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Literature summary for 3.2.1.1 extracted from

  • Kindle, K.L.
    Characterization and production of thermostable alpha-amylase (1983), Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 8, 153-170.
No PubMed abstract available

Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment) Organism
expression in Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis
expression in Bacillus subtilis Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
expression in Escherichia coli Priestia megaterium
expression in Escherichia coli Weizmannia coagulans

Inhibitors

Inhibitors Comment Organism Structure
EDTA
-
Bacillus licheniformis
EDTA
-
Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria)
EDTA
-
Bacillus subtilis
EDTA
-
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
EDTA
-
Thermomonospora vulgaris

Metals/Ions

Metals/Ions Comment Organism Structure
Ca2+
-
Bacillus subtilis
Ca2+
-
Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria)
Ca2+ required Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
Ca2+ stimulates Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Ca2+ stimulates Bacillus licheniformis
Mg2+
-
Bacillus subtilis
Mg2+
-
Bacillus licheniformis
Mg2+ required Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius

Molecular Weight [Da]

Molecular Weight [Da] Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] Comment Organism
22500
-
gel filtration Bacillus licheniformis
41000
-
gel filtration Geobacillus stearothermophilus
44000 48000
-
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
44000 48000 sedimentation measurement Humicola stellata
54000
-
x * 54000, SDS-PAGE Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria)
68000
-
x * 68000, SDS-PAGE Bacillus subtilis
68000
-
x * 68000, SDS-PAGE Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
90000
-
x * 90000, SDS-PAGE Geobacillus stearothermophilus

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
starch + H2O Thermomonospora vulgaris enzyme production is induced by 2% starch or solid CaCO3 glucooligosaccharide
-
?

Organism

Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
Acinetobacter sp.
-
-
-
Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
-
-
-
Aspergillus niger
-
-
-
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
-
-
-
Bacillus licheniformis
-
-
-
Bacillus licheniformis CUMC305
-
-
-
Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria)
-
-
-
Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria) 11-15
-
-
-
Bacillus subtilis
-
-
-
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
-
-
-
Humicola brevis
-
-
-
Humicola insolens
-
-
-
Humicola stellata
-
-
-
Malbranchea pulchella
-
-
-
Micromonospora vulgaris
-
-
-
Mycothermus thermophilus
-
-
-
Priestia megaterium
-
-
-
Rhizomucor miehei
-
-
-
Rhizomucor pusillus
-
-
-
Rhizopus microsporus
-
-
-
Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
-
-
-
Thermoascus aurantiacus
-
-
-
Thermoascus crustaceus
-
-
-
Thermochaetoides thermophila
-
-
-
Thermomonospora curvata
-
-
-
Thermomonospora viridis
-
-
-
Thermomonospora vulgaris
-
-
-
Thermomyces dupontii
-
-
-
Thermomyces lanuginosus
-
-
-
Thermothelomyces myriococcoides
-
-
-
Trichocladium griseum
-
-
-
Weizmannia coagulans
-
-
-
Weizmannia coagulans CUMC512
-
-
-

Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]

Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] Comment Organism
additional information
-
-
Bacillus subtilis
additional information
-
-
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
additional information
-
-
Weizmannia coagulans
additional information
-
-
Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria)
additional information
-
-
Bacillus licheniformis
additional information
-
-
Thermomyces lanuginosus

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
pullulan + H2O
-
Thermoactinomyces vulgaris panose + ?
-
?
pullulan + H2O
-
Thermomonospora viridis panose + ?
-
?
starch + H2O enzyme production is induced by 2% starch or solid CaCO3 Thermomonospora vulgaris glucooligosaccharide
-
?

Subunits

Subunits Comment Organism
?
-
Bacillus licheniformis
?
-
Thermomonospora curvata
? x * 54000, SDS-PAGE Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria)
? x * 90000, SDS-PAGE Geobacillus stearothermophilus
? x * 68000, SDS-PAGE Bacillus subtilis
? x * 68000, SDS-PAGE Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
? x * 55000-65000, SDS-PAGE Acinetobacter sp.

Temperature Optimum [°C]

Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
45 55 cells grown at 35°C Geobacillus stearothermophilus
45 55 cells grown at 35°C Weizmannia coagulans
50
-
-
Bacillus subtilis
60
-
-
Bacillus subtilis
60
-
-
Aspergillus niger
60
-
-
Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
60
-
-
Thermomyces lanuginosus
60
-
-
Thermomonospora vulgaris
60 70 cells grown at 55°C Geobacillus stearothermophilus
60 70 cells grown at 55°C Weizmannia coagulans
65
-
-
Bacillus subtilis
65
-
-
Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria)
65
-
-
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
65
-
-
Thermomyces lanuginosus
65
-
-
Thermomonospora curvata
70
-
-
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
70
-
-
Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria)
70
-
-
Bacillus licheniformis
70
-
-
Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
70
-
-
Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
75
-
-
Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
76
-
pH 8 Bacillus licheniformis
85
-
at pH 8.5 Weizmannia coagulans
91
-
at pH 9.0, strain CUMC305 Bacillus licheniformis

Temperature Stability [°C]

Temperature Stability Minimum [°C] Temperature Stability Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
additional information
-
-
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
additional information
-
-
Bacillus licheniformis
additional information
-
-
Thermomyces lanuginosus
additional information
-
-
Thermomonospora vulgaris
additional information
-
substrate is required for stability at high temperatures Aspergillus niger
60
-
-
Bacillus subtilis
60
-
-
Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria)
60
-
-
Thermoascus aurantiacus
60
-
-
Thermomyces lanuginosus
60
-
5 min, stable Bacillus licheniformis
60
-
half-life: 5 days Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
60
-
60 min, 50% loss of activity Thermomonospora vulgaris
60
-
18% loss of activity after 10 min, 64% loss of activity after 60 min Aspergillus niger
70
-
-
Thermomyces lanuginosus
70
-
-
Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
70
-
5 min, stable Bacillus licheniformis
70
-
pH 2, 10 min, 40% loss of activity, 94% loss of activity after 30 min Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria)
70
-
15 min, 73% loss of activity Aspergillus niger
75
-
-
Bacillus licheniformis
75
-
40 min, stable Weizmannia coagulans
75
-
t1/2: 2 h Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
80
-
-
Weizmannia coagulans
80
-
-
Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria)
80
-
-
Thermomyces lanuginosus
80
-
-
Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
80
-
5 min, complete inactivation Thermomonospora vulgaris
80
-
5 min, 55% loss of activity Bacillus licheniformis
80
-
15 min, complete inactivation Aspergillus niger
90
-
-
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
90
-
-
Bacillus licheniformis
90
-
-
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
90
-
-
Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
90
-
60 min, 6% loss of activity Weizmannia coagulans
90
-
5 min, 40% loss of activity, complete inactivation after 60 min Thermomonospora curvata

pH Optimum

pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
2
-
-
Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria)
3.5
-
-
Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
5
-
-
Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
5 8
-
Bacillus licheniformis
5 7 in presence of 0.5% starch and 4 mM CaCl2 Bacillus licheniformis
5.5 6
-
Aspergillus niger
5.5 6
-
Thermomonospora curvata
5.9 7
-
Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
5.9 7
-
Thermomonospora viridis
6
-
-
Bacillus subtilis
6
-
-
Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria)
6
-
-
Thermomonospora vulgaris
6.5 8
-
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
9.5
-
strain CUMC305 Bacillus licheniformis

pH Stability

pH Stability pH Stability Maximum Comment Organism
additional information
-
Ca2+ is required for stability at high pH Aspergillus niger
1 2 65°C, 15 min, stable Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria)
3.4 6.4 optimal stability Aspergillus niger
3.8
-
5 min, complete inactivation Thermomonospora vulgaris
6 11
-
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
6 11 25°C, 24 h, stable Bacillus licheniformis
7
-
60 min, stable Thermomonospora vulgaris
9
-
30 min, 25% loss of activity Thermomonospora vulgaris