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• • Molecular Structure
  • Sum Formula
  • BRENDA Name
  • Synonyms
  • InChIKey
  • Pathways
• Roles as Enzyme Ligand
• • In Vivo Substrate
  • In Vivo Product
  • Substrate
  • Product
  • Cofactor
  • Activator
  • Inhibitor
  • Metals and Ions
  • 3D Structure (PDB)
• Enzyme Kinetic Parameters
• • k_cat Value (Turnover Number)
  • K_M Value
  • K_i Value
  • IC₅₀ Value
• References & Links
• • References
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Ligand betaine

Basic Ligand Information

Molecular Structure

Pathway Source

Pathways

BRENDA

carnitine metabolism, glycine betaine biosynthesis, methionine metabolism

KEGG

ABC transporters, Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism

MetaCyc

(2-trimethylamino)ethylphosphonate degradation, choline degradation I, choline degradation II, choline degradation IV, D-carnitine degradation I, D-carnitine degradation II, glycine betaine biosynthesis I (Gram-negative bacteria), glycine betaine biosynthesis II (Gram-positive bacteria), glycine betaine biosynthesis III (plants), glycine betaine biosynthesis IV (from glycine), glycine betaine biosynthesis V (from glycine), glycine betaine degradation I, glycine betaine degradation II (mammalian), glycine betaine degradation III, L-carnitine degradation II, L-methionine salvage from L-homocysteine, methanogenesis from glycine betaine more

Show all BRENDA pathways known for betaine

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Roles as Enzyme Ligand

In Vivo Substrate in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (5 results)

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Show Natural Substrate (5 entries)

EC NUMBER

PROVEN IN VIVO REACTION

REACTION DIAGRAM

LITERATURE

ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE

1.1.3.17

glycine betaine + H2O2 = betaine aldehyde + O2 + H2O

739846

4mjw, 3D-view

1.21.4.4

N,N,N-trimethylglycine + phosphate + thioredoxin = acetyl phosphate + trimethylamine + thioredoxin disulfide

636280, 636281

-

2.1.1.5

L-homocysteine + betaine = L-methionine + dimethylglycine

658186, 658928

-

2.1.1.5

N,N,N-trimethylglycine + L-homocysteine = N,N-dimethylglycine + L-methionine

441244, 441233

-

2.1.1.5

2 entries

7.6.2.9

ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/out = ADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in

210318, 210321, 734090, 687343, 210319, 210323, 210322, 210324, 210325, 210320

-

In Vivo Product in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (20 results)

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Show Natural Product (20 entries)

EC NUMBER

PROVEN IN VIVO REACTION

REACTION DIAGRAM

LITERATURE

ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE

1.1.3.17

betaine aldehyde + O2 + H2O = betaine + H2O2

0

4mjw, 3D-view

1.1.3.17

choline + 2 O2 + H2O = betaine + 2 H2O2

0

4mjw, 3D-view

1.1.3.17

choline + 2 O2 + H2O2 = betaine + 2 H2O2

0

4mjw, 3D-view

1.1.3.17

betaine aldehyde + O2 + H2O = glycine betaine + H2O2

0

4mjw, 3D-view

1.1.3.17

4 entries

1.1.99.1

choline + 2 acceptor + H2O = glycine-betaine + 2 reduced acceptor + H+

0

-

1.13.11.90

[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-(trimethylamino)ethyl]phosphonate + O2 = glycine betaine + phosphate

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH + 2 H+

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NADP+ + H2O = betaine + NADPH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = glycine betaine + NAD(P)H + 2 H+

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = glycine betaine + NAD(P)H + H+

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = glycine betaine + NADH + 2 H+

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = glycine betaine + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NADP+ + H2O = glycine betaine + NADPH + H+

0

-

2.1.1.157

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine

0

-

2.1.1.157

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N,N-trimethylglycine

0

-

1.2.1.8

9 entries

2.1.1.157

2 entries

2.1.1.161

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N,N-trimethylglycine

0

-

2.1.1.162

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N,N-trimethylglycine

0

-

7.6.2.9

ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/out = ADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in

0, 210319, 210318

-

Substrate in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (15 results)

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Show Substrate (15 entries)

EC NUMBER

REACTION

REACTION DIAGRAM

LITERATURE

ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE

1.1.3.17

glycine betaine + H2O2 = betaine aldehyde + O2 + H2O

739846

4mjw, 3D-view

1.2.1.21

betaine + NADH = betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O

390215

-

1.21.4.4

N,N,N-trimethylglycine + dithioerythritol = ?

