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Literature summary extracted from

  • Kaschula, C.H.; Jin, M.H.; Desmond-Smith, N.S.; Travis, G.H.
    Acyl CoA:retinol acyltransferase (ARAT) activity is present in bovine retinal pigment epithelium (2005), Exp. Eye Res., 82, 111-121.
    View publication on PubMed

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
2.3.1.76 expression in HEK-293T cells Bos taurus
2.3.1.76 expression in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells Homo sapiens
2.3.1.135 stable expression of LRAT in HEK-293T cell membranes Bos taurus

Inhibitors

EC Number Inhibitors Comment Organism Structure
2.3.1.76 all-trans-retinylbromoacetate
-
 Bos taurus
2.3.1.76 progesterone
-
 Bos taurus
2.3.1.76 XP620 selective isozyme DGAT1 inhibitor, inhibits the diacylglycerol acyltransferase and the retinol acyltransferase activities at the retinol recognition site, inhibition of 85% of retinyl ester production in intact differentiated Caco-2 cells, IC50: 88.7 nM Homo sapiens
2.3.1.135 all-trans-retinylbromoacetate
-
 Bos taurus
2.3.1.135 additional information no inhibition by progesterone Bos taurus
2.3.1.135 palmitoyl-CoA
-
 Bos taurus

KM Value [mM]

EC Number KM Value [mM] KM Value Maximum [mM] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
2.3.1.76 additional information
-
 additional information kinetics Bos taurus
2.3.1.76 additional information
-
 additional information kinetics, recombinant enzyme Homo sapiens
2.3.1.76 0.0041
-
 all-trans-retinol pH 7.5, 37°C, retinal pigment epithelium microsomes Bos taurus
2.3.1.76 0.0041 0.0048 all-trans-retinol depending on assay method Bos taurus
2.3.1.76 0.0087
-
 11-cis-retinol
-
 Bos taurus
2.3.1.76 0.0087
-
 11-cis-retinol pH 7.5, 37°C, retinal pigment epithelium microsomes Bos taurus
2.3.1.76 0.0139
-
 palmitoyl-CoA pH 7.4, 37°C, recombinant enzyme Homo sapiens
2.3.1.76 0.0259
-
 retinol pH 7.4, 37°C, recombinant enzyme Homo sapiens
2.3.1.135 additional information
-
 additional information kinetics Bos taurus
2.3.1.135 0.00033
-
 all-trans-retinol-[cellular retinol-binding protein] pH 7.5, 37°C, retinal pigment epithelium microsomes Bos taurus
2.3.1.135 0.0023
-
 11-cis-retinol-[cellular retinol-binding protein] pH 7.5, 37°C, retinal pigment epithelium microsomes Bos taurus

Localization

EC Number Localization Comment Organism GeneOntology No. Textmining
2.3.1.76 membrane
-
 Homo sapiens 16020
-
2.3.1.76 microsome
-
 Homo sapiens
-
-
2.3.1.76 microsome
-
 Bos taurus
-
-
2.3.1.135 membrane
-
 Bos taurus 16020
-
2.3.1.135 microsome
-
 Bos taurus
-
-

Molecular Weight [Da]

EC Number Molecular Weight [Da] Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] Comment Organism
2.3.1.135 25000
-
 x * 25000, recombinant enzyme Bos taurus

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
2.3.1.76 additional information Bos taurus ARAT may complement LRAT, EC 2.3.1.135, to provide additional retinyl-ester synthase activity under conditions of high all-trans-retinol ?
-
 ?
2.3.1.76 palmitoyl-CoA + 11-cis-retinol Bos taurus
-
 CoA + 11-cis-retinyl palmitate
-
 r
2.3.1.76 palmitoyl-CoA + all-trans-retinol Bos taurus
-
 CoA + all-trans-retinyl palmitate
-
 r
2.3.1.76 palmitoyl-CoA + retinol Homo sapiens
-
 CoA + retinyl palmitate
-
 ?
2.3.1.135 lecithin + 11-cis-retinol-[cellular retinol-binding protein] Bos taurus
-
 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + 11-cis-retinyl ester-[cellular retinol-binding protein]
-
 r
2.3.1.135 lecithin + all-trans-retinol-[cellular retinol-binding protein] Bos taurus
-
 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + all-trans-retinyl ester-[cellular retinol-binding protein]
-
 r
2.3.1.135 additional information Bos taurus ARAT, EC 2.3.1.76, may complement LRAT to provide additional retinyl-ester synthase activity under conditions of high all-trans-retinol ?
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
2.3.1.76 Bos taurus
-
-
-
2.3.1.76 Homo sapiens
-
-
-
2.3.1.135 Bos taurus
-
-
-

Purification (Commentary)

EC Number Purification (Comment) Organism
2.3.1.135 native enzyme partially by microsome preparation from eyes, recombinant enzyme partially from HEK-293T cells by membrane preparation Bos taurus

