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Literature summary extracted from
- High-level de novo biosynthesis of arbutin in engineered Escherichia coli (2017), Metab. Eng., 42, 52-58 .
Application
| EC Number | Application | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.64 | pharmacology | construction of a novel artificial pathway for arbutin biosynthesis in Escherichia colid. De novo biosynthesis of arbutin from simple carbon sources is established and a generalizable strategy for the biosynthesis of shikimate pathway derived chemicals is provided. Arbutin is a hydroquinone glucoside compound existing in various plants. It is widely used in pharmaceuticaland cosmetic industries owing to its well-known skin-lightening property as well as anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory activities. A 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-hydroxylase gene from Candida parapsilosis CBS604 and a glucosyltransferase (arbutin synthase) gene from Rauvolfia serpentina are introduced into Escherichia coli lead to the production of 54.71 mg/l of arbutin from glucose. Further redirection of carbon flux into arbutin biosynthesis pathway by enhancing shikimate pathway genes enables production of 3.29 g/l arbutin, which is a 60-fold increase compared with the initial strain. Final optimization of glucose concentration added in the culture medium is able to further improve the titer of arbutin to 4.19 g/l in shake flasks experiments, which is around 77-fold higher than that of initial strain | Candida parapsilosis |
| 1.14.13.64 | synthesis | construction of a novel artificial pathway for arbutin biosynthesis in Escherichia colid. De novo biosynthesis of arbutin from simple carbon sources is established and a generalizable strategy for the biosynthesis of shikimate pathway derived chemicals is provided. Arbutin is a hydroquinone glucoside compound existing in various plants. It is widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries owing to its well-known skin-lightening property as well as anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory activities. A 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-hydroxylase gene from Candida parapsilosis CBS604 and a glucosyltransferase (arbutin synthase) gene from Rauvolfia serpentina are introduced into Escherichia coli lead to the production of 54.71 mg/l of arbutin from glucose. Further redirection of carbon flux into arbutin biosynthesis pathway by enhancing shikimate pathway genes enables production of 3.29 g/l arbutin, which is a 60-fold increase compared with the initial strain. Final optimization of glucose concentration added in the culture medium is able to further improve the titer of arbutin to 4.19 g/l in shake flasks experiments, which is around 77-fold higher than that of initial strain | Candida parapsilosis |
| 1.14.13.64 | synthesis | an artificial pathway is established in Escherichia coli for high-level production of arbutin from simple carbon sources in Escherichia coli for high-level production of arbutin from simple carbon sources. Introduction of the genes for 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-hydroxylase from Candida parapsilosis CBS604 and hydroquinone glucosyltransferase from Rauvolfia serpentina into Escherichia coli leads to the production of 54.71 mg/l of arbutin from glucose. Further redirection of carbon flux into arbutin biosynthesis pathway by enhancing shikimate pathway genes enables production of 3.29 g/l arbutin. Final optimization of glucose concentration added in the culture medium is able to further improve the titer of arbutin to 4.19 g/l in shake flasks experiments | Candida parapsilosis |
| 2.4.1.218 | synthesis | an artificial pathway is established in Escherichia coli for high-level production of arbutin from simple carbon sources in Escherichia coli for high-level production of arbutin from simple carbon sources. Introduction of the genes for 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-hydroxylase from Candida parapsilosis CBS604 and hydroquinone glucosyltransferase from Rauvolfia serpentina into Escherichia coli leads to the production of 54.71 mg/l of arbutin from glucose. Further redirection of carbon flux into arbutin biosynthesis pathway by enhancing shikimate pathway genes enables production of 3.29 g/l arbutin. Final optimization of glucose concentration added in the culture medium is able to further improve the titer of arbutin to 4.19 g/l in shake flasks experiments | Rauvolfia serpentina |
Cloned(Commentary)
| EC Number | Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.64 | a 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-hydroxylase gene from Candida parapsilosis CBS604 and a glucosyltransferase (arbutin synthase) gene from Rauvolfia serpentina are introduced into Escherichia coli lead to the production of 54.71 mg/l of arbutin from glucose | Candida parapsilosis |
KM Value [mM]
| EC Number | KM Value [mM] | KM Value Maximum [mM] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.64 | 0.63 | - |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pH 7.5, 30°C | Candida parapsilosis |  |
| 1.14.13.64 | 0.63 | - |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pH 7.6, 30°C | Candida parapsilosis | |
| 2.4.1.218 | 0.43 | - |
hydroquinone | pH 7.5, 30°C | Rauvolfia serpentina | |
Organism
| EC Number | Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.64 | Candida parapsilosis | - |
- |
- |
| 1.14.13.64 | Candida parapsilosis | G8B709 | - |
- |
| 1.14.13.64 | Candida parapsilosis CBS604 | - |
- |
- |
| 1.14.13.64 | Candida parapsilosis CBS604 | G8B709 | - |
- |
| 2.4.1.218 | Rauvolfia serpentina | Q9AR73 | - |
- |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| EC Number | Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.64 | 4-hydroxybenzoate + NADH + 2 H+ + O2 | - |
Candida parapsilosis | hydroquinone + NAD+ + H2O + CO2 | - |
? | |
| 1.14.13.64 | 4-hydroxybenzoate + NADH + 2 H+ + O2 | - |
Candida parapsilosis CBS604 | hydroquinone + NAD+ + H2O + CO2 | - |
? | |
| 2.4.1.218 | UDP-alpha-D-glucose + hydroquinone | - |
Rauvolfia serpentina | UDP + hydroquinone-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside | - |
? | |
Synonyms
| EC Number | Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.64 | 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-hydroxylase | - |
Candida parapsilosis |
| 1.14.13.64 | MNX1 | - |
Candida parapsilosis |
| 2.4.1.218 | arbutin synthase | - |
Rauvolfia serpentina |
Temperature Optimum [°C]
| EC Number | Temperature Optimum [°C] | Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.64 | 30 | - |
assay at | Candida parapsilosis |
Turnover Number [1/s]
| EC Number | Turnover Number Minimum [1/s] | Turnover Number Maximum [1/s] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.64 | 0.136 | - |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pH 7.5, 30°C | Candida parapsilosis | |
| 1.14.13.64 | 0.136 | - |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pH 7.6, 30°C | Candida parapsilosis | |
| 2.4.1.218 | 0.00038 | - |
hydroquinone | pH 7.5, 30°C | Rauvolfia serpentina | |
pH Optimum
| EC Number | pH Optimum Minimum | pH Optimum Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.64 | 7.4 | - |
assay at | Candida parapsilosis |
| 1.14.13.64 | 7.6 | - |
assay at | Candida parapsilosis |
Cofactor
| EC Number | Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.64 | FAD | required | Candida parapsilosis | |
kcat/KM [mM/s]
| EC Number | kcat/KM Value [1/mMs-1] | kcat/KM Value Maximum [1/mMs-1] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.64 | 0.22 | - |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pH 7.5, 30°C | Candida parapsilosis | |
| 1.14.13.64 | 0.22 | - |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pH 7.6, 30°C | Candida parapsilosis | |
| 2.4.1.218 | 0.0009 | - |
hydroquinone | pH 7.5, 30°C | Rauvolfia serpentina | |
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Release 2023.1 (January 2023)
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