636280

-

1.21.4.4

N,N,N-trimethylglycine + NADPH = ? + NADP+

636280

-

1.21.4.4

N,N,N-trimethylglycine + phosphate + thioredoxin = acetyl phosphate + trimethylamine + thioredoxin disulfide

636280, 636281

-

1.21.4.4

3 entries

2.1.1.10

betaine + L-homocysteine = dimethylglycine + L-methionine

756095

-

2.1.1.250

glycine betaine + cob(I)alamin = dimethylglycine + methylcob(III)alamin

737168

-

2.1.1.5

betaine + DL-homocysteine = dimethylglycine + L-methionine

675300

-

2.1.1.5

L-homocysteine + betaine = dimethylglycine + L-methionine

720080, 719035, 720040

-

2.1.1.5

L-homocysteine + betaine = L-methionine + dimethylglycine

676758, 684710, 687808, 703877, 658422, 673003, 675300, 689024, 701995, 705038, 671232, 702044, 705295, 658928, 735230, 657817, 671242, 441243, 658186, 671233

-

2.1.1.5

glycinebetaine + L-homocysteine = ? + L-methionine

441246, 441247

-

2.1.1.5

N,N,N-trimethylglycine + L-homocysteine = N,N-dimethylglycine + L-methionine

441232, 441234, 441233, 441235, 441236, 441237, 441244

-

2.1.1.5

5 entries

7.4.2.1

ATP + H2O + betaine/out = ADP + phosphate + betaine/in

246884

-

7.6.2.9

ATP + H2O + betaine/out = ADP + phosphate + betaine/in

656531, 210322, 656842, 671475

-

7.6.2.9

ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/out = ADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in

210318, 210320, 210321, 210325, 673631, 675375, 675495, 734090, 734645, 210317, 210319, 210322, 655328, 655339, 210323, 210324, 687343, 674658, 720807, 656670, 680504, 734703

-

7.6.2.9

2 entries

Product in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (38 results)

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Show Product (38 entries)

EC NUMBER

REACTION

REACTION DIAGRAM

LITERATURE

ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE

1.1.3.17

betaine aldehyde + O2 + H2O = betaine + H2O2

0

4mjw, 3D-view

1.1.3.17

choline + 2 O2 + H2O = betaine + 2 H2O2

0

4mjw, 3D-view

1.1.3.17

choline + 2 O2 + H2O2 = betaine + 2 H2O2

0

4mjw, 3D-view

1.1.3.17

betaine aldehyde + O2 + H2O = glycine betaine + H2O2

0

4mjw, 3D-view

1.1.99.1

choline + phenazine methosulfate = betaine + reduced phenazine methosulfate

0

-

1.1.99.1

betaine aldehyde + phenazine methosulfate = glycine-betaine + ?

0

-

1.1.99.1

choline + 2 acceptor + H2O = glycine-betaine + 2 reduced acceptor + H+

0

-

1.1.3.17

4 entries

1.1.99.1

3 entries

1.13.11.90

[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-(trimethylamino)ethyl]phosphonate + O2 = glycine betaine + phosphate

0

-

1.2.1.19

betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH + 2 H+

0

-

1.2.1.19

betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH + H+

288082

-

1.2.1.19

2 entries

1.2.1.24

betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = 2-trimethylammonioacetate + NADH

0

-

1.2.1.3

betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH

0

-

1.2.1.3

betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.3

2 entries

1.2.1.47

betaine aldehyde + NAD+ = betaine + NADH

288255

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = betaine + NAD(P)H + H+

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH + 2 H+

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NADP+ + H2O = betaine + NADPH

