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Literature summary for 4.3.1.25 extracted from

  • Dressen, A.; Hilberath, T.; Mackfeld, U.; Billmeier, A.; Rudat, J.; Pohl, M.
    Phenylalanine ammonia lyase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPAL2) A potent MIO-enzyme for the synthesis of non-canonical aromatic alpha-amino acids Part I Comparative characterization to the enzymes from Petroselinum crispum (PcPAL1) and Rhodosporidium to the enzymes from Petroselinum crispum (PcPAL1) and Rhodosporidium toruloides (RtPAL) (2017), J. Biotechnol., 258, 148-157 .
    View publication on PubMed
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Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment) Organism
expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) Rhodotorula toruloides

KM Value [mM]

KM Value [mM] KM Value Maximum [mM] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
0.21
-
 L-tyrosine pH 8.8, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides
0.54
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides
0.93
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides

Organism

Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
Rhodotorula toruloides P11544
-
-

Purification (Commentary)

Purification (Comment) Organism
-
 Rhodotorula toruloides

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
2-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 51.4% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 2-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
2-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 94.3% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 2-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
2-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 15.7% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 2-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
2-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 64.9% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 2-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
3-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 71.6% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 3-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
3-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 61.5% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 3-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
3-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 30.3% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 3-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 60.3% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
3-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 77.8% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 3-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 57.5% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 61.1% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 4-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 0.7% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides 4-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
L-phenylalanine the bifunctional enzyme shows KM-values for L-Phe and L-Tyr in the same order of magnitude Rhodotorula toruloides trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
 r
L-tyrosine the bifunctional enzyme shows KM-values for L-Phe and L-Tyr in the same order of magnitude Rhodotorula toruloides trans-p-hydroxycinnamate + NH3
-
 ?
trans-cinnamate + NH3 83.3% conversion Rhodotorula toruloides L-phenylalanine
-
 r

Synonyms

Synonyms Comment Organism
RtPAL
-
 Rhodotorula toruloides

Temperature Optimum [°C]

Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
55 60 deamination activity Rhodotorula toruloides

Temperature Range [°C]

Temperature Minimum [°C] Temperature Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
30 55 increase of deamination activity from 30°C-55°C Rhodotorula toruloides

Temperature Stability [°C]

Temperature Stability Minimum [°C] Temperature Stability Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
30
-
 half-life: 9.7 days Rhodotorula toruloides

Turnover Number [1/s]

Turnover Number Minimum [1/s] Turnover Number Maximum [1/s] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
1.02
-
 L-tyrosine pH 8.8, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides
1.04
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides
5.99
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides

pH Optimum

pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
7.5
-
 deamination activity Rhodotorula toruloides
10.5
-
 amination activity Rhodotorula toruloides

Cofactor

Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
3,5-dihydro-5-methylidene-4H-imidazol-4-one the cofactor is regenerated during the reaction cycle and thus does not require external cofactor regeneration Rhodotorula toruloides

kcat/KM [mM/s]

kcat/KM Value [1/mMs-1] kcat/KM Value Maximum [1/mMs-1] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
1.11
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides
4.92
-
 L-tyrosine pH 8.8, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides
11.03
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Rhodotorula toruloides