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Literature summary extracted from
- Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for producing astaxanthin as the predominant carotenoid (2017), Mar. Drugs, 15, E296 .
Application
| EC Number | Application | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.15.24 | synthesis | synthesis of astaxanthin. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid of significant commercial value due to its superior antioxidant potential and wide applications in the aquaculture, food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The Brevundimonas sp. SD212 crtW and Pantoea ananatis crtZ genes are the best combination for astaxanthin production. After balancing the activities of beta-carotene ketolase and hydroxylase, an Escherichia coli ASTA-1 that carries neither a plasmid nor an antibiotic marker is constructed to produce astaxanthin as the predominant carotenoid (96.6%) with a specific content of 7.4 mg/g dry cell weight without an addition of inducer | Pantoea ananatis |
| 1.14.99.63 | synthesis | synthesis of astaxanthin. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid of significant commercial value due to its superior antioxidant potential and wide applications in the aquaculture, food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The Brevundimonas sp. SD212 crtW and Pantoea ananatis crtZ genes are the best combination for astaxanthin production. After balancing the activities of beta-carotene ketolase and hydroxylase, an Escherichia coli ASTA-1 that carries neither a plasmid nor an antibiotic marker is constructed to produce astaxanthin as the predominant carotenoid (96.6%) with a specific content of 7.4/g dry cell weight without an addition of inducer | Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 |
Cloned(Commentary)
| EC Number | Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.14.11.B16 | expressed in Escherichia coli | Bacillus subtilis |
| 1.14.11.B16 | expressed in Escherichia coli | Nostoc punctiforme |
| 1.14.11.B16 | expressed in Escherichia coli | Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 = FACHB-418 |
| 1.14.11.B16 | expressed in Escherichia coli | Sphingomonas sp. DC18 |
| 1.14.11.B16 | expressed in Escherichia coli | Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 |
| 1.14.11.B16 | expressed in Escherichia coli | Paracoccus sp. N81106 |
| 1.14.15.24 | expression in Escherichia coli | Pantoea ananatis |
| 1.14.99.63 | expression in Escherichia coli | Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 |
| 1.14.99.63 | expression in Escherichia coli | Paracoccus sp. N81106 |
| 1.14.99.63 | expression in Escherichia coli | Sphingomonas sp. DC18 |
| 1.14.99.63 | expression in Eschreichia coli | Paracoccus sp. PC1 |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| EC Number | Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.11.B16 | beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | Bacillus subtilis | - |
canthaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? |  |
| 1.14.11.B16 | beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | Nostoc punctiforme | - |
canthaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 = FACHB-418 | - |
canthaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | Sphingomonas sp. DC18 | - |
canthaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 | - |
canthaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | Paracoccus sp. N81106 | - |
canthaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | zeaxanthin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | Bacillus subtilis | - |
astaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | zeaxanthin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | Nostoc punctiforme | - |
astaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | zeaxanthin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 = FACHB-418 | - |
astaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | zeaxanthin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | Sphingomonas sp. DC18 | - |
astaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | zeaxanthin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 | - |
astaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | zeaxanthin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | Paracoccus sp. N81106 | - |
astaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.15.24 | beta-carotene + 4 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + 2 O2 | Pantoea ananatis | the enzyme plays an important role in astaxanthin production | zeaxanthin + 4 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | Paracoccus sp. N81106 | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | Sphingomonas sp. DC18 | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | Paracoccus sp. PC1 | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | Paracoccus sp. N81106 | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | Sphingomonas sp. DC18 | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | Paracoccus sp. PC1 | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
Organism
| EC Number | Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.11.B16 | Bacillus subtilis | - |
- |
- |
| 1.14.11.B16 | Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 | - |
- |
- |
| 1.14.11.B16 | Nostoc punctiforme | - |
- |
- |
| 1.14.11.B16 | Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 = FACHB-418 | - |
- |
- |
| 1.14.11.B16 | Paracoccus sp. N81106 | - |
- |
- |
| 1.14.11.B16 | Sphingomonas sp. DC18 | - |
- |
- |
| 1.14.15.24 | Pantoea ananatis | D4GFL0 | - |
- |
| 1.14.99.63 | Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 | Q4W8B8 | - |
- |
| 1.14.99.63 | Paracoccus sp. N81106 | P54972 | mutant enzyme L175W | - |
| 1.14.99.63 | Paracoccus sp. PC1 | Q44261 | - |
- |
| 1.14.99.63 | Sphingomonas sp. DC18 | A3QQZ2 | - |
- |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| EC Number | Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.11.B16 | beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | - |
Bacillus subtilis | canthaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | - |
Nostoc punctiforme | canthaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | - |
Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 = FACHB-418 | canthaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | - |
Sphingomonas sp. DC18 | canthaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | - |
Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 | canthaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | - |
Paracoccus sp. N81106 | canthaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | zeaxanthin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | - |
Bacillus subtilis | astaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | zeaxanthin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | - |
Nostoc punctiforme | astaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | zeaxanthin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | - |
Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 = FACHB-418 | astaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | zeaxanthin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | - |
Sphingomonas sp. DC18 | astaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | zeaxanthin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | - |
Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 | astaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.11.B16 | zeaxanthin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O | - |
Paracoccus sp. N81106 | astaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.15.24 | beta-carotene + 4 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + 2 O2 | - |
Pantoea ananatis | zeaxanthin + 4 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.15.24 | beta-carotene + 4 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + 2 O2 | the enzyme plays an important role in astaxanthin production | Pantoea ananatis | zeaxanthin + 4 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | - |
Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 | echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | - |
Paracoccus sp. N81106 | echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | - |
Sphingomonas sp. DC18 | echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | - |
Paracoccus sp. PC1 | echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 | echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | Paracoccus sp. N81106 | echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | Sphingomonas sp. DC18 | echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | Paracoccus sp. PC1 | echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | - |
Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 | canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | - |
Paracoccus sp. N81106 | canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | - |
Sphingomonas sp. DC18 | canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | - |
Paracoccus sp. PC1 | canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 | canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | Paracoccus sp. N81106 | canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | Sphingomonas sp. DC18 | canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
| 1.14.99.63 | echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | Paracoccus sp. PC1 | canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O | - |
? | |
Synonyms
| EC Number | Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.11.B16 | CrtW | - |
Bacillus subtilis |
| 1.14.11.B16 | CrtW | - |
Nostoc punctiforme |
| 1.14.11.B16 | CrtW | - |
Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 = FACHB-418 |
| 1.14.11.B16 | CrtW | - |
Sphingomonas sp. DC18 |
| 1.14.11.B16 | CrtW | - |
Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 |
| 1.14.11.B16 | CrtW | - |
Paracoccus sp. N81106 |
| 1.14.15.24 | beta-carotene hydroxylase | - |
Pantoea ananatis |
| 1.14.15.24 | CrtZ | - |
Pantoea ananatis |
| 1.14.99.63 | beta-carotene ketolase | - |
Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 |
| 1.14.99.63 | beta-carotene ketolase | - |
Paracoccus sp. N81106 |
| 1.14.99.63 | beta-carotene ketolase | - |
Sphingomonas sp. DC18 |
| 1.14.99.63 | beta-carotene ketolase | - |
Paracoccus sp. PC1 |
| 1.14.99.63 | CrtW | - |
Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 |
| 1.14.99.63 | CrtW | - |
Paracoccus sp. N81106 |
| 1.14.99.63 | CrtW | - |
Sphingomonas sp. DC18 |
| 1.14.99.63 | CrtW | - |
Paracoccus sp. PC1 |
General Information
| EC Number | General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.15.24 | metabolism | the enzyme plays an important role in astaxanthin production | Pantoea ananatis |
| 1.14.99.63 | metabolism | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | Brevundimonas sp. NBRC 101024 |
| 1.14.99.63 | metabolism | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | Paracoccus sp. N81106 |
| 1.14.99.63 | metabolism | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | Sphingomonas sp. DC18 |
| 1.14.99.63 | metabolism | beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production | Paracoccus sp. PC1 |
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