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NADP+ + H2O = betaine + NADPH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = glycine betaine + NAD(P)H + 2 H+

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = glycine betaine + NAD(P)H + H+

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = glycine betaine + NADH + 2 H+

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = glycine betaine + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.8

betaine aldehyde + NADP+ + H2O = glycine betaine + NADPH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.8

glycine betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = glycine betaine + NADH

0

-

1.2.1.8

glycine betaine aldehyde + NADP+ + H2O = glycine betaine + NADPH

0

-

2.1.1.157

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine

0

-

2.1.1.157

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine + H+

0

-

2.1.1.157

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine

0

-

2.1.1.157

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N,N-trimethylglycine

0

-

1.2.1.8

13 entries

2.1.1.157

4 entries

2.1.1.161

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N,N-trimethylglycine

0

-

2.1.1.162

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine

0

-

2.1.1.162

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine

0

-

2.1.1.162

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N,N-trimethylglycine

0

-

2.1.1.162

3 entries

7.4.2.1

ATP + H2O + betaine/out = ADP + phosphate + betaine/in

246884

-

7.6.2.9

ATP + H2O + betaine/out = ADP + phosphate + betaine/in

0, 210322

-

7.6.2.9

ATP + H2O + glycine betaine/out = ADP + phosphate + glycine betaine/in

0, 210318, 210320, 210321, 210325, 210317, 210319, 210322, 210323, 210324

-

7.6.2.9

2 entries

Activator in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (16 results)

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Show Activating Compound (16 entries)

EC NUMBER

COMMENTARY

LITERATURE

ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE

1.2.1.8

activates the wild-type enzyme but not the mutant enzyme

655947

-

1.5.3.10

-

724807

-

2.1.1.156

recombinant enzyme: 20% activation at 0.5 M with sarcosine, no activation with glycine

657578

5hij, 3D-view

2.1.1.17

attenuates alcoholic steatosis by restoring phosphatidylcholine generation via the phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase pathway, the effect is enhanced by ethanol, which alone has no effect on expression levels of the enzyme, overview

675185

-

2.1.1.5

-

673003

-

2.1.1.5

elevations in the liver activity

673003

-

2.1.1.5

only slightly increased homocysteine remethylation in response to addition of betaine to diets containing 0.07 and 0.24% supplemental methionine

676758

-

2.1.1.5

together with methionine restriction induces hepatic BHMT 4fold compared with methionine restriction alone, BHMT mRNAlevel is also increased by 3fold by betaine supplementation of methionine-replete diets

671855

-

2.1.1.5

4 entries

2.1.1.79

activity is extremely low in vitro in 100 mM buffers, 100fold stimulation by exogenous addition of 2-3 M glycinebetaine

485633

-

2.7.11.19

stimulates enzyme self-association and interaction with glycogen, prevents complex formation with phosphorylase b

662670

-

2.7.13.3

stimulates, stimulation pattern of MtrA is similar to that of MtrB

680813

-

3.1.1.79

it enhances the enzyme activity 2fold at 50°C and 3 M, and 1.5fold at 45°C and 1-3 M, while it reduces the enzyme activity at 35-40°C, by 20% at 40°C and 3 M, about 5% at 1 M, overview

729483

-

3.2.1.28

activates

136180

-

4.2.1.20

1 M betaine activates the enzyme 1.8fold in the absence of monovalent cations

729226

-

4.2.1.22

activates, effects on wild-type and mutant enzymes, overview

715808

-

6.3.1.2

0.4 M, 67.7% residual activity after 60°C heat treatment

667442

-

Inhibitor in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (28 results)

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Show Inhibitors (28 entries)

EC NUMBER

COMMENTARY

LITERATURE

ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE

1.1.1.254

competitive inhibitor of (S)-carnitine oxidation; D-carnitine dehydrogenase, competitive inhibition

