Activating Compound | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
Zn2+ | activates | Plasmodium falciparum |
Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
---|---|
isolation and overproduction of glxI enzymes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa using Escherichia coli expression systems | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
isolation and overproduction of glxI enzymes from using Escherichia coli expression systems | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
recombinant overproduction of gly1 in Escherichia coli in the presence of Ni2+ in the growth medium results in the formation of active enzyme, overproduction of in the presence of Zn2+ in the growth medium results in the formation of inactive enzyme | Escherichia coli |
Crystallization (Comment) | Organism |
---|---|
a comparison of the X-ray structures of the Escherichia coli GlxI reconstituted with Zn2+ (inactive) and with the activating metals Co2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ reveals that all activating metals have an octahedral environment, but the Zn2+-bound form of the enzyme results in antrigonal bipyramidal five-coordinate environment around the metal. GlxI, containing activating metals all have two water molecules bound to the active site metal along with four protein side chains making up the homodimer of the enzyme: His5 A-subunit, Glu56 A-subunit, His74 B-subunit, Glu122 B-subunit. The inactive Zn2+-bound enzyme has the same four protein side chains bound to the metal, but only one water molecule is coordinated to the Zn2+ | Escherichia coli |
Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
Co2+ | apo form reactivated | Homo sapiens | |
Mg2+ | apo form reactivated | Homo sapiens | |
additional information | inactive with Zn2+ | Leishmania major | |
Ni2+ | apo form reactivated | Homo sapiens | |
Ni2+ | activates | Leishmania major | |
Zn2+ | inactivation of gly I, metal can bind to the enzyme gly I, but the resulting enzyme is inactive | Escherichia coli | |
Zn2+ | apo form reactivated | Homo sapiens | |
Zn2+ | inactivation of gly I | Neisseria meningitidis | |
Zn2+ | inactivation of gloA1; inactivation of gly I | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
Zn2+ | inactivation of gly I | Yersinia pestis |
KM Value [mM] | KM Value Maximum [mM] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
additional information | - |
additional information | the KM value of Pseudomonas aeruginosa gloaA1 with Ni2+ is 0.032 mM | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
additional information | - |
additional information | the KM value of Pseudomonas aeruginosa gloaA2 with Ni2+ is 0.021 mM | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
additional information | - |
additional information | the KM value of Pseudomonas aeruginosa gloaA3 with Zn2+ is 0.287 mM | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
additional information | - |
additional information | the KM value with Cd2+ is 0.0089 mM | Escherichia coli | |
additional information | - |
additional information | the KM value with Co2+ is 0.012 mM | Escherichia coli | |
additional information | - |
additional information | the KM value with Fe2+ is 0.01 mM | Escherichia coli | |
additional information | - |
additional information | the KM value with Mn2+ is 0.01 mM | Escherichia coli | |
additional information | - |
additional information | the KM value with Ni2+ is 0.027 mM | Escherichia coli |
Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|---|
cytosol | - |
Plasmodium falciparum | 5829 | - |
cytosol | - |
Yersinia pestis | 5829 | - |
cytosol | - |
Leishmania sp. | 5829 | - |
cytosol | - |
Homo sapiens | 5829 | - |
cytosol | - |
Escherichia coli | 5829 | - |
cytosol | - |
Neisseria meningitidis | 5829 | - |
cytosol | - |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 5829 | - |
cytosol | - |
Pseudomonas putida | 5829 | - |
mitochondrion | - |
Plasmodium falciparum | 5739 | - |
mitochondrion | - |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 5739 | - |
Metals/Ions | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
Cd2+ | activation of gly I | Escherichia coli | |
Cd2+ | activation, Km: 0.0089 mM, Vmax: 0.043 mmol/min/mg, kcat: 21 1/s | Escherichia coli | |
Co2+ | activated by Ni2+ and Co2+ | Neisseria meningitidis | |
Co2+ | activated by Ni2+ and Co2+ | Yersinia pestis | |
Co2+ | activation of gloA1 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
Co2+ | activation of gly I | Yersinia pestis | |
Co2+ | activation of gly I | Escherichia coli | |
Co2+ | activation of gly I | Neisseria meningitidis | |
Co2+ | activation of gly I | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
Co2+ | activation, Km: 0.012 mM, Vmax: 0.213 mmol/min/mg, kcat: 106 1/s | Escherichia coli | |
Co2+ | apo form reactivated | Pseudomonas putida | |
Co2+ | major activation by Ni2+ and Co2+ but also exhibits some measureable activation by Zn2+ | Trypanosoma cruzi | |
Co2+ | reactivation of apo gly I | Homo sapiens | |
Co2+ | reactivation of apo gly I | Pseudomonas putida | |
Fe2+ | activation, Km: 0.010 mM, Vmax: 0.112 mmol/min/mg, kcat: 56 1/s | Escherichia coli | |
Fe3+ | activation of gly I | Escherichia coli | |
Mg2+ | apo form reactivated | Pseudomonas putida | |
Mg2+ | reactivation of gly I | Homo sapiens | |
Mg2+ | reactivation of gly I | Pseudomonas putida | |
Mn2+ | activation of gly I | Escherichia coli | |
Mn2+ | activation, Km: 0.010 mM, Vmax: 0.121 mmol/min/mg, kcat: 60 1/s | Escherichia coli | |
additional information | not activated by Zn2+ | Neisseria meningitidis | |
additional information | not activated by Zn2+ | Yersinia pestis | |
additional information | inactive with Zn2+ | Leishmania major | |
additional information | inactive with Zn2+ | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
additional information | not activated by Zn2+, Zn2+ can bind to the enzyme, but the resulting enzyme is inactive. Mg2+ does not bind to the apoGlxI as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry | Escherichia coli | |
Ni2+ | activates | Leishmania donovani | |
Ni2+ | activated by Ni2+ and Co2+ | Neisseria meningitidis | |
Ni2+ | activated by Ni2+ and Co2+ | Yersinia pestis | |
Ni2+ | activation of gloA1 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
Ni2+ | activation of gly I | Yersinia pestis | |
Ni2+ | activation of gly I | Escherichia coli | |
Ni2+ | activation of gly I | Neisseria meningitidis | |
Ni2+ | activation of gly I | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
Ni2+ | activation, Km: 0.021 mM, Vmax: 0.497 mmol/min/mg, kcat: 247 1/s, kcat/Km: 12000000 1/M * s | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
Ni2+ | activation, Km: 0.032 mM, vmax: 0.571 mmol/min/mg, kcat: 271 1/s, kcat/Km: 8500000 1/M * s | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
Ni2+ | apo form reactivated | Pseudomonas putida | |
Ni2+ | highest reactivation activity, Km: 0.027 mM, Vmax: 0.676 mmol/min/mg, kcat: 338 1/s | Escherichia coli | |
Ni2+ | major activation by Ni2+ and Co2+ but also exhibits some measureable activation by Zn2+ | Trypanosoma cruzi | |
Ni2+ | reactivation of apo gly I | Homo sapiens | |
Ni2+ | reactivation of apo gly I | Pseudomonas putida | |
Zn2+ | activation of gloA3, metal ion binds tightly to the enzyme so that removal of metall ion requires more forceful conditions | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
Zn2+ | activation of glxI | Plasmodium falciparum | |
Zn2+ | activation, Zn2+ is tightly bound to GloA3, Km: 0.287 mM, Vmax: 1.176 mmol/min/mg, kcat: 787 1/s, kcat/Km: 2800000 1/M * s | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
Zn2+ | apo form reactivated | Pseudomonas putida | |
Zn2+ | major activation by Ni2+ and Co2+ but also exhibits some measureable activation by Zn2+ | Trypanosoma cruzi | |
Zn2+ | reactivation of gly I | Pseudomonas putida |
Molecular Weight [Da] | Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|---|
additional information | - |
GlxI is longer than the Escherichia coli enzyme but similar to the Homo sapiens enzyme | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
additional information | - |
size is similar to the Escherichia coli enzyme and to Pseudomonas aeruginose Glx1 GloA1 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
glutathionylspermidine + methylglyoxal | Leishmania sp. | - |
? | - |
? | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | Plasmodium falciparum | first step in the glyoxalase system, detoxification of methylglyoxal | (R)-S-lactoylglutathione | - |
r | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | Yersinia pestis | first step in the glyoxalase system, detoxification of methylglyoxal | (R)-S-lactoylglutathione | - |
r | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | Leishmania sp. | first step in the glyoxalase system, detoxification of methylglyoxal | (R)-S-lactoylglutathione | - |
r | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | Homo sapiens | first step in the glyoxalase system, detoxification of methylglyoxal | (R)-S-lactoylglutathione | - |
r | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | Escherichia coli | first step in the glyoxalase system, detoxification of methylglyoxal | (R)-S-lactoylglutathione | - |
r | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | Neisseria meningitidis | first step in the glyoxalase system, detoxification of methylglyoxal | (R)-S-lactoylglutathione | - |
r | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | first step in the glyoxalase system, detoxification of methylglyoxal | (R)-S-lactoylglutathione | - |
r | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | Pseudomonas putida | first step in the glyoxalase system, detoxification of methylglyoxal | (R)-S-lactoylglutathione | - |
r | |
additional information | Plasmodium falciparum | the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | Yersinia pestis | the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | Leishmania sp. | the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | Homo sapiens | the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | Escherichia coli | the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | Neisseria meningitidis | the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | Pseudomonas putida | the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | Leishmania sp. | the Leishmania sp. glxI preferentially utilizes the hemithioacetal formed between methylglyoxal and trypanothione as the substrate | ? | - |
? |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Escherichia coli | - |
- |
- |
Escherichia coli | P0AC81 | - |
- |
Homo sapiens | - |
- |
- |
Homo sapiens | Q04760 | - |
- |
Leishmania braziliensis | - |
- |
- |
Leishmania donovani | - |
- |
- |
Leishmania major | - |
- |
- |
Leishmania sp. | - |
- |
- |
Neisseria meningitidis | - |
- |
- |
Neisseria meningitidis | P0A0T3 | - |
- |
Plasmodium falciparum | - |
- |
- |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | - |
PAO1 | - |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Q9HU72 | gloA3 | - |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Q9HY85 | gloA1 | - |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Q9I5L8 | PAO1 | - |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Q9I5L8 | gloA2 | - |
Pseudomonas putida | - |
- |
- |
Pseudomonas putida | Q88GF8 | - |
- |
Trypanosoma cruzi | - |
- |
- |
Yersinia pestis | - |
- |
- |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
glutathionylspermidine + methylglyoxal | - |
Leishmania sp. | ? | - |
? | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | first step in the glyoxalase system, detoxification of methylglyoxal | Plasmodium falciparum | (R)-S-lactoylglutathione | - |
r | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | first step in the glyoxalase system, detoxification of methylglyoxal | Yersinia pestis | (R)-S-lactoylglutathione | - |
r | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | first step in the glyoxalase system, detoxification of methylglyoxal | Leishmania sp. | (R)-S-lactoylglutathione | - |
r | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | first step in the glyoxalase system, detoxification of methylglyoxal | Homo sapiens | (R)-S-lactoylglutathione | - |
r | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | first step in the glyoxalase system, detoxification of methylglyoxal | Escherichia coli | (R)-S-lactoylglutathione | - |
r | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | first step in the glyoxalase system, detoxification of methylglyoxal | Neisseria meningitidis | (R)-S-lactoylglutathione | - |
r | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | first step in the glyoxalase system, detoxification of methylglyoxal | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | (R)-S-lactoylglutathione | - |
r | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | first step in the glyoxalase system, detoxification of methylglyoxal | Pseudomonas putida | (R)-S-lactoylglutathione | - |
r | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | two major intracelluar thiols are used, glutathione and trypanothione | Leishmania donovani | S-((R)-lactoyl)glutathione | - |
? | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | two major intracelluar thiols are used, glutathione and trypanothione | Trypanosoma cruzi | S-((R)-lactoyl)glutathione | - |
? | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | two major intracelluar thiols are used, glutathione and trypanothione | Leishmania major | S-((R)-lactoyl)glutathione | - |
? | |
methylglyoxal + glutathione | two major intracelluar thiols are used, glutathione and trypanothione | Leishmania braziliensis | S-((R)-lactoyl)glutathione | - |
? | |
methylglyoxal + trypanothione | two major intracelluar thiols are used, glutathione and trypanothione | Leishmania donovani | S,S'-bis((R)-lactoyl)trypanothione | - |
? | |
methylglyoxal + trypanothione | two major intracelluar thiols are used, glutathione and trypanothione | Trypanosoma cruzi | S,S'-bis((R)-lactoyl)trypanothione | - |
? | |
methylglyoxal + trypanothione | two major intracelluar thiols are used, glutathione and trypanothione | Leishmania braziliensis | S,S'-bis((R)-lactoyl)trypanothione | - |
? | |
methylglyoxal + trypanothione | two major intracelluar thiols are used, glutathione and trypanothione, preferentially utilizes the hemithioacetal formed between methylglyoxal and trypanothione as the substrate | Leishmania major | S,S'-bis((R)-lactoyl)trypanothione | - |
? | |
additional information | the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes | Plasmodium falciparum | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes | Yersinia pestis | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes | Leishmania sp. | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes | Homo sapiens | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes | Escherichia coli | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes | Neisseria meningitidis | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes | Pseudomonas putida | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | the Leishmania sp. glxI preferentially utilizes the hemithioacetal formed between methylglyoxal and trypanothione as the substrate | Leishmania sp. | ? | - |
? |
Subunits | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
dimer | - |
Homo sapiens |
dimer | gly1 | Escherichia coli |
homodimer | GlxI, containing activating metals all have two water molecules bound to the active site metal along with four protein side chains making up the homodimer of the enzyme: His5 A-subunit, Glu56 A-subunit, His74 B-subunit, Glu122 B-subunit. The inactive Zn2+-bound enzyme has the same four protein side chains bound to the metal, but only one water molecule is coordinated to the Zn2+ | Escherichia coli |
More | enzyme is composed of a single polypeptide chain containing two active sites. It has been shown that there is a allosteric coupling between the two active sites | Plasmodium falciparum |
Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
GloA1 | - |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
GloA2 | - |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
GloA3 | - |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
GLXI | - |
Escherichia coli |
GLXI | - |
Pseudomonas putida |
GLXI | - |
Leishmania donovani |
GLXI | - |
Trypanosoma cruzi |
GLXI | - |
Plasmodium falciparum |
GLXI | - |
Yersinia pestis |
GLXI | - |
Leishmania sp. |
GLXI | - |
Leishmania major |
GLXI | - |
Leishmania braziliensis |
GLXI | - |
Homo sapiens |
GLXI | - |
Neisseria meningitidis |
GLXI | - |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
glyoxalase I | - |
Plasmodium falciparum |
glyoxalase I | - |
Yersinia pestis |
glyoxalase I | - |
Leishmania sp. |
glyoxalase I | - |
Homo sapiens |
glyoxalase I | - |
Escherichia coli |
glyoxalase I | - |
Neisseria meningitidis |
glyoxalase I | - |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
glyoxalase I | - |
Pseudomonas putida |
Turnover Number Minimum [1/s] | Turnover Number Maximum [1/s] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
additional information | - |
additional information | the turnover number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa gloaA1 with Ni2+ is 271 s | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
additional information | - |
additional information | the turnover number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa gloaA2 with Ni2+ is 247 s | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
additional information | - |
additional information | the turnover number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa gloaA3 with Zn2+ is 787 s | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
additional information | - |
additional information | the turnover number with Cd2+ is 21 s | Escherichia coli | |
additional information | - |
additional information | the turnover number with Co2+ is 106 s | Escherichia coli | |
additional information | - |
additional information | the turnover number with Fe2+ is 56 s | Escherichia coli | |
additional information | - |
additional information | the turnover number with Mn2+ is 60 s | Escherichia coli | |
additional information | - |
additional information | the turnover number with Ni2+ is 338 s | Escherichia coli |