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Literature summary for 2.3.2.2 extracted from

  • Nishihara, T.; Yoshihara, H.; Nonaka, H.; Takakusagi, Y.; Hyodo, F.; Ichikawa, K.; Can, E.; Bastiaansen, J.; Takado, Y.; Comment, A.; Sando, S.
    Direct monitoring of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in vivo using a hyperpolarized 13C-labeled molecular probe (2016), Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 55, 10626-10629 .
    View publication on PubMed
Search for more literature for 2.3.2.2

Application

Application Comment Organism
diagnostics direct detection of GGT activity can provide critical information for the diagnosis of several pathologies. Elevated serum GGT levels are a general marker of diseases affecting the liver Rattus norvegicus
medicine direct detection of GGT activity can provide critical information for the diagnosis of several pathologies. GGT may serve as a tumor biomarker and its presence on the cell surface is particularly attractive for imaging applications Rattus norvegicus

Inhibitors

Inhibitors Comment Organism Structure
acivicin
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 Rattus norvegicus

Localization

Localization Comment Organism GeneOntology No. Textmining
cell surface
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 Rattus norvegicus 9986
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Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
a (5-L-glutamyl)-peptide + an amino acid Rattus norvegicus
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 a peptide + a 5-L-glutamyl amino acid
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 ?
additional information Rattus norvegicus in vivo expreriments in rat kidney, liver, heart, or brain. gamma-Glu-[1-13C]Gly is hyperpolarized using the TEMPOL nitroxyl radical (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl), and the resulting 13C polarization at the time of injection is 9%, overview. A spectral peak corresponding to [1-13C]Gly is readily detected in the kidney ?
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Organism

Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
Rattus norvegicus
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Source Tissue

Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
astrocyte
-
 Rattus norvegicus
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kidney
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 Rattus norvegicus
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leukocyte
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 Rattus norvegicus
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liver
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 Rattus norvegicus
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additional information the enzyme is widely expressed on the apical surface of epithelial-cell lining ducts, most prominently in the proximal tubules of the kidney and liver biliary ducts, and is also expressed on leukocytes and astrocytes. Non-invasive, real-time detection of GGT activity in vivo, overview Rattus norvegicus
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Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
a (5-L-glutamyl)-peptide + an amino acid
-
 Rattus norvegicus a peptide + a 5-L-glutamyl amino acid
-
 ?
additional information in vivo expreriments in rat kidney, liver, heart, or brain. gamma-Glu-[1-13C]Gly is hyperpolarized using the TEMPOL nitroxyl radical (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl), and the resulting 13C polarization at the time of injection is 9%, overview. A spectral peak corresponding to [1-13C]Gly is readily detected in the kidney Rattus norvegicus ?
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additional information enzyme GGT catalyzes the cleavage of the gamma-peptide bond between the glutamyl and cysteinyl residues of GSH and related molecules, either hydrolyzing the bond or ligating the free alpha-amine of an amino acid or peptide, cf. glutathione hydrolase, EC 3.4.19.13. Development of a HP-GGT probe for hyperpolarized (HP) MR measurements for dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), a versatile method to hyperpolarize nuclear spins. It can temporarily increase the signal from NMR-active nuclei by as much as 4 or 5 orders of magnitude, which has enabled the detection of metabolic transformations in real-time with high sensitivity using NMR spectroscopy and imaging. Design and preparation of an HP molecular probe targeting GGT activity, gamma-Glu-[1-13C]Gly. gamma-Glu-[1-13C]Gly fulfills the requirements of an HP molecular probe, and the probe can monitor real-time GGT activity in vivo. Detection of enzyme bound-gamma-Glu and radiolabeled Gly from hydrolysis. Method, overview Rattus norvegicus ?
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Synonyms

Synonyms Comment Organism
gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
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 Rattus norvegicus
GGT
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 Rattus norvegicus

Temperature Optimum [°C]

Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
30
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 assay at Rattus norvegicus

pH Optimum

pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
7.4
-
 assay at Rattus norvegicus

General Information

General Information Comment Organism
physiological function the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is a cell surface enzyme that plays an essential central role in glutathione (GSH) homeostasis. Elevated serum GGT levels are a general marker of diseases affecting the liver Rattus norvegicus