9589

-

1.1.3.17

-

654371

4mjw, 3D-view

1.1.3.17

binds to the active site, different binding of wild-type and mutant enzymes, overview

654773

4mjw, 3D-view

1.1.3.17

pH dependence of the kcat and kcat/Km values for glycine betaine inhibition shown, inhibition of H351A enzyme maximal at low pH and reduced with increasing pH

685260

4mjw, 3D-view

1.1.3.17

3 entries

1.13.11.55

25% inhibition at 1 M NaCl, below 10% activity at 3 M, inactive at 4 M NaCl

742795

-

1.14.15.7

300 mM betaine give 50% inhibition

285435

-

1.2.1.8

10 mM, 14% inhibition

390342

-

1.2.1.8

product inhibition

660944

-

1.2.1.8

-

390352, 390363

-

1.2.1.8

no inhibition up to 10 mM

390358

-

1.2.1.8

product inhibition

390353

-

2.1.1.156

feedback inhibition

720836, 758143

5hij, 3D-view

2.1.1.156

recombinant enzyme: poor inhibition, 60% inhibition at 2 M with glycine, and 70% inhibition at 2 M with sarcosine, synergistic with salts KCl and NaCl, overview

657578

5hij, 3D-view

2.1.1.157

above 1.0 M, no effect on sarcosine N-methyltransferase activity, 35% inhibition of N,N-dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase activity

695924

-

2.1.1.157

does not affect the SMT activity, but represses the DMT activity by 35% at 2 M

720836

-

2.1.1.157

recombinant enzyme: poor inhibition, 71% inhibition at 2 M with sarcosine, and 69% inhibition at 2 M with dimethylglycine, partially reversible by salts KCl and NaCl, overview

657578

-

1.2.1.8

5 entries

2.1.1.156

2 entries

2.1.1.157

3 entries

2.1.1.3

0.1 M

485244

-

2.7.1.32

-

641347, 641372

-

2.7.1.82

-

641347

-

2.7.1.82

not

642036, 642038

-

2.7.1.82

2 entries

2.7.11.19

stimulates enzyme self-association and interaction with glycogen, prevents complex formation with phosphorylase b

662670

-

3.1.1.79

it enhances the enzyme activity 2fold at 50°C and 3 M, and 1.5fold at 45°C and 1-3 M, while it reduces the enzyme activity at 35-40°C, by 20% at 40°C and 3 M,about % at 1 M, overview

729483

-

3.1.3.2

-

666336

-

3.1.3.75

-

714872

-

3.1.3.75

32% inhibition of wild-type enzyme in vivo at 5 mM, at lower concentrations betaine induces the enzyme expression in vivo

664697

-

3.1.3.75

2 entries

3.1.6.6

linear competitive inhibitor

135659

-

3.4.11.20

complete inhibition at 2 mM

665073

-

7.4.2.1

competitive inhibitor of His uptake

246884

-

Metals and Ions (1 result)

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Show Metals Ions (1 entry)

EC NUMBER

COMMENTARY

LITERATURE

ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE

1.4.1.2

high concentrations of salt may be substituted with 30% DMSO or betaine with good stability and activity

724935

-

3D Structure of Enzyme-Ligand-Complex (PDB) (29 results)

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Show 3D Structure of Enzyme-Ligand-Complex (PDB) (29 entries)

EC NUMBER

ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE

1.1.3.17

4mjw, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2v, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2w, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2v, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2w, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2v, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2w, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2v, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2w, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2v, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2w, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2v, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2w, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2v, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2w, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2v, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2w, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2v, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2w, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2v, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2w, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2v, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2w, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2v, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

5c2w, 3D-view

1.7.2.7

24 entries

2.1.1.156

5hij, 3D-view

3.4.21.4

3t27, 3D-view

3.4.21.64

6rve, 3D-view

3.4.24.27

3t2j, 3D-view

Enzyme Kinetic Parameters

k_cat Value (Turnover Number) (17 results)

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Show Turnover Number (17 entries)

EC NUMBER

TURNOVER NUMBER [1/S]

TURNOVER NUMBER MAXIMUM [1/S]

