Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
additional information | changes in GPAT4 activity in overexpressing Cos-7 cells and knockout mice | Mus musculus |
Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
N-ethylmaleimide | - |
Homo sapiens | |
N-ethylmaleimide | - |
Mus musculus |
Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|---|
endoplasmic reticulum membrane | - |
Mus musculus | 5789 | - |
endoplasmic reticulum membrane | - |
Homo sapiens | 5789 | - |
microsome | - |
Mus musculus | - |
- |
microsome | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
- |
mitochondrial outer membrane | - |
Mus musculus | 5741 | - |
mitochondrial outer membrane | - |
Homo sapiens | 5741 | - |
additional information | in most tissues, GPAT3 and/or GPAT4 activity in the endoplasmic reticulum is 10fold greater than mitochondrial activity | Mus musculus | - |
- |
additional information | in most tissues, GPAT3 and/or GPAT4 activity in the endoplasmic reticulum is 10fold greater than mitochondrial activity | Homo sapiens | - |
- |
Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | Mus musculus | - |
CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | - |
? | |
acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | Homo sapiens | - |
CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | - |
? |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Homo sapiens | Q53EU6 | - |
- |
Homo sapiens | Q6NUI2 | - |
- |
Homo sapiens | Q86UL3 | - |
- |
Homo sapiens | Q9HCL2 | - |
- |
Mus musculus | Q14DK4 | - |
- |
Mus musculus | Q61586 | - |
- |
Mus musculus | Q8C0N2 | - |
- |
Mus musculus | Q8K2C8 | - |
- |
Posttranslational Modification | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
phosphoprotein | in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, GPAT3 and GPAT4 activity is stimulated by insulin-dependent phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues | Mus musculus |
Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
3T3-L1 cell | - |
Mus musculus | - |
adipocyte | - |
Mus musculus | - |
adipocyte | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
brain | - |
Mus musculus | - |
brain | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
brown adipose tissue | - |
Mus musculus | - |
brown adipose tissue | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
colon | - |
Mus musculus | - |
colon | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
heart | - |
Mus musculus | - |
heart | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
intestine | - |
Mus musculus | - |
intestine | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
kidney | - |
Mus musculus | - |
kidney | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
liver | - |
Mus musculus | - |
liver | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
lung | - |
Mus musculus | - |
lung | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
lung | lowest expression level | Mus musculus | - |
additional information | expression pattern of GPAT isozymes, overview | Mus musculus | - |
additional information | expression pattern of GPAT isozymes, overview | Homo sapiens | - |
muscle | - |
Mus musculus | - |
muscle | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
skeletal muscle | - |
Mus musculus | - |
skeletal muscle | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
small intestine | - |
Mus musculus | - |
small intestine | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
testis | - |
Mus musculus | - |
testis | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
white adipose tissue | - |
Mus musculus | - |
white adipose tissue | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
white adipose tissue | highest expression level | Mus musculus | - |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | - |
Mus musculus | CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | - |
? | |
acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | - |
Homo sapiens | CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | - |
? | |
acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | acyl-CoA specificity of GPAT1 is 16:0 > 18:0 > 18:1 | Mus musculus | CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | - |
? | |
acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | acyl-CoA specificity of GPAT1 is 16:0 > 18:0 > 18:1 | Homo sapiens | CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | - |
? | |
acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | GPAT2 shows no acyl-CoA specificity | Mus musculus | CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | - |
? | |
acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | GPAT2 shows no acyl-CoA specificity | Homo sapiens | CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | - |
? | |
acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | GPAT3 shows a specificity for 16:0, 18:1, 18:2 acyl-CoAs | Mus musculus | CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | - |
? | |
acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | GPAT3 shows a specificity for 16:0, 18:1, 18:2 acyl-CoAs | Homo sapiens | CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | - |
? | |
acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | GPAT4 shows no acyl-CoA specificity | Mus musculus | CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | - |
? | |
acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | GPAT4 shows no acyl-CoA specificity | Homo sapiens | CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | - |
? |
Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
AGPAT6 | fomerly | Mus musculus |
AGPAT6 | fomerly | Homo sapiens |
glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase | - |
Mus musculus |
glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase | - |
Homo sapiens |
GPAT1 | - |
Mus musculus |
GPAT1 | - |
Homo sapiens |
GPAT2 | - |
Mus musculus |
GPAT2 | - |
Homo sapiens |
GPAT3 | - |
Mus musculus |
GPAT3 | - |
Homo sapiens |
GPAT4 | - |
Mus musculus |
GPAT4 | - |
Homo sapiens |
Organism | Comment | Expression |
---|---|---|
Mus musculus | isozyme Gpat3 mRNA is increased about 60fold during 3T3-L1 differentiation as a result of transcriptional activation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) | up |
General Information | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
malfunction | Gpat3-/- mice have about 80% reduction in GPAT activity in white adipose tissue, are resistant to weight gain and have improved insulin sensitivity in response to a high-fat diet. In enterocytes from Gpat3-/- mice, excess fatty acids are oxidized and esterified to cholesterol, which are stored and secreted in chylomicrons. Gpat3-/- mice fed a high-fat diet have decreased weight gain, fat mass and enlarged livers, indicating an important role in fatty acid storage in white adipose tissue. Liver enlargement in Gpat3-/- mice is due to cholesterol ester storage resulting from dysregulation of intestinal cholesterol secretion. Overexpression of endoplasmic reticulum-localized GPAT3 or GPAT4 in cultured cells does not affect incorporation of exogenous fatty acids into the major phospholipid classes | Mus musculus |
malfunction | overexpression of endoplasmic reticulum-localized GPAT3 or GPAT4 in cultured cells does not affect incorporation of exogenous fatty acids into the major phospholipid classes | Homo sapiens |
malfunction | overexpression of GPAT1 in CHO, HEK-293 and primary rodent hepatocytes is sufficient to increase fatty acid incorporation into triglycerides and phospholipids. Gpat1-/- mice have a severe block in hepatic de novo synthesis of total phospholipids. Knockout of GPAT1 activity in cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes increases the arachidonate and oleate content of phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine. Gpat1-/- mice are less susceptible to carcinogen-induced liver tumorigenesis. Gpat1-/- mice fed a high-sucrose diet to stimulate de novo lipogenesis have a 50% reduction in hepatic and plasma triglycerides, increased hepatic content of long-chain acylcarnitines and reduced very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretions. Liver-specific adenoviral expression of GPAT1 results in triglycerides and diacylglycerol accumulation, decreased fatty acid beta-oxidation, and hyperlipidemia | Mus musculus |
malfunction | overexpression of GPAT1 in CHO, HEK-293 and primary rodent hepatocytes is sufficient to increase fatty acid incorporation into triglycerides and phospholipids. Knockout of GPAT1 activity in cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes increases the arachidonate and oleate content of phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine | Homo sapiens |
malfunction | the liver and brown adipose tissue of Gpat4-/- mice have a 65% reduction in NEM-sensitive GPAT activity, but activity in white adipose tissue is unaffected due to high levels of GPAT3 expression. Female Gpat4-/- mice fed a high-fat diet have increased PPARgamma-mediated Ucp1 expression and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue resulting from elevated acyl-CoAs due to diminished esterification. Incorporation of exogenous oleate into phospholipid is unaffected in tissues of Gpat4-/- mice. Overexpression of endoplasmic reticulum-localized GPAT3 or GPAT4 in cultured cells does not affect incorporation of exogenous fatty acids into the major phospholipid classes | Mus musculus |
metabolism | substrate channeling in the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway regulates the synthesis, storage and secretion of glycerolipids. The successive acylation of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases and acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases produces phosphatidic acid (PA), a precursor for CDP-diacylglycerol-dependent phospholipid synthesis. PA is further dephosphorylated by LIPINs to produce diacylglycerol (DG), a substrate for the synthesis of triglyceride (TG) by DG acyltransferases and a precursor for phospholipid synthesis via the CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine (Kennedy) pathways. The channeling of fatty acids into TG for storage in lipid droplets and secretion in lipoproteins or phospholipids for membrane biogenesis is dependent on isoform expression, activity and localization of G3P pathway enzymes, as well as dietary and hormonal and tissue-specific factors. Mechanisms that control partitioning of substrates into lipid products of the G3P pathway, overview | Mus musculus |
metabolism | substrate channeling in the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway regulates the synthesis, storage and secretion of glycerolipids. The successive acylation of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases and acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases produces phosphatidic acid (PA), a precursor for CDP-diacylglycerol-dependent phospholipid synthesis. PA is further dephosphorylated by LIPINs to produce diacylglycerol (DG), a substrate for the synthesis of triglyceride (TG) by DG acyltransferases and a precursor for phospholipid synthesis via the CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine (Kennedy) pathways. The channeling of fatty acids into TG for storage in lipid droplets and secretion in lipoproteins or phospholipids for membrane biogenesis is dependent on isoform expression, activity and localization of G3P pathway enzymes, as well as dietary and hormonal and tissue-specific factors. Mechanisms that control partitioning of substrates into lipid products of the G3P pathway, overview | Homo sapiens |
physiological function | GPAT1 dictates fatty acid composition at the level of AGPATs or by acyl-chain remodeling by lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs). GPAT1 determines the metabolic fate of exogenous fatty acids | Mus musculus |
physiological function | GPAT1 dictates fatty acid composition at the level of AGPATs or by acyl-chain remodeling by lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs). GPAT1 determines the metabolic fate of exogenous fatty acids | Homo sapiens |
physiological function | isozyme GPAT3 is primarily involved in triglyceride (TG) storage in adipocytes. Contribution of GPATs to acyl-CoA partitioning into glycerolipid synthesis and beta-oxidation | Mus musculus |
physiological function | isozyme GPAT3 is primarily involved in triglyceride (TG) storage in adipocytes. Contribution of GPATs to acyl-CoA partitioning into glycerolipid synthesis and beta-oxidation, overview | Homo sapiens |
physiological function | isozyme GPAT4 is a primary contributor to lysophosphatidic acid synthesis in liver and brown adipose tissue. Contribution of GPATs to acyl-CoA partitioning into glycerolipid synthesis and beta-oxidation | Homo sapiens |
physiological function | isozyme GPAT4 is a primary contributor to lysophosphatidic acid synthesis in liver and brown adipose tissue. Contribution of GPATs to acyl-CoA partitioning into glycerolipid synthesis and beta-oxidation. GPAT4 expression and high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance are linked to altered levels of palmitate-enriched phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol and altered mTORC2 | Mus musculus |