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Literature summary extracted from
- Catabolic pathways and biotechnological applications of microbial caffeine degradation (2006), Biotechnol. Lett., 28, 1993-2002.
Application
| EC Number | Application | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.128 | medicine | methylxanthine intermediates of caffeine catabolism obtained by the action of N-demethylases have many applications. In medicine, theobromine and theophylline are used as diuretics, vasodilators, and myocardial stimulants. Monomethylxanthines can be converted to effective caffeine derivatives by chemical derivatization and hence can serve as interesting alternatives to caffeine. Xanthine also finds pharmaceutical application in drugs for treatment of asthma. The biotechnological potential of N-demethylases therefore lies not only in general decaffeination purposes but also in specific product recovery from caffeine | Pseudomonas putida |
| 1.14.13.128 | pharmacology | methylxanthine intermediates of caffeine catabolism obtained by the action of N-demethylases have many applications. In medicine, theobromine and theophylline are used as diuretics, vasodilators, and myocardial stimulants. Monomethylxanthines can be converted to effective caffeine derivatives by chemical derivatization and hence can serve as interesting alternatives to caffeine. Xanthine also finds pharmaceutical application in drugs for treatment of asthma. The biotechnological potential of N-demethylases therefore lies not only in general decaffeination purposes but also in specific product recovery from caffeine | Pseudomonas putida |
Inhibitors
| EC Number | Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.128 | Zn2+ | theobromine demethylase enzyme is inhibited by Zn2+, which generates the accumulation of theobromine | Pseudomonas putida |  |
KM Value [mM]
| EC Number | KM Value [mM] | KM Value Maximum [mM] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.128 | 1.1 | - |
3,7-Dimethylxanthine | theobromine demethylase, pH and temperature not specified in the publication | Pseudomonas putida | |
Molecular Weight [Da]
| EC Number | Molecular Weight [Da] | Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.128 | 41000 | - |
x * 41000, theobromine demethylase, SDS-PAGE, x * 36600-43500, caffeine demethylase complex, SDS-PAGE | Pseudomonas putida |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| EC Number | Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.128 | 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine + O2 + NAD(P)H + H+ | Pseudomonas putida | i.e. caffeine | 3,7-dimethylxanthine + formaldehyde + NAD(P)+ | i.e. theobromine | ? | |
| 1.14.13.128 | 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine + O2 + NADPH + H+ | Pseudomonas putida | i.e. caffeine | 1,3-dimethylxanthine + formaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O | i.e. theophylline | ? | |
| 1.14.13.128 | 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine + O2 + NADPH + H+ | Pseudomonas putida | i.e. caffeine | 1,7-dimethylxanthine + formaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O | i.e. paraxanthine | ? | |
| 1.14.13.128 | additional information | Pseudomonas putida | the metabolite is 1,3-dimethylxanthine, i.e. theophylline, is produced by the demethylation in the 7th position of the purine ring, mainly in fungi, overview | ? | - |
? | |
Organism
| EC Number | Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.128 | Pseudomonas putida | - |
- |
- |
Purification (Commentary)
| EC Number | Purification (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.128 | native heteroxanthine demethylase partially | Pseudomonas putida |
Storage Stability
| EC Number | Storage Stability | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.128 | similar to caffeine demethylase, heteroxanthinedemethylase is also unstable and loss of activity occurs upon storage | Pseudomonas putida |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| EC Number | Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.128 | 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine + O2 + NAD(P)H + H+ | i.e. caffeine | Pseudomonas putida | 3,7-dimethylxanthine + formaldehyde + NAD(P)+ | i.e. theobromine | ? | |
| 1.14.13.128 | 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine + O2 + NADPH + H+ | i.e. caffeine | Pseudomonas putida | 1,3-dimethylxanthine + formaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O | i.e. theophylline | ? | |
| 1.14.13.128 | 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine + O2 + NADPH + H+ | i.e. caffeine | Pseudomonas putida | 1,7-dimethylxanthine + formaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O | i.e. paraxanthine | ? | |
| 1.14.13.128 | 3,7-dimethylxanthine + O2 + NAD(P)H + H+ | theobromine demethylase | Pseudomonas putida | monomethylxanthine + formaldehyde + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.13.128 | 7-methylxanthine + O2 + NAD(P)H + H+ | heteroxanthine demethylase, substrate-selective | Pseudomonas putida | xanthine + formaldehyde + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| 1.14.13.128 | additional information | the metabolite is 1,3-dimethylxanthine, i.e. theophylline, is produced by the demethylation in the 7th position of the purine ring, mainly in fungi, overview | Pseudomonas putida | ? | - |
? | |
| 1.14.13.128 | additional information | no activity of the heteroxanthine demethylase, when either caffeine or dimethylxanthines are used as substrates | Pseudomonas putida | ? | - |
? | |
Subunits
| EC Number | Subunits | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.128 | ? | x * 41000, theobromine demethylase, SDS-PAGE, x * 36600-43500, caffeine demethylase complex, SDS-PAGE | Pseudomonas putida |
Synonyms
| EC Number | Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.128 | caffeine demethylase | - |
Pseudomonas putida |
| 1.14.13.128 | heteroxanthine demethylase | - |
Pseudomonas putida |
| 1.14.13.128 | N-demethylase | - |
Pseudomonas putida |
| 1.14.13.128 | theobromine demethylase | - |
Pseudomonas putida |
Temperature Optimum [°C]
| EC Number | Temperature Optimum [°C] | Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.128 | 22 | 24 | caffeine demethylase | Pseudomonas putida |
| 1.14.13.128 | 30 | 35 | heteroxanthine demethylase | Pseudomonas putida |
pH Optimum
| EC Number | pH Optimum Minimum | pH Optimum Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.128 | 6 | - |
caffeine demethylase | Pseudomonas putida |
| 1.14.13.128 | 7.3 | - |
heteroxanthine demethylase | Pseudomonas putida |
Cofactor
| EC Number | Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.128 | NAD(P)H | dependent on | Pseudomonas putida | |
General Information
| EC Number | General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.14.13.128 | evolution | catabolism of caffeine in microorganisms commences via two possible mechanisms: demethylation and oxidation. Through the demethylation route, the major metabolite formed in fungi is theophylline, whereas theobromine is the major metabolite in bacteria | Pseudomonas putida |
| 1.14.13.128 | metabolism | catabolism of caffeine in microorganisms commences via two possible mechanisms: demethylation and oxidation. Through the demethylation route, the major metabolite formed in fungi is theophylline, whereas theobromine is the major metabolite in bacteria. Catabolism of caffeine in microorganisms, overview | Pseudomonas putida |
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