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Literature summary for 2.7.2.4 extracted from
- Analysis of loss-of-function mutants in aspartate kinase and homoserine dehydrogenase genes points to complexity in the regulation of aspartate-derived amino acid contents (2015), Plant Physiol., 168, 1512-1526.
Protein Variants
| Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| additional information | generation of ak-hsdh1 mutants, and double mutants from ak-hsdh1 and ak genes. Near-unanimous increases of Asp, Lys, and Ile in the single mutants that are not observed in the double mutants at the same age. A Thr increase is observed in mutant ak-hsdh1-1, it also has an increased Met content, overview. The contents of Asp, Lys, and Met in ak1-1, ak2-1, ak3-1, ak-hsdh1-1, ak-hsdh2-1, and ak-hsdh2-2 are significantly higher than those in the wild-type. Increases of Asp, Lys, and Met in ak-hsdh2 are also observed in mutants ak1-1, ak2-1, ak3-1, and ak-hsdh1-1. The Thr increase in ak-hsdh2 is observed in ak-hsdh1-1 but not in ak1-1, ak2-1, or ak3-1. Transcript levels of AK and AK-HSDH genes in leaves of 4-week-old engineered plants, mutant plant phenotypes, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| additional information | generation of ak-hsdh2 mutants, and double mutants from ak-hsdh2 and ak genes. Near-unanimous increases of Asp, Lys, and Ile in the single mutants that are not observed in the double mutants at the same age, only ak-hsdh2-1/ak2-1 has an increased Asp content. The Thr increase observed in mutants ak-hsdh1-1, ak-hsdh2-1, and ak-hsdh2-2 single mutants is absent in ak-hsdh2-1/ak1-1 and ak-hsdh2-1/ak2-1 double mutants. The ak-hsdh2-1/ak3-1 double mutant still has a high amount of Thr (280% higher than the wild type), and all three double mutants have increased Met contents, overview. In the ak-hsdh2-1/ak1-1 double mutant, both AK1 and AK-HSDH2 transcripts are completely abolished, and there is a 64% decrease in total AK-HSDH transcripts. Simultaneous loss of AK-HSDH2 and monofunctional AK1 or AK2 has an additive effect on the reduction of overall AK activity. The contents of Asp, Lys, and Met in ak1-1, ak2-1, ak3-1, ak-hsdh1-1, ak-hsdh2-1, and ak-hsdh2-2 are significantly higher than those in the wild-type. Increases of Asp, Lys, and Met in ak-hsdh2 are also observed in mutants ak1-1, ak2-1, ak3-1, and ak-hsdh1-1. However, the Thr increase in ak-hsdh2 is observed in ak-hsdh1-1 but not in ak1-1, ak2-1, or ak3-1. Transcript levels of AK and AK-HSDH genes in leaves of 4-week-old engineered plants, mutant plant phenotypes, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| additional information | generation of ak1 mutants, and double mutants from ak-hsdh2 and ak genes. Near-unanimous increases of Asp, Lys, and Ile in the single mutant are not observed in the double mutants at the same age. The Thr increase observed in mutants ak-hsdh1-1, ak-hsdh2-1, and ak-hsdh2-2 single mutants is absent in ak-hsdh2-1/ak1-1 double mutant. In the ak-hsdh2-1/ak1-1 double mutant, both AK1 and AK-HSDH2 transcripts are completely abolished, and there is a 64% decrease in total AK-HSDH transcripts. Simultaneous loss of AK-HSDH2 and monofunctional AK1 or AK2 has an additive effect on the reduction of overall AK activity. The contents of Asp, Lys, and Met in ak1-1, ak2-1, ak3-1, ak-hsdh1-1, ak-hsdh2-1, and ak-hsdh2-2 are significantly higher than those in the wild-type. Increases of Asp, Lys, and Met in ak-hsdh2 are also observed in mutants ak1-1, ak2-1, ak3-1, and ak-hsdh1-1. The Thr increase in ak-hsdh2 is observed in ak-hsdh1-1 but not in ak1-1, ak2-1, or ak3-1. Transcript levels of AK and AK-HSDH genes in leaves of 4-week-old engineered plants, mutant plant phenotypes, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| additional information | generation of ak2 mutants, and double mutants from ak-hsdh2 and ak2 genes. Near-unanimous increases of Asp, Lys, and Ile in the single mutant are not observed in the double mutants at the same age, only ak-hsdh2-1/ak2-1 has an increased Asp content. The Thr increase observed in mutants ak-hsdh1-1, ak-hsdh2-1, and ak-hsdh2-2 single mutants is absent in ak-hsdh2-1/ak2-1 double mutant. The contents of Asp, Lys, and Met in ak1-1, ak2-1, ak3-1, ak-hsdh1-1, ak-hsdh2-1, and ak-hsdh2-2 are significantly higher than those in the wild-type. Increases of Asp, Lys, and Met in ak-hsdh2 are also observed in mutants ak1-1, ak2-1, ak3-1, and ak-hsdh1-1. Simultaneous loss of AK-HSDH2 and monofunctional AK1 or AK2 has an additive effect on the reduction of overall AK activity. The Thr increase in ak-hsdh2 is observed in ak-hsdh1-1 but not in ak1-1, ak2-1, or ak3-1. Transcript levels of AK and AK-HSDH genes in leaves of 4-week-old engineered plants, mutant plant phenotypes, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| additional information | generation of ak3 mutants, and double mutants from ak-hsdh2 and ak genes. Near-unanimous increases of Asp, Lys, and Ile in the single mutants are not observed in the double mutants at the same age. The ak-hsdh2-1/ak3-1 double mutant still has a high amount of Thr (280% higher than the wild type), and all three double mutants have increased Met contents, overview. The contents of Asp, Lys, and Met in ak1-1, ak2-1, ak3-1, ak-hsdh1-1, ak-hsdh2-1, and ak-hsdh2-2 are significantly higher than those in the wild-type. Increases of Asp, Lys, and Met in ak-hsdh2 are also observed in mutants ak1-1, ak2-1, ak3-1, and ak-hsdh1-1. The Thr increase in ak-hsdh2 is observed in ak-hsdh1-1 but not in ak1-1, ak2-1, or ak3-1. Transcript levels of AK and AK-HSDH genes in leaves of 4-week-old engineered plants, mutant plant phenotypes, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Localization
| Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| chloroplast | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | 9507 | - |
Metals/Ions
| Metals/Ions | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mg2+ | required | Arabidopsis thaliana |  |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATP + L-aspartate | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
ADP + 4-phospho-L-aspartate | - |
? | |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arabidopsis thaliana | O23653 | gene ak2 | - |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | O81852 | gene ak-hsdh2 | - |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Q9LYU8 | gene ak1 | - |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Q9S702 | gene ak3 | - |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Q9SA18 | gene ak-hsdh1 | - |
Source Tissue
| Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| leaf | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATP + L-aspartate | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | ADP + 4-phospho-L-aspartate | - |
? | |
Synonyms
| Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| AK-HSDH1 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| AK-HSDH2 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| AK1 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| AK2 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| AK3 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Asp kinase-homoserine dehydrogenase | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| aspartokinase | UniProt | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| aspartokinase 2 | UniProt | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| aspartokinase 3 | UniProt | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Cofactor
| Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATP | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | |
General Information
| General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| malfunction | four-week-old loss-of-function Arabidopsis thaliana mutants in the AK-HSDH2 gene have increased amounts of Asp and Asp-derived amino acids, especially Thr, in leaves, phenotype, overview. The contents of Asp, Lys, and Met in ak1-1, ak2-1, ak3-1, ak-hsdh1-1, ak-hsdh2-1, and ak-hsdh2-2 are significantly higher than those in the wild-type. Increases of Asp, Lys, and Met in ak-hsdh2 are also observed in mutants ak1-1, ak2-1, ak3-1, and ak-hsdh1-1. However, the Thr increase in ak-hsdh2 is observed in ak-hsdh1-1 but not in ak1-1, ak2-1, or ak3-1. Mutant plant phenotypes, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| malfunction | the contents of Asp, Lys, and Met in ak1-1, ak2-1, ak3-1, ak-hsdh1-1, ak-hsdh2-1, and ak-hsdh2-2 are significantly higher than those in the wild-type. Increases of Asp, Lys, and Met in ak-hsdh2 are also observed in mutants ak1-1, ak2-1, ak3-1, and ak-hsdh1-1. However, the Thr increase in ak-hsdh2 is observed in ak-hsdh1-1 but not in ak1-1, ak2-1, or ak3-1. Mutant plant phenotypes, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| malfunction | the contents of Asp, Lys, and Met in ak1-1, ak2-1, ak3-1, ak-hsdh1-1, ak-hsdh2-1, and ak-hsdh2-2 are significantly higher than those in the wild-type. Increases of Asp, Lys, and Met in ak-hsdh2 are also observed in mutants ak1-1, ak2-1, ak3-1, and ak-hsdh1-1. The Thr increase in ak-hsdh2 is observed in ak-hsdh1-1 but not in ak1-1, ak2-1, or ak3-1. Mutant plant phenotypes, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| physiological function | biosynthesis of aspartate-derived amino acids lysine, methionine, threonine, and isoleucine involves monofunctional Asp kinases and dual-functional Asp kinase-homoserine dehydrogenases (AK-HSDHs). Isozymes AK2 and AK-HSDH1 are the major contributors to overall AK and HSDH activities, respectively | Arabidopsis thaliana |
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