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Literature summary extracted from

  • Prusakiewicz, J.J.; Harville, H.M.; Zhang, Y.; Ackermann, C.; Voorman, R.L.
    Parabens inhibit human skin estrogen sulfotransferase activity: possible link to paraben estrogenic effects (2007), Toxicology, 232, 248-256.
    View publication on PubMed

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
2.8.2.1 recombinant expression of SULT1A1*2 Homo sapiens

Inhibitors

EC Number Inhibitors Comment Organism Structure
2.8.2.4 4-hydroxybenzoate esters i.e.parabens, structure-activity relationship, overview Homo sapiens
2.8.2.4 4-hydroxybenzoic acid
-
 Homo sapiens
2.8.2.4 butylparaben 50% inhibition at 0.021 mM, complete inhibition at 1 mM; strong inhibition, which is threefold higher in vivo than in vitro Homo sapiens
2.8.2.4 diclofenac
-
 Homo sapiens
2.8.2.4 ethylparaben 50% inhibition at 0.080 mM Homo sapiens
2.8.2.4 Mefenamic acid
-
 Homo sapiens
2.8.2.4 methylparaben 50% inhibition at 0.330 mM Homo sapiens
2.8.2.4 additional information no inhibition by hydroxybenzoic acid, while butylparaben blocks the skin cytosol sulfation of estradiol and estrone, but not the androgen dehydroepiandrosterone. Structure-activity-relationship of parabens as inhibitors of estrogen sulfation, potency of SULT inhibition increases as the paraben ester chain length increases, overview Homo sapiens
2.8.2.4 propylparaben 50% inhibition at 0.030 mM Homo sapiens
2.8.2.4 salicylic acid
-
 Homo sapiens

Localization

EC Number Localization Comment Organism GeneOntology No. Textmining
2.8.2.4 cytosol
-
 Homo sapiens 5829
-

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
2.8.2.4 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + dehydroepiandrosterone Homo sapiens
-
 adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate
-
 ?
2.8.2.4 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + dehydroepiandrosterone Homo sapiens
-
 adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + ?
-
 ?
2.8.2.4 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + estradiol Homo sapiens
-
 adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + estradiol 3-sulfate
-
 ?
2.8.2.4 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + estradiol Homo sapiens
-
 adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + estradiol sulfate
-
 ?
2.8.2.4 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + estrone Homo sapiens
-
 adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + estrone 3-sulfate
-
 ?
2.8.2.4 additional information Homo sapiens chronic topical application of parabens may lead to prolonged estrogenic effects in skin as a result of inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase activity, overview. The skin anti-aging benefits of many topical cosmetics and pharmaceuticals could be derived, in part, from the estrogenicity of parabens ?
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
2.8.2.1 Homo sapiens
-
-
-
2.8.2.4 Homo sapiens
-
-
-

Source Tissue

EC Number Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
2.8.2.4 epidermis
-
 Homo sapiens
-
2.8.2.4 keratinocyte epidermal Homo sapiens
-
2.8.2.4 liver
-
 Homo sapiens
-
2.8.2.4 NHEK cell
-
 Homo sapiens
-
2.8.2.4 skin
-
 Homo sapiens
-

Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]

EC Number Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] Comment Organism
2.8.2.4 0.00000000005
-
 NHEK cell enzyme, cytosol, substrate beta-estradiol Homo sapiens
2.8.2.4 0.0000000001
-
 skin enzyme, cytosol, substrate estrone Homo sapiens
2.8.2.4 0.0000000008
-
 skin enzyme, cytosol, substrate dehydroepiandrosterone Homo sapiens
2.8.2.4 0.0000000011
-
 skin enzyme, cytosol, substrate beta-estradiol Homo sapiens
2.8.2.4 0.0000000185
-
 liver enzyme, cytosol, substrate beta-estradiol Homo sapiens

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
2.8.2.1 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + butylparaben
-
 Homo sapiens adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + butylparaben sulfate
-
 ?
2.8.2.4 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + dehydroepiandrosterone
-
 Homo sapiens adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate
-
 ?
2.8.2.4 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + dehydroepiandrosterone
-
 Homo sapiens adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + ?
-
 ?
2.8.2.4 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + estradiol
-
 Homo sapiens adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + estradiol 3-sulfate
-
 ?
2.8.2.4 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + estradiol
-
 Homo sapiens adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + estradiol sulfate
-
 ?
2.8.2.4 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + estrone
-
 Homo sapiens adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + estrone 3-sulfate
-
 ?
2.8.2.4 additional information chronic topical application of parabens may lead to prolonged estrogenic effects in skin as a result of inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase activity, overview. The skin anti-aging benefits of many topical cosmetics and pharmaceuticals could be derived, in part, from the estrogenicity of parabens Homo sapiens ?
-
 ?

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
2.8.2.1 SULT1A1*2
-
 Homo sapiens
2.8.2.4 estrogen sulfotransferase
-
 Homo sapiens
2.8.2.4 SULT
-
 Homo sapiens

Temperature Optimum [°C]

EC Number Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
2.8.2.4 37
-
 assay at Homo sapiens

pH Optimum

EC Number pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
2.8.2.4 7.4
-
 assay at Homo sapiens

IC50 Value

EC Number IC50 Value IC50 Value Maximum Comment Organism Inhibitor Structure
2.8.2.4 0.012
-
 pH 7.4, 37°C, inhibition of estradiol sulfation, NHEK cells Homo sapiens butylparaben
2.8.2.4 0.021
-
 pH 7.4, 37°C, inhibition of estradiol sulfation, liver cytosol Homo sapiens butylparaben
2.8.2.4 0.037
-
-
 Homo sapiens butylparaben
2.8.2.4 0.037
-
 pH 7.4, 37°C, inhibition of estradiol sulfation, skin cytosol Homo sapiens butylparaben
2.8.2.4 0.062
-
 pH 7.4, 37°C, inhibition of estrone sulfation, skin cytosol Homo sapiens butylparaben