Literature summary for 1.17.3.2 extracted from

Kelley, E.E.; Batthyany, C.I.; Hundley, N.J.; Woodcock, S.R.; Bonacci, G.; Del Rio, J.M.; Schopfer, F.J.; Lancaster, J.R.; Freeman, B.A.; Tarpey, M.M.
Nitro-oleic acid, a novel and irreversible inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase (2008), J. Biol. Chem., 283, 36176-36184.

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Protein Variants

Protein Variants	Comment	Organism
additional information	immobilization of the enzyme to heparin sepharose	Bos taurus

Inhibitors

Inhibitors	Comment	Organism	Structure
(E)-9-nitro-octadec-9-en-1-ol	slight inhibition	Bos taurus
(E)-9-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid	strong inhibition	Bos taurus
10-nitro-octadec-9,12-dienoic acid	-	Bos taurus
10-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid	-	Bos taurus
12-nitro-octadec-9,12-dienoic acid	-	Bos taurus
13-nitro-octadec-9,12-dienoic acid	-	Bos taurus
9-nitro-octadec-9,12-dienoic acid	-	Bos taurus
9-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid	strong inhibition	Bos taurus
additional information	no inhibition by (9Z,11E)-13-(hydroxyimino)octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid, (9Z,11E)-13-oxooctadec-9,11-dienoic acid, (E)-12-nitrooctadec-12-enoic acid, (Z)-9-nitrooctadec-9-enoic acid, 9-nitrooctadecanoic acid, (E)-9-nitrooctadec-9-enamide, (E)-10-nitrooctadec-9-enamide, (E)-9-nitro-N'-biotinyl-octadec-9-enehydrazide, and (E)-10-nitro-N'-biotinyl-octadec-9-enehydrazide. Irreversible inhibition, e.g. by thiol reagents, including glutathione, 2-mercaptoethanol, and dithiothreitol, inhibits XOR activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition is specific to site of fatty acid nitration and conformation in vivo. Structure-function study, inhibition of electron transfer reactions at the molybdenum cofactor, overview	Bos taurus
oxypurinol	the suicide inhibitor allopurinol is oxidized to oxypurinol by XOR at the molybdenum cofactor, where oxypurinol then noncompetitively inhibits enzyme activity. Complete inhibition of free enzyme at 0.1 mM, 50% inhibition of heparin resin-bound enzyme	Bos taurus

Localization

Localization	Comment	Organism	GeneOntology No.	Textmining
extracellular	the enzyme is secreted to milk	Bos taurus	-	-

Metals/Ions

Metals/Ions	Comment	Organism	Structure
Molybdenum	XOR is a molybdoflavin protein	Bos taurus

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates	Organism	Comment (Nat. Sub.)	Natural Products	Comment (Nat. Pro.)	Rev.	Reac.
additional information	Bos taurus	during inflammatory conditions, reversible oxidation of critical cysteine residues or limited proteolysis converts xanthine dehydrogenase, XDH, EC 1.17.1.4, to xanthine oxidase, XO, which reduces O2 to superoxide and H2O2. Conversion to XO, however, is not requisite for reactive oxygen species production, as XDH displays partial oxidase activity. Xanthine oxidoreductase generates proinflammatory oxidants and secondary nitrating species, with inhibition of XOR proving beneficial in a variety of disorders	?	-	?
xanthine + O2 + H2O	Bos taurus	-	urate + H2O2	-	?

Organism

Organism	UniProt	Comment	Textmining
Bos taurus	-	-	-

Posttranslational Modification

Posttranslational Modification	Comment	Organism
flavoprotein	-	Bos taurus

Purification (Commentary)

Purification (Comment)	Organism
native enzyme from fresh bovine cream	Bos taurus

Source Tissue

Source Tissue	Comment	Organism	Textmining
milk	-	Bos taurus	-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates	Comment Substrates	Organism	Products	Comment (Products)	Rev.	Reac.
additional information	during inflammatory conditions, reversible oxidation of critical cysteine residues or limited proteolysis converts xanthine dehydrogenase, XDH, EC 1.17.1.4, to xanthine oxidase, XO, which reduces O2 to superoxide and H2O2. Conversion to XO, however, is not requisite for reactive oxygen species production, as XDH displays partial oxidase activity. Xanthine oxidoreductase generates proinflammatory oxidants and secondary nitrating species, with inhibition of XOR proving beneficial in a variety of disorders	Bos taurus	?	-	?
xanthine + 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol + H2O	-	Bos taurus	urate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol	-	?
xanthine + O2 + H2O	-	Bos taurus	urate + H2O2	-	?

Synonyms

Synonyms	Comment	Organism
xanthine oxidoreductase	-	Bos taurus
XOR	-	Bos taurus

Temperature Optimum [°C]

Temperature Optimum [°C]	Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C]	Comment	Organism
25	-	assay at	Bos taurus

pH Optimum

pH Optimum Minimum	pH Optimum Maximum	Comment	Organism
7.4	-	assay at	Bos taurus

Cofactor

Cofactor	Comment	Organism	Structure
FAD	XOR is a molybdoflavin protein, is not affected by inhibitor nitro-oleic acid	Bos taurus
molybdenum cofactor	XOR is a molybdoflavin protein	Bos taurus
NAD+	-	Bos taurus

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Release 2023.1 (January 2023)