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Literature summary for 1.3.1.92 extracted from
- Compartmentalized metabolic engineering for artemisinin biosynthesis and effective malaria treatment by oral delivery of plant cells (2016), Mol. Plant, 9, 1464-1477 .
Application
| Application | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| drug development | oral feeding of whole intact plant cells bioencapsulating the artemisinin reduces the Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia levels in challenged mice in comparison with commercial drug. The synergistic approache may facilitate low-cost production and delivery of artemisinin and other drugs through metabolic engineering of edible plants | Artemisia annua |
Cloned(Commentary)
| Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|
| gene DBR2, recombinant expression of the enzyme in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plant leaf chloroplasts via transfection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105, nuclear genome transformation of homoplastomic plant | Artemisia annua |
Protein Variants
| Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| additional information | the yield of artemisinin from Artemisia annua is relatively low when cultivated under Indian climatic conditions. Artemisinin biosynthesized at clinically meaningful levels in Nicotiana tabacum by engineering two metabolic pathways targeted to three different cellular compartments (chloroplast, nucleus, and mitochondria). The doubly transgenic lines show a 3fold enhancement of isopentenyl diphosphate, and targeting AACPR, DBR2, and CYP71AV1 to chloroplasts results in higher expression and an efficient photooxidation of dihydroartemisinic acid to artemisinin. Partially purified extracts from the leaves of transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants inhibit in vitro growth progression of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells, parasitemia is observed in mice fed with pure artemisinin as well as those fed with the wild-type plant extract, Plasmodium berghei murine malaria model. Artemisinin biosynthesis by sequential metabolic engineering of chloroplast and nuclear genomes, overview | Artemisia annua |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| artemisinic aldehyde + NADPH + H+ | Artemisia annua | - |
(11R)-dihydroartemisinic aldehyde + NADP+ | - |
? |  |
| additional information | Artemisia annua | LC-MS/MS analysis of dihydroartemisinic acid synthesized in plants | ? | - |
? | |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artemisia annua | C5H429 | - |
- |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| artemisinic aldehyde + NADPH + H+ | - |
Artemisia annua | (11R)-dihydroartemisinic aldehyde + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| artemisinic aldehyde + NADPH + H+ | double bond reductase 2 (DBR2) reduces the DELTA11(13) double bond of artemisinic aldehyde | Artemisia annua | (11R)-dihydroartemisinic aldehyde + NADP+ | - |
? | |
| additional information | LC-MS/MS analysis of dihydroartemisinic acid synthesized in plants | Artemisia annua | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | the conversion of dihydroartemisinic acid to artemisinin is a non-enzymatic photochemical oxidation process | Artemisia annua | ? | - |
? | |
Synonyms
| Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| Dbr2 | - |
Artemisia annua |
| double bond reductase 2 | - |
Artemisia annua |
Cofactor
| Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| NADPH | - |
Artemisia annua | |
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Release 2023.1 (January 2023)
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