COMMENTARY

LITERATURE

2.1.1.5

0.000082

-

37°C, mutant enzyme E159K

657817

2.1.1.5

0.00023

-

37°C, mutant enzyme E159G

657817

2.1.1.5

0.001

-

37°C, mutant enzyme Y77A

657817

2.1.1.5

0.0021

-

37°C, mutant enzyme D26I

657817

2.1.1.5

0.0045

-

37°C, mutant enzym T73G

657817

2.1.1.5

0.0051

-

37°C, mutant enzyme D26A

657817

2.1.1.5

0.0058

-

37°C, mutant enzyme T184G

657817

2.1.1.5

0.006

-

37°C, mutant enzyme E21A

657817

2.1.1.5

0.006

-

37°C, mutant enzyme T186S

657817

2.1.1.5

0.0072

-

37°C, mutant enzyme F74A

657817

2.1.1.5

0.0075

-

37°C, mutant enzyme A119G

657817

2.1.1.5

0.0076

-

37°C, mutant enzyme C186A

657817

2.1.1.5

0.009

-

37°C, mutant enzyme E21K

657817

2.1.1.5

0.014

-

37°C, wild-type enzyme

657817

2.1.1.5

0.0298

-

wild-type, pH 7.5, 37°C

735230

2.1.1.5

0.0422

-

wild-type, presence of 150 mM KCl, pH 7.5, 37°C

735230

2.1.1.5

88

-

-

687808

2.1.1.5

17 entries

K_M Value (47 results)

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Show KM Value (47 entries)

EC NUMBER

KM VALUE [MM]

KM VALUE MAXIMUM [MM]

COMMENTARY

LITERATURE

1.21.4.4

9

-

pH 7.7, 30°C

636280

2.1.1.5

0.002

-

recombinant enzyme

441241

2.1.1.5

0.012

-

mutant Arg239Gln

689024

2.1.1.5

0.0139

-

mutant Arg16Cys

689024

2.1.1.5

0.0139

-

mutant Gly199Ser

689024

2.1.1.5

0.0213

-

mutant Pro197Ser

689024

2.1.1.5

0.0227

-

wild-type

689024

2.1.1.5

0.023

-

-

441243

2.1.1.5

0.039

0.056

-

441233

2.1.1.5

0.059

-

wild-type, presence of 150 mM KCl, pH 7.5, 37°C

735230

2.1.1.5

0.075

-

wild-type, pH 7.5, 37°C

735230

2.1.1.5

0.1

-

-

441234, 673003

2.1.1.5

0.139

-

37°C, mutant enzyme E21A

657817

2.1.1.5

0.185

-

37°C, mutant enzyme C186A

657817

2.1.1.5

0.195

-

37°C, mutant enzyme E21K

657817

2.1.1.5

0.206

-

37°C, mutant enzyme T186S

657817

2.1.1.5

0.258

-

37°C, mutant enzym T73G

657817

2.1.1.5

0.305

-

37°C, mutant enzyme A119G

657817

2.1.1.5

0.333

-

37°C, wild-type enzyme

657817

2.1.1.5

0.548

-

37°C, mutant enzyme T184G

657817

2.1.1.5

0.969

-

37°C, mutant enzyme F74A

657817

2.1.1.5

1.17

-

37°C, mutant enzyme D26A

657817

2.1.1.5

2

-

-

675300

2.1.1.5

2.2

-

-

687808

2.1.1.5

2.4

-

-

673003

2.1.1.5

4.3

-

-

441247

7.6.2.9

0.0012

-

at 30°C in presence of 300 mM KCl

210323

7.6.2.9

0.0017

-

-

210322

7.6.2.9

0.0019

-

30ºC, pH 7.0, wild type/substrate binding domain-less mutant heterodimer

655339

7.6.2.9

0.0019

-

30ºC, pH 7.0, wild type/W484C heterodimer

655339

7.6.2.9

0.0024

-

OpuA

210325

7.6.2.9

0.0025

-

30ºC, pH 7.0, wild type enzyme

655339

7.6.2.9

0.0029

-

at 30°C in presence of 600 mM sucrose

210323

7.6.2.9

0.0037

-

kinetics of OpuC-mediated uptake, in 50 mM of phosphate buffer containing 0.5 M of NaCl, 0.2% glucose, pH 7, low-affinity transport of choline determined

680504

7.6.2.9

0.0051

-

OpuC, without NaCl

210325

7.6.2.9

0.006

-

OpuC, in presence of 0.4 M NaCl

210325

7.6.2.9

0.00832

-

Aphanothece halophytica cells supplemented with 0.5 M NaCl

671475

7.6.2.9

0.00941

-

Aphanothece halophytica cells supplemented with 2.0 M NaCl

671475

7.6.2.9

0.0095

-

OpuD, without NaCl

210325

7.6.2.9

0.013

-

OpuD, in presence of 0.4 M NaCl

210325

7.6.2.9

0.0157

-

at 4°C, no additions

210323

7.6.2.9

0.0608

-

at pH 8.5, Aphanothece halophytica cells

671475

7.6.2.9

0.0834

-

at pH 7.0, Aphanothece halophytica cells

671475

7.6.2.9

0.0919

-

at pH 8.5, BetTA.halophytica expressing MKH13 cells

671475

7.6.2.9

0.128

-

at pH 7.0, BetTA.halophytica expressing MKH13 cells

671475

7.6.2.9

0.143

-

at pH 5.5, Aphanothece halophytica cells

671475

7.6.2.9

0.272

-

at pH 5.5, BetTA.halophytica expressing MKH13 cells

671475

2.1.1.5

25 entries

7.6.2.9

21 entries

K_i Value (3 results)

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Show KI Value (3 entries)

EC NUMBER

KI VALUE [MM]

KI VALUE MAXIMUM [MM]

COMMENTARY

LITERATURE

1.1.3.17

15

-

pH 8.0, 25°C

654371

1.2.1.8

0.209

-

30°C, pH 8.0, cosubstrate NADP+

660944

1.2.1.8

0.289

-

30°C, pH 8.0, cosubstrate NAD+

660944

1.2.1.8

2 entries

References & Links

Literature References (106)

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Show Reference (106 entries)

BRENDA REFERENCE ID

PUBMED ID

TITLE

YEAR

AUTHORS

JOURNAL

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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA

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OpuA, an osmotically regulated binding protein-dependent transport system for the osmoprotectant glycine betaine in Bacillus subtilis

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Lipoprotein from the osmoregulated ABC transport system OpuA of Bacillus subtilis: purification of the glycine betaine binding protein and characterization of a functional lipidless mutant

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J. Bacteriol.

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210324

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Identification of an ATP-driven, osmoregulated glycine betaine transport system in Listeria monocytogenes

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Three transport systems for the osmoprotectant glycine betaine operate in Bacillus subtilis: characterization of OpuD

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Molecular and biochemical characterization of rat gamma-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase and evidence for the involvement of human aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 in carnitine biosynthesis

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Purification and characterization of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa A-16

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441247

11391473

Purification and kinetic properties of betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase from Aphanothece halophytica

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485633

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Glycinebetaine stimulates, but NaCl inhibits, fatty acid biosynthesis in the moderately halophilic eubacterium HX

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636280

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Purification and characterization of protein PB of betaine reductase and its relationship to the corresponding proteins glycine reductase and sarcosine reductase from Eubacterium acidaminophilum

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Choline kinase and ethanolamine kinase are separate, soluble enzymes in rat liver

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642036

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642038

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Ethanolamine phosphokinase: activity and properties during liver development

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654371

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The trimethylammonium headgroup of choline is a major determinant for substrate binding and specificity in choline oxidase

2004

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654773

15654745

On the catalytic role of the conserved active site residue His466 of choline oxidase

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Biochemistry

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893-904

655328

11742979

On the osmotic signal and osmosensing mechanism of an ABC transport system for glycine betaine

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655339

14609945

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EMBO J.

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655947

12186739

Glu103Gln site-directed mutation causes an alteration in physical properties of spinach betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase

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656531

14623183

Nucleotide dependent monomer/dimer equilibrium of OpuAA, the nucleotide-binding protein of the osmotically regulated ABC transporter OpuA from Bacillus subtilis

2003

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656670

12766159

The ATP/substrate stoichiometry of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter OpuA

2003

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J. Biol. Chem.

278

29546-29551

656842

12581365

Osmoregulation in Lactococcus lactis: BusR, a transcriptional repressor of the glycine betaine uptake system BusA

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657578

11319079

Characterization of glycine sarcosine N-methyltransferase and sarcosine dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase

2001

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67

2044-2050

657817

12487625

Active-site-mutagenesis study of rat liver betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase

2003

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370

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658186

12757931

Betaine homocysteine methyltransferase: gene cloning and expression analysis in rat liver cirrhosis

2003

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Biochim. Biophys. Acta

1638

29-34

658422

12618183

Combining combinatorial chemistry and affinity chromatography: highly selective inhibitors of human betaine: homocysteine S-methyltransferase

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658928

15203112

In vitro modification of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase by tissue-type transglutaminase

2004

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Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.

36

1981-1992

660944

11104673

Steady-state kinetic mechanism of the NADP+- and NAD+-dependent reactions catalysed by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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675-683

662670

15362101

Effect of molecular crowding on self-association of phosphorylase kinase and its interaction with phosphorylase b and glycogen

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17

426-432

664697

15886911

Identification, cloning, and expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phosphorylcholine phosphatase gene

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Curr. Microbiol.

50

251-256

665073

-

Aminopeptidase Ey

2004

Ichishima, E.

Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes (2nd Edition)

1

294-296

666336

6436682

Pseudomonas aeruginosa acid phosphatase and cholinesterase induced by choline and its metabolic derivatives may contain a similar anionic peripheral site

1984

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63

113-118

667442

16701563

Cyclitols protect glutamine synthetase and malate dehydrogenase against heat induced deactivation and thermal denaturation

2006

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Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.

345

761-765

671232

16352668

Effects of diabetes and insulin on betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase expression in rat liver

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Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.

290

E933-E939

671233

16835399

Folate status modulates the induction of hepatic glycine N-methyltransferase and homocysteine metabolism in diabetic rats

2006

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Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.

291

E1235-E1242

671242

17218476

Osmotic regulation of betaine homocysteine-S-methyltransferase expression in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells

2007

Schaefer, C.; Hoffmann, L.; Heldt, K.; Lornejad-Schaefer, M.R.; Brauers, G.; Gehrmann, T.; Garrow, T.A.; Haeussinger, D.; Mayatepek, E.; Schwahn, B.C.; Schliess, F.

Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.

292

G1089-G1098

671475

16957224

Halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica contains a betaine transporter active at alkaline pH and high salinity

2006

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Appl. Environ. Microbiol.

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6018-6026

671855

16396637

Hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein B production are increased following in vivo induction of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase

2006

Sparks, J.D.; Collins, H.L.; Chirieac, D.V.; Cianci, J.; Jokinen, J.; Sowden, M.P.; Galloway, C.A.; Sparks, C.E.

Biochem. J.

395

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673003

17086380

Betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase: just a regulator of homocysteine metabolism?

2006

Pajares, M.A.; Perez-Sala, D.

Cell. Mol. Life Sci.

63

2792-2803

673631

16225868

Functional overexpression and in vitro re-association of OpuA, an osmotically regulated ABC-transport complex from Bacillus subtilis

2005

Horn, C.; Bremer, E.; Schmitt, L.

FEBS Lett.

579

5765-5768

674658

16844687

Ion specificity and ionic strength dependence of the osmoregulatory ABC transporter OpuA

2006

Mahmood, N.A.; Biemans-Oldehinkel, E.; Patzlaff, J.S.; Schuurman-Wolters, G.K.; Poolman, B.

J. Biol. Chem.

281

29830-29839

675185

17156888

Betaine attenuates alcoholic steatosis by restoring phosphatidylcholine generation via the phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase pathway

2007

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J. Hepatol.

46

314-321

675300

16789755

S-alkylated homocysteine derivatives: new inhibitors of human betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase

2006

Jiracek, J.; Collinsova, M.; Rosenberg, I.; Budesinsky, M.; Protivinska, E.; Netusilova, H.; Garrow, T.A.

J. Med. Chem.

49

3982-3989

675375

16445940

Molecular determinants for substrate specificity of the ligand-binding protein OpuAC from Bacillus subtilis for the compatible solutes glycine betaine and proline betaine

2006

Horn, C.; Sohn-Boesser, L.; Breed, J.; Welte, W.; Schmitt, L.; Bremer, E.

J. Mol. Biol.

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675495

16645306

Biochemical and structural analysis of the Bacillus subtilis ABC transporter OpuA and its isolated subunits

2005

Horn, C.; Jenewein, S.; Sohn-Boesser, L.; Bremer, E.; Schmitt, L.

J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol.

10

76-91

676758

16493950

Homocysteine remethylation in young broilers fed varying levels of methionine, choline, and betaine

2006

Pillai, P.B.; Fanatico, A.C.; Beers, K.W.; Blair, M.E.; Emmert, J.L.

Poult. Sci.

85

90-95

680504

17660277

Characterization of the osmoprotectant transporter OpuC from Pseudomonas syringae and demonstration that cystathionine-beta-synthase domains are required for its osmoregulatory function

2007

Chen, C.; Beattie, G.A.

J. Bacteriol.

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680813

17650500

Osmosensing properties of the histidine protein kinase MtrB from Corynebacterium glutamicum

2007

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J. Biol. Chem.

282

27666-27677

684710

18262489

Liver betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity undergoes a redox switch at the active site zinc

2008

Castro, C.; Millian, N.S.; Garrow, T.A.

Arch. Biochem. Biophys.

472

26-33

685260

18540638

On the role of histidine 351 in the reaction of alcohol oxidation catalyzed by choline oxidase

2008

Rungsrisuriyachai, K.; Gadda, G.

Biochemistry

47

6762-6769

687343

17976173

Glycine betaine improves Listeria monocytogenes tolerance to desiccation on parsley leaves independent of the osmolyte transporters BetL, Gbu and OpuC

2008

Dreux, N.; Albagnac, C.; Sleator, R.D.; Hill, C.; Carlin, F.; Morris, C.E.; Nguyen-the, C.

J. Appl. Microbiol.

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687808

18230605

Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase-2 is an S-methylmethionine-homocysteine methyltransferase

2008

Szegedi, S.S.; Castro, C.C.; Koutmos, M.; Garrow, T.A.

J. Biol. Chem.

283

8939-8945

689024

18457970

Human betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) and BHMT2: common gene sequence variation and functional characterization

2008

Li, F.; Feng, Q.; Lee, C.; Wang, S.; Pelleymounter, L.L.; Moon, I.; Eckloff, B.W.; Wieben, E.D.; Schaid, D.J.; Yee, V.; Weinshilboum, R.M.

Mol. Genet. Metab.

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695924

19693490

Characterization of osmolyte betaine synthesizing sarcosine dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase from Methanohalophilus portucalensis

2009

Chen, S.; Lai, M.; Lai, S.; Lee, Y.

Arch. Microbiol.

191

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701995

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Macroautophagy-dependent, intralysosomal cleavage of a betaine homocysteine methyltransferase fusion protein requires stable multimerization

2008

Mercer, C.; Kaliappan, A.; Dennis, P.

Autophagy

4

185-194

702044

19239903

Proteomics reveal a concerted upregulation of methionine metabolic pathway enzymes, and downregulation of carbonic anhydrase-III, in betaine supplemented ethanol-fed rats

2009

Kharbanda, K.K.; Vigneswara, V.; McVicker, B.L.; Newