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Literature summary extracted from

  • Malhotra, K.; Subramaniyan, M.; Rawat, K.; Kalamuddin, M.; Qureshi, M.I.; Malhotra, P.; Mohmmed, A.; Cornish, K.; Daniell, H.; Kumar, S.
    Compartmentalized metabolic engineering for artemisinin biosynthesis and effective malaria treatment by oral delivery of plant cells (2016), Mol. Plant, 9, 1464-1477 .
    View publication on PubMedView publication on EuropePMC

Application

EC Number Application Comment Organism
1.3.1.92 drug development oral feeding of whole intact plant cells bioencapsulating the artemisinin reduces the Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia levels in challenged mice in comparison with commercial drug. The synergistic approache may facilitate low-cost production and delivery of artemisinin and other drugs through metabolic engineering of edible plants Artemisia annua

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
1.3.1.92 gene DBR2, recombinant expression of the enzyme in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plant leaf chloroplasts via transfection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105, nuclear genome transformation of homoplastomic plant Artemisia annua

Protein Variants

EC Number Protein Variants Comment Organism
1.3.1.92 additional information the yield of artemisinin from Artemisia annua is relatively low when cultivated under Indian climatic conditions. Artemisinin biosynthesized at clinically meaningful levels in Nicotiana tabacum by engineering two metabolic pathways targeted to three different cellular compartments (chloroplast, nucleus, and mitochondria). The doubly transgenic lines show a 3fold enhancement of isopentenyl diphosphate, and targeting AACPR, DBR2, and CYP71AV1 to chloroplasts results in higher expression and an efficient photooxidation of dihydroartemisinic acid to artemisinin. Partially purified extracts from the leaves of transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants inhibit in vitro growth progression of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells, parasitemia is observed in mice fed with pure artemisinin as well as those fed with the wild-type plant extract, Plasmodium berghei murine malaria model. Artemisinin biosynthesis by sequential metabolic engineering of chloroplast and nuclear genomes, overview Artemisia annua

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
1.3.1.92 artemisinic aldehyde + NADPH + H+ Artemisia annua
-
 (11R)-dihydroartemisinic aldehyde + NADP+
-
 ?
1.3.1.92 additional information Artemisia annua LC-MS/MS analysis of dihydroartemisinic acid synthesized in plants ?
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
1.3.1.92 Artemisia annua C5H429
-
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
1.3.1.92 artemisinic aldehyde + NADPH + H+
-
 Artemisia annua (11R)-dihydroartemisinic aldehyde + NADP+
-
 ?
1.3.1.92 artemisinic aldehyde + NADPH + H+ double bond reductase 2 (DBR2) reduces the DELTA11(13) double bond of artemisinic aldehyde Artemisia annua (11R)-dihydroartemisinic aldehyde + NADP+
-
 ?
1.3.1.92 additional information LC-MS/MS analysis of dihydroartemisinic acid synthesized in plants Artemisia annua ?
-
 ?
1.3.1.92 additional information the conversion of dihydroartemisinic acid to artemisinin is a non-enzymatic photochemical oxidation process Artemisia annua ?
-
 ?

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
1.3.1.92 Dbr2
-
 Artemisia annua
1.3.1.92 double bond reductase 2
-
 Artemisia annua

Cofactor

EC Number Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
1.3.1.92 NADPH
-
 Artemisia annua