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Literature summary extracted from

  • Shemesh, M.; Chai, Y.
    A combination of glycerol and manganese promotes biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis via histidine kinase KinD signaling (2013), J. Bacteriol., 195, 2747-2754.
    View publication on PubMedView publication on EuropePMC

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
2.7.13.3 gene kinD, recombinant expression of the chimeric KinD-DegS hybrid kinase under control of the kinD native promoter in Escherichia coli strain DH5alpha, construct transfection to Bacillus subtilis strain NCIB3610 by SPP1 phage transduction Bacillus subtilis

Protein Variants

EC Number Protein Variants Comment Organism
2.7.13.3 additional information deletion in the abrB gene suppresses the DELTAkinD mutation Bacillus subtilis
2.7.13.3 additional information generation of a KinD-DegS hybrid kinase using overlapping PCR, overview. DegS is a sensory histidine kinase that is able to phosphorylate DegU, a DNA-binding response regulator. The DegS-DegU system controls many genes (both positively and negatively) including the fla/che operon that encodes dozens of genes involved in motility and chemotaxis Bacillus subtilis

Metals/Ions

EC Number Metals/Ions Comment Organism Structure
2.7.13.3 Mg2+ required Bacillus subtilis

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
2.7.13.3 ATP + protein L-histidine Bacillus subtilis
-
 ADP + protein N-phospho-L-histidine
-
 ?
2.7.13.3 ATP + protein L-histidine Bacillus subtilis 168
-
 ADP + protein N-phospho-L-histidine
-
 ?
2.7.13.3 ATP + Spo0A L-histidine Bacillus subtilis
-
 ADP + Spo0A N-phospho-L-histidine
-
 ?
2.7.13.3 ATP + Spo0A L-histidine Bacillus subtilis 168
-
 ADP + Spo0A N-phospho-L-histidine
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
2.7.13.3 Bacillus subtilis O31671 NCIB3610
-
2.7.13.3 Bacillus subtilis 168 O31671 NCIB3610
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
2.7.13.3 ATP + protein L-histidine
-
 Bacillus subtilis ADP + protein N-phospho-L-histidine
-
 ?
2.7.13.3 ATP + protein L-histidine
-
 Bacillus subtilis 168 ADP + protein N-phospho-L-histidine
-
 ?
2.7.13.3 ATP + Spo0A L-histidine
-
 Bacillus subtilis ADP + Spo0A N-phospho-L-histidine
-
 ?
2.7.13.3 ATP + Spo0A L-histidine
-
 Bacillus subtilis 168 ADP + Spo0A N-phospho-L-histidine
-
 ?

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
2.7.13.3 KinD
-
 Bacillus subtilis
2.7.13.3 sensor histidine kinase D
-
 Bacillus subtilis
2.7.13.3 sporulation kinase D
-
 Bacillus subtilis

Cofactor

EC Number Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
2.7.13.3 ATP
-
 Bacillus subtilis

General Information

EC Number General Information Comment Organism
2.7.13.3 evolution glycerol and manganese have a similar biofilm-promoting effect in two related Bacillus species, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus cereus, indicating that the biofilm-promoting effect of GM is conserved in Bacillus species Bacillus subtilis
2.7.13.3 malfunction the DELTAkinD mutant (and less significantly the DELTAkinC mutant) has the most defective phenotype, while all other kin kinase mutants are able to respond to the addition of GM by forming robust biofilm Bacillus subtilis
2.7.13.3 metabolism biofilm formation depends on the synthesis of an extracellular matrix, which is indirectly regulated by the transcriptional regulator Spo0A. The activity of Spo0A depends on its phosphorylation state. Low and intermediate levels of phosphorylated Spo0A lead to induction of the epsA-O and tapA operons, which results in production of the extracellular matrix and thus biofilm formation, while at high levels, the matrix genes are repressed. The level of phosphorylated Spo0A is controlled by a network of kinases and phosphatases, which respond to environmental and physiological signals. Biofilm formation of Bacillus subtilis in LB medium is triggered by a combination of glycerol and manganese via KinD sensoring. The kinase KinD contains an extracellular domain, so called CACHE domain, for sensing small chemical molecules released from plant host during colonization. The glpK-encoded glycerol kinase and glpF encoded glycerol transport facilitator are critical in utilization of glycerol as a carbon source Bacillus subtilis
2.7.13.3 metabolism five distinct sensor kinases (KinA, KinB, KinC, KinD, and KinE) have the capability of transferring a phosphoryl group into the phosphorelay to control the level of phosphorylated transcriptional regulator Spo0A present at any moment in the cell Bacillus subtilis
2.7.13.3 additional information KinD is located upstream of Spo0A and AbrB in the pathway. CACHE is present in many bacterial sensory histidine kinases and is capable of sensing small molecules, often in the presence of cofactors, such as metal ions Bacillus subtilis
2.7.13.3 physiological function KinD is a principal histidine kinase for sensing the presence of GM, exclusively by its extracellular CACHE domain. A combination of glycerol and manganese promotes multicellular development by Bacillus subtilis. The strong biofilm-stimulating activity in response to the addition of a combination of glycerol and manganese is indeed due to upregulation of the matrix genes mediated mainly by the histidine kinase KinD Bacillus subtilis
2.7.13.3 physiological function the activity of transcriptional regulator Spo0A depends on its phosphorylation state. The level of phosphorylated Spo0A is controlled by a network of kinases and phosphatases, which respond to environmental and physiological signals. KinD is a principal histidine kinase responsible for sensing the presence of glycerol and manganese, which trigger biofilm formation of Bacillus subtilis in LB medium, exclusively by its extracellular CACHE sensor domain. The biofilm-promoting effect of glycerol and manganese is mediated mainly by the histidine kinase KinD Bacillus subtilis