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Literature summary for 1.14.16.2 extracted from

  • Gelain, D.P.; Moreira, J.C.; Bevilaqua, L.R.; Dickson, P.W.; Dunkley, P.R.
    Retinol activates tyrosine hydroxylase acutely by increasing the phosphorylation of serine40 and then serine31 in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells (2007), J. Neurochem., 103, 2369-2379.
    View publication on PubMed

Activating Compound

Activating Compound Comment Organism Structure
retinol retinol activates tyrosine hydroxylase in vivo via two sequential non-genomic mechanisms: 1. retinol induces an influx in extracellular calcium, activation of protein kinase C and Ser40 phosphorylation, leading to tyrosine hydroxylase activation within 15 min, 2. the retinol-induced rise in intracellular calcium leads to an increase in reactive oxygen species, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Ser31 phosphorylation and the maintenance of tyrosine hydroxylase activation for up to 2 h Bos taurus

Metals/Ions

Metals/Ions Comment Organism Structure
Ca2+ activates the enzyme via retinol induction of extracellular Ca2+ influx, the activation is completely blocked by EGTA Bos taurus

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 Bos taurus the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of the catecholamines 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + H2O
-
?

Organism

Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
Bos taurus
-
-
-

Posttranslational Modification

Posttranslational Modification Comment Organism
phosphoprotein the enzyme is phospbhorylated at Ser19, Ser31, and Ser40 and thereby activated, the activation is completely blocked by EGTA Bos taurus

Source Tissue

Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
adrenal gland
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Bos taurus
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chromaffin cell adrenal Bos taurus
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Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2
-
Bos taurus 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + H2O
-
?
L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of the catecholamines Bos taurus 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + H2O
-
?

Synonyms

Synonyms Comment Organism
tyrosine hydroxylase
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Bos taurus

Temperature Optimum [°C]

Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
25
-
assay at Bos taurus

pH Optimum

pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
7.2
-
assay at Bos taurus