Literature summary for 2.6.1.18 extracted from

Parthasarathy, A.; Adams, L.E.; Savka, F.C.; Hudson, A.O.
The Arabidopsis thaliana gene annotated by the locus tag At3g08860 encodes alanine aminotransferase (2019), Plant Direct, 3, e00171 .

Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment)	Organism
locus At3g08860, DNA and amino acid sequence determination, analysis, and comparisons, recombinant expression of the enzyme lacking the N-terminal signal sequence and functional complementation of two Escherichia coli mutants (panD and HYE032) auxotrophic for the amino acids, L-alanine (proteinogenic) and beta-alanine (non-proteinogenic). The enzyme is not able to complement the Escherichia coli mutant DL39, that harbors a mutation in the tyrosine aminotransferase (tyrB) gene which leads to auxotrophy for L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine. Recombinant expression of His-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli	Arabidopsis thaliana

Cloned (Comment)

Organism

locus At3g08860, DNA and amino acid sequence determination, analysis, and comparisons, recombinant expression of the enzyme lacking the N-terminal signal sequence and functional complementation of two Escherichia coli mutants (panD and HYE032) auxotrophic for the amino acids, L-alanine (proteinogenic) and beta-alanine (non-proteinogenic). The enzyme is not able to complement the Escherichia coli mutant DL39, that harbors a mutation in the tyrosine aminotransferase (tyrB) gene which leads to auxotrophy for L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine. Recombinant expression of His-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli

Arabidopsis thaliana

Localization

Localization	Comment	Organism	GeneOntology No.	Textmining
mitochondrion	the first 93 nucleotides of the full-length cDNA are predicted to encode the signal sequence that denote localization to the mitochondria	Arabidopsis thaliana	5739	-

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates	Organism	Comment (Nat. Sub.)	Natural Products	Comment (Nat. Pro.)	Rev.	Reac.
L-alanine + 3-oxopropanoate	Arabidopsis thaliana	-	pyruvate + beta-alanine	-	r
L-alanine + 3-oxopropanoate	Arabidopsis thaliana Col7	-	pyruvate + beta-alanine	-	r

Organism

Organism	UniProt	Comment	Textmining
Arabidopsis thaliana	Q9SR86	-	-
Arabidopsis thaliana Col7	Q9SR86	-	-

Purification (Commentary)

Purification (Comment)	Organism
recombinant His-tagged enzyme from Escherichia coli	Arabidopsis thaliana

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates	Comment Substrates	Organism	Products	Comment (Products)	Rev.	Reac.
L-alanine + 3-oxopropanoate	-	Arabidopsis thaliana	pyruvate + beta-alanine	-	r
L-alanine + 3-oxopropanoate	-	Arabidopsis thaliana Col7	pyruvate + beta-alanine	-	r

Subunits

Subunits	Comment	Organism
?	x * 50000, recombinant His-tagged enzyme, SDS-PAGE	Arabidopsis thaliana

Synonyms

Synonyms	Comment	Organism
alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase/beta-alanine:pyruvate aminotransferase	-	Arabidopsis thaliana
At3g08860	locus name	Arabidopsis thaliana
beta-alanine-pyruvate aminotransferase 3	UniProt	Arabidopsis thaliana
beta-alanine:pyruvate aminotransferase	-	Arabidopsis thaliana
More	bifunctional enzyme, see also EC 2.6.1.44	Arabidopsis thaliana

Temperature Optimum [°C]

Temperature Optimum [°C]	Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C]	Comment	Organism
30	-	assay at	Arabidopsis thaliana

pH Optimum

pH Optimum Minimum	pH Optimum Maximum	Comment	Organism
8	-	assay at	Arabidopsis thaliana

Cofactor

Cofactor	Comment	Organism	Structure
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate	PLP	Arabidopsis thaliana

Expression

Organism	Comment	Expression
Arabidopsis thaliana	the enzyme is specifically upregulated in response to osmotic stress, but not other stresses (beta-alanine is an osmoprotectant in plants)	up

General Information

General Information	Comment	Organism
evolution	aminotransferase enzymes function via a bimolecular double displacement ping-pong mechanism where an amino acid usually serves as the amino donor and an alpha-keto acid serves as the amino acceptor. Aminotransferases are ubiquitous in the three domains of life and are involved in a variety of metabolic pathways including amino acid metabolism, nitrogen assimilation, gluconeogenesis, responses to a number of biotic/abiotic stresses, and among other pathways. The aminotransferase gene family in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana consists of 44 genes, eight of which are suggested to be alanine aminotransferases. One of the putative alanine aminotransferases genes, At3g08860, is attributed the function of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase/beta-alanine:pyruvate aminotransferase based on the analysis of gene expression networks and homology to other beta-alanine aminotransferases in plants	Arabidopsis thaliana
metabolism	the expression of At3g08860 is highly coordinated with the genes of the uracil degradation pathway leading to the non-proteinogenic amino acid beta-alanine	Arabidopsis thaliana
additional information	structural analysis and homology modeling of the At3g08860-encoded enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana
physiological function	the enzyme produces beta-alanine, which is an osmoprotectant in plants	Arabidopsis thaliana