- Violaxanthin de-epoxidase disulphides and their role in activity and thermal stability (2015), Photosynth. Res., 124, 191-198 .
Cloned(Commentary)
| EC Number | Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.23.5.1 | gene VDE1, recombinant expression of wild-type and mutant enzymes in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) in inclusion bodies | Spinacia oleracea |
Protein Variants
| EC Number | Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.23.5.1 | C09S | site-directed mutagenesisthe mutant shows slightly decreased activity compared to the wild-type enzyme | Spinacia oleracea |
| 1.23.5.1 | C118S | site-directed mutagenesis, almost inactive mutant | Spinacia oleracea |
| 1.23.5.1 | C14S | site-directed mutagenesis, almost inactive mutant | Spinacia oleracea |
| 1.23.5.1 | C21S | site-directed mutagenesis, almost inactive mutant | Spinacia oleracea |
| 1.23.5.1 | C248S | site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows over 95% reduced activity compared to the wild-type enzyme | Spinacia oleracea |
| 1.23.5.1 | C27S | site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows about 70% reduced activity compared to the wild-type enzyme | Spinacia oleracea |
| 1.23.5.1 | C33S | site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows about 90% reduced activity compared to the wild-type enzyme | Spinacia oleracea |
| 1.23.5.1 | C37S | site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows about 50% reduced activity compared to the wild-type enzyme | Spinacia oleracea |
| 1.23.5.1 | C46S | site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows about 45% reduced activity compared to the wild-type enzyme | Spinacia oleracea |
| 1.23.5.1 | C50S | site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows 90% reduced activity compared to the wild-type enzyme | Spinacia oleracea |
| 1.23.5.1 | C65S | site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows 85% reduced activity compared to the wild-type enzyme | Spinacia oleracea |
| 1.23.5.1 | C72S | site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows over 95% reduced activity compared to the wild-type enzyme | Spinacia oleracea |
| 1.23.5.1 | C7S | site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows 2fold increased activity compared to the wild-type enzyme | Spinacia oleracea |
Localization
| EC Number | Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.23.5.1 | chloroplast | - |
Spinacia oleracea | 9507 | - |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| EC Number | Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.23.5.1 | violaxanthin + 2 L-ascorbate | Spinacia oleracea | overall reaction | zeaxanthin + 2 L-dehydroascorbate + 2 H2O | - |
? |  |
Organism
| EC Number | Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.23.5.1 | Spinacia oleracea | Q9SM43 | - |
- |
Purification (Commentary)
| EC Number | Purification (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.23.5.1 | recombinant wild-type and mutant enzymes from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) solubilized from inclusion bodies | Spinacia oleracea |
Renatured (Commentary)
| EC Number | Renatured (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.23.5.1 | recombinant wild-type and mutant enzymes from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) inclusion bodies by solibilization with 8 M urea, 60 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 60 mM NaCl, and 0.6 mM EDTA, followed by dialysis and ultracentrifugation | Spinacia oleracea |
Source Tissue
| EC Number | Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.23.5.1 | leaf | - |
Spinacia oleracea | - |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| EC Number | Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.23.5.1 | violaxanthin + 2 L-ascorbate | overall reaction | Spinacia oleracea | zeaxanthin + 2 L-dehydroascorbate + 2 H2O | - |
? | |
Subunits
| EC Number | Subunits | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.23.5.1 | More | enzyme VDE consists of a cysteine-rich N-terminal domain, a lipocalin-like domain and a negatively charged C-terminal domain. A disulphide pattern in VDE of C9-C27, C14-C21, C33-C50, C37-C46, C65-C72 and C118-C284 is obtained after digestion of VDE with thermolysin followed by mass spectroscopy analysis of reduced versus non-reduced samples. Reduction of the disulfides results in loss of a rigid structure and a decrease in thermal stability of 15°C. Peptide mapping, mass spectroscopy, overview | Spinacia oleracea |
Synonyms
| EC Number | Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.23.5.1 | VDE | - |
Spinacia oleracea |
Temperature Stability [°C]
| EC Number | Temperature Stability Minimum [°C] | Temperature Stability Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.23.5.1 | 33 | - |
apparent melting temperature for the VDE reduced by DTT | Spinacia oleracea |
| 1.23.5.1 | 48 | - |
apparent melting temperature for the non-reduced VDE | Spinacia oleracea |
Cofactor
| EC Number | Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.23.5.1 | L-ascorbate | - |
Spinacia oleracea | |
General Information
| EC Number | General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.23.5.1 | malfunction | mutational reduction of the disulfides in the enzyme results in loss of a rigid structure and a decrease in thermal stability of 15°C | Spinacia oleracea |
| 1.23.5.1 | physiological function | violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) catalyses the conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin at the lumen side of the thylakoids during exposure to intense light | Spinacia oleracea |
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Release 2023.1 (January 2023)
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