Literature summary for 2.7.9.4 extracted from

Skeffington, A.W.; Graf, A.; Duxbury, Z.; Gruissem, W.; Smith, A.M.
Glucan, water dikinase exerts little control over starch degradation in Arabidopsis leaves at night (2014), Plant Physiol., 165, 866-879.

Search for more literature for 2.7.9.4

Application

Application	Comment	Organism
biotechnology	the starch-phosphorylating enzymes are attractive candidates for the control of flux through starch degradation	Arabidopsis thaliana

Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment)	Organism
gene gwd, recombinant expression of Arabidopsis thaliana GWD mutant C1019S C-terminally fused to GFP from a 35S promoter in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants	Arabidopsis thaliana

Protein Variants

Protein Variants	Comment	Organism
C1019S	site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant is redox-insensitiv in contrast to the wild-type enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana
additional information	generation of transgenic plants expressing constitutively active GWD and of Arabidopsis plants expressing a dexamethasone-inducible silencing (RNAi) construct targeted at GWD. These plants retain normal control of starch degradation in leaves. Analysis of changes in GWD protein abundance in relation to starch levels in wild-type plants, in transgenic plants in which GWD transcripts are strongly reduced by induction of RNA interference, and in transgenic plants overexpressing GWD, overview	Arabidopsis thaliana

Metals/Ions

Metals/Ions	Comment	Organism	Structure
Mg2+	required	Arabidopsis thaliana

Organism

Organism	UniProt	Comment	Textmining
Arabidopsis thaliana	Q9SAC6	-	-

Source Tissue

Source Tissue	Comment	Organism	Textmining
leaf	-	Arabidopsis thaliana	-

Synonyms

Synonyms	Comment	Organism
glucan, water dikinase	-	Arabidopsis thaliana
GWD	-	Arabidopsis thaliana

Cofactor

Cofactor	Comment	Organism	Structure
ATP	-	Arabidopsis thaliana

General Information

General Information	Comment	Organism
malfunction	analysis of changes in GWD protein abundance in relation to starch levels in wild-type plants, in transgenic plants in which GWD transcripts are strongly reduced by induction of RNA interference, and in transgenic plants overexpressing GWD, overview. Overexpression of GWD does not accelerate starch degradation in leaves, and starch degradation is not inhibited until GWD levels are reduced by 70%. GWD protein levels do not vary over the diel cycle and the protein has a half-life of 2 days. Plants expressing redox-insensitive GWD have normal starch turnover	Arabidopsis thaliana
metabolism	the first step on the pathway of starch degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves at night is the phosphorylation of starch polymers, catalyzed by glucan, water dikinase, GWD. The enzyme exerts only a low level of control over starch degradation in Arabidopsis leaves. The starch-phosphorylating enzymes are attractive candidates for the control of flux through starch degradation. Daily control of starch degradation is likely to be at a posttranslational level	Arabidopsis thaliana
physiological function	enzyme GWD is a subject to redox regulation. A disulfide bond can be reduced in vitro by micromolar concentrations of reduced thioredoxins, resulting in activation of the enzyme. Enzyme GWD in the soluble fraction of plant extracts is in the reduced form, but a fraction of the enzyme bound to starch granules is reported to be in an oxidized, inactive form. Enzyme GWD has a long half-life and a low flux control coefficient for starch degradation. Transcriptional regulation of GWD protein levels is unlikely to be important for the control of starch degradation	Arabidopsis thaliana

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Release 2023.1 (January 2023)