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Literature summary extracted from

  • Balestri, F.; Cappiello, M.; Moschini, R.; Rotondo, R.; Buggiani, I.; Pelosi, P.; Mura, U.; Del-Corso, A.
    L-Idose: an attractive substrate alternative to D-glucose for measuring aldose reductase activity (2015), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 456, 891-895.
    View publication on PubMed

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
1.1.1.21 cloning from human placenta RNA by reverse transcriptase PCR and recombinant expression in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)pLysS. The recombinant protein presents an additional methionine at the N-terminus as the sole modification compared to the native enzyme Homo sapiens

KM Value [mM]

EC Number KM Value [mM] KM Value Maximum [mM] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
1.1.1.21 0.8
-
 L-idose pH 6.8, 37°C Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 4
-
 L-idose pH 6.8, 37°C Homo sapiens
1.1.1.21 71.5
-
 D-glucose pH 6.8, 37°C Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 205
-
 D-glucose pH 6.8, 37°C Homo sapiens

Metals/Ions

EC Number Metals/Ions Comment Organism Structure
1.1.1.21 Mg2+ required Homo sapiens

Molecular Weight [Da]

EC Number Molecular Weight [Da] Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] Comment Organism
1.1.1.21 34000
-
 x * 34000, about, SDS-PAGE Homo sapiens
1.1.1.21 34000
-
 x * 34000, about, SDS-PAGE Bos taurus

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
1.1.1.21 D-glucose + NADPH + H+ Homo sapiens glucose free aldehyde is conceivably the form that is susceptible to the enzyme action D-sorbitol + NADP+
-
 ?
1.1.1.21 D-glucose + NADPH + H+ Bos taurus glucose free aldehyde is conceivably the form that is susceptible to the enzyme action D-sorbitol + NADP+
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
1.1.1.21 Bos taurus P16116
-
-
1.1.1.21 Homo sapiens P15121
-
-

Purification (Commentary)

EC Number Purification (Comment) Organism
1.1.1.21 enzyme from bovine lens Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)pLysS Homo sapiens

Source Tissue

EC Number Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
1.1.1.21 lens
-
 Bos taurus
-

Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]

EC Number Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] Comment Organism
1.1.1.21 1.2
-
 purified enzyme, pH 6.8, 37°C Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 5.3
-
 purified enzyme, pH 6.8, 37°C Homo sapiens

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
1.1.1.21 D-glucose + NADPH + H+ glucose free aldehyde is conceivably the form that is susceptible to the enzyme action Homo sapiens D-sorbitol + NADP+
-
 ?
1.1.1.21 D-glucose + NADPH + H+ glucose free aldehyde is conceivably the form that is susceptible to the enzyme action Bos taurus D-sorbitol + NADP+
-
 ?
1.1.1.21 DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH
-
 Bos taurus glycerol + NADP+
-
 ?
1.1.1.21 DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
-
 Homo sapiens glycerol + NADP+
-
 ?
1.1.1.21 L-idose + NADPH + H+
-
 Homo sapiens alditol + NADP+
-
 ?
1.1.1.21 L-idose + NADPH + H+ glucose free aldehyde is conceivably the form that is susceptible to the enzyme action Bos taurus alditol + NADP+
-
 ?
1.1.1.21 additional information despite being claimed as an in vivo substrate of aldehyde reductase, D-glucose is not an ideal substrate for the enzyme. It displays a kcat comparable with other physiological and nonphysiological substrates. Glucose is poorly recognized by the enzyme with a measured KM ranging between 35 and 212 mM. L-idose, the C5 epimer of D-glucose, is a good substrate in studies on aldose reductase and for measurement of enzyme activity, as it mimics glucose and confirms the multitask nature of the catalytic site. L-Idose offers a much more suitable concentration of the free aldehyde form for activity measurements Homo sapiens ?
-
 ?
1.1.1.21 additional information despite being claimed as an in vivo substrate of aldehyde reductase, D-glucose is not an ideal substrate for the enzyme. It displays a kcat comparable with other physiological and nonphysiological substrates. Glucose is poorly recognized by the enzyme with a measured KM ranging between 35 and 212 mM. L-idose, the C5 epimer of D-glucose, is a good substrate in studies on aldose reductase and for measurement of enzyme activity, as it mimics glucose and confirms the multitask nature of the catalytic site. L-Idose offers a much more suitable concentration of the free aldehyde form for activity measurements Bos taurus ?
-
 ?

Subunits

EC Number Subunits Comment Organism
1.1.1.21 ? x * 34000, about, SDS-PAGE Homo sapiens
1.1.1.21 ? x * 34000, about, SDS-PAGE Bos taurus

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
1.1.1.21 AKR1B1 gene name, UniProt Homo sapiens
1.1.1.21 AKR1B1 gene name, UniProt Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 aldose reductase
-
 Homo sapiens
1.1.1.21 aldose reductase
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 BAR
-
 Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 HAR
-
 Homo sapiens

Temperature Optimum [°C]

EC Number Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
1.1.1.21 37
-
 assay at Homo sapiens
1.1.1.21 37
-
 assay at Bos taurus

Turnover Number [1/s]

EC Number Turnover Number Minimum [1/s] Turnover Number Maximum [1/s] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
1.1.1.21 29
-
 D-glucose pH 6.8, 37°C Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 30
-
 L-idose pH 6.8, 37°C Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 126
-
 D-glucose pH 6.8, 37°C Homo sapiens
1.1.1.21 143
-
 L-idose pH 6.8, 37°C Homo sapiens

pH Optimum

EC Number pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
1.1.1.21 6.8
-
 assay at Homo sapiens
1.1.1.21 6.8
-
 assay at Bos taurus

Cofactor

EC Number Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
1.1.1.21 NADPH
-
 Homo sapiens
1.1.1.21 NADPH
-
 Bos taurus

General Information

EC Number General Information Comment Organism
1.1.1.21 metabolism first and rate-limiting step of the polyol pathway Homo sapiens
1.1.1.21 metabolism first and rate-limiting step of the polyol pathway Bos taurus
1.1.1.21 physiological function aldehyde reductase exerts a detoxifying action and at the same time triggers a cell signaling cascade related to the antioxidant defense. The reduction of glucose catalyzed by aldose reductase, which is the first and rate-limiting step of the polyol pathway, is considered as one of the main deleterious events leading to the onset of diabetic complications. In fact, the accumulation of sorbitol and the concomitant reduction in the antioxidant's capability are significant factors leading to cell damage Homo sapiens
1.1.1.21 physiological function aldehyde reductase exerts a detoxifying action and at the same time triggers a cell signaling cascade related to the antioxidant defense. The reduction of glucose catalyzed by aldose reductase, which is the first and rate-limiting step of the polyol pathway, is considered as one of the main deleterious events leading to the onset of diabetic complications. In fact, the accumulation of sorbitol and the concomitant reduction in the antioxidant's capability are significant factors leading to cell damage Bos taurus