Reaction

EC Number Reaction Comment Organism Reaction ID
2.3.1.76 acyl-CoA + retinol = CoA + retinyl ester enzyme mechanism and role in the visual cycle Bos taurus
a
2.3.1.135 phosphatidylcholine + retinol-[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] = 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + retinyl-ester-[cellular-retinol-binding-protein] enzyme mechanism and role in the visual cycle Bos taurus
a

Source Tissue

EC Number Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
2.3.1.76 Caco-2 cell
-
 Homo sapiens
-
2.3.1.76 eye
-
 Bos taurus
-
2.3.1.76 liver
-
 Bos taurus
-
2.3.1.76 retinal pigment epithelium
-
 Bos taurus
-
2.3.1.135 eye
-
 Bos taurus
-
2.3.1.135 retinal pigment epithelium
-
 Bos taurus
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
2.3.1.76 additional information ARAT may complement LRAT, EC 2.3.1.135, to provide additional retinyl-ester synthase activity under conditions of high all-trans-retinol Bos taurus ?
-
 ?
2.3.1.76 additional information the reaction is also catalyzed by the acyl coenzyme A:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, DGAT, EC 2.3.1.22 Homo sapiens ?
-
 ?
2.3.1.76 palmitoyl-CoA + 11-cis-retinol
-
 Bos taurus CoA + 11-cis-retinylpalmitate
-
 ?
2.3.1.76 palmitoyl-CoA + 11-cis-retinol
-
 Bos taurus CoA + 11-cis-retinyl palmitate
-
 r
2.3.1.76 palmitoyl-CoA + all-trans-retinol
-
 Bos taurus CoA + all-trans-retinylpalmitate
-
 ?
2.3.1.76 palmitoyl-CoA + all-trans-retinol
-
 Bos taurus CoA + all-trans-retinyl palmitate
-
 r
2.3.1.76 palmitoyl-CoA + retinol
-
 Homo sapiens CoA + retinyl palmitate
-
 ?
2.3.1.135 lecithin + 11-cis-retinol-[cellular retinol-binding protein]
-
 Bos taurus 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + 11-cis-retinyl ester-[cellular retinol-binding protein]
-
 r
2.3.1.135 lecithin + all-trans-retinol-[cellular retinol-binding protein]
-
 Bos taurus 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + all-trans-retinyl ester-[cellular retinol-binding protein]
-
 r
2.3.1.135 additional information ARAT, EC 2.3.1.76, may complement LRAT to provide additional retinyl-ester synthase activity under conditions of high all-trans-retinol Bos taurus ?
-
 ?

Subunits

EC Number Subunits Comment Organism
2.3.1.135 ? x * 25000, recombinant enzyme Bos taurus

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
2.3.1.76 acyl CoA:retinol acyltransferase
-
 Bos taurus
2.3.1.76 acyl coenzyme A:retinol acyltransferase
-
 Homo sapiens
2.3.1.76 ArAT
-
 Homo sapiens
2.3.1.76 ArAT
-
 Bos taurus
2.3.1.76 DGAT1/ARAT
-
 Homo sapiens
2.3.1.76 More cf. EC 2.3.1.135 Bos taurus
2.3.1.76 More cf. EC 2.3.1.22 Homo sapiens
2.3.1.76 retinyl-ester synthase
-
 Bos taurus
2.3.1.135 lecithin:retinol acyltransferase
-
 Bos taurus
2.3.1.135 LRAT
-
 Bos taurus
2.3.1.135 More cf. EC 2.3.1.76 Bos taurus
2.3.1.135 retinyl-ester synthase
-
 Bos taurus

Temperature Optimum [°C]

EC Number Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
2.3.1.76 37
-
 assay at Bos taurus
2.3.1.76 37
-
 in vivo and in vitro assay at Homo sapiens
2.3.1.135 37
-
 assay at Bos taurus

pH Optimum

EC Number pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
2.3.1.76 7.4
-
 assay at Homo sapiens
2.3.1.76 7.5 8 assay at Bos taurus
2.3.1.135 7.5 8 assay at Bos taurus

Ki Value [mM]

EC Number Ki Value [mM] Ki Value maximum [mM] Inhibitor Comment Organism Structure
2.3.1.76 additional information
-
 additional information inhibition kinetics depend highly on retinol concentration, overview, recombinant enzyme Homo sapiens
2.3.1.76 0.000045
-
 XP620 pH 7.4, 37°C, recombinant enzyme Homo sapiens

IC50 Value

EC Number IC50 Value IC50 Value Maximum Comment Organism Inhibitor Structure
2.3.1.76 0.0000887
-
 selective isozyme DGAT1 inhibitor, inhibits the diacylglycerol acyltransferase and the retinol acyltransferase activities at the retinol recognition site, inhibition of 85% of retinyl ester production in intact differentiated Caco-2 cells, IC50: 88.7 nM Homo sapiens XP620