Application | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
environmental protection | APR2 can be exploited for engineering heavy metal-tolerant plants in phytoremediation | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
---|---|
gene APR2, quantitative real-time PCR isozyme expression analysis, analysis of transcript profiles of APR genes in Arabidopsis plants under Cd stress, changes in transcript levels of APR1, APR2, and APR3 at various time points in response to Cd exposure in Arabidopsis thaliana plants, overview. Transgenic overexpression of APR2 in Arabidopsis thaliana plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 transfection method | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
additional information | generation of the APR2 T-DNA insertion mutant (apr2-1), knockout of isozyme APR2 reduces the overall APR activity by 80%, phenotype, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
adenylyl sulfate + 2 glutathione | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
AMP + sulfite + glutathione disulfide | - |
? | |
adenylyl sulfate + 2 glutathione | Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 | - |
AMP + sulfite + glutathione disulfide | - |
? |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Arabidopsis thaliana | P92981 | - |
- |
Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 | P92981 | - |
- |
Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
leaf | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
seedling | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
adenylyl sulfate + 2 glutathione | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | AMP + sulfite + glutathione disulfide | - |
? | |
adenylyl sulfate + 2 glutathione | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 | AMP + sulfite + glutathione disulfide | - |
? |
Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
APR2 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
Organism | Comment | Expression |
---|---|---|
Arabidopsis thaliana | analysis of transcript profiles of APR genes in Arabidopsis plants under Cd stress, changes in transcript levels of APR1, APR2, and APR3 at various time points in response to Cd exposure in Arabidopsis thaliana plants, overview | up |
General Information | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
malfunction | transgenic plants overexpressing APR2 show improved Cd tolerance, whereas knockout of APR2 have reduced Cd tolerance. APR2-overexpressing plants with increased Cd accumulation and tolerance show higher glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatin (PC) levels than the wild-type and apr2 mutant plants, but lower H2O2 and TBARS contents upon Cd exposure. Moreover, exogenous GSH application effectively rescued Cd hypersensitivity in APR2-knockout plants. Further analysis showed that buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, an inhibitor of GSH synthesis) treatment completely eliminated the enhanced Cd tolerance phenotypes of APR2-overexpressing plants, implying that APR2-mediated enhanced Cd tolerance is GSH-dependent. In addition, overexpression of the APR2 leads to elevated expressions of the GSH/PC synthesis related genes under Cd stress | Arabidopsis thaliana |
metabolism | in Arabidopsis there are three isoenzymes of APR (APR1, 2, and 3), of which APR2 is the major one in the sulfate reduction. Isozyme APR2 positively regulates cadmium tolerance through glutathione-dependent pathway | Arabidopsis thaliana |
physiological function | APR2 regulates Cd accumulation and tolerance possibly through modulating GSH-dependent antioxidant capability and Cd-chelation machinery in Arabidopsis thaliana. APR2 can be exploited for engineering heavy metal-tolerant plants in phytoremediation. APR2-mediated enhanced Cd tolerance is GSH-dependent | Arabidopsis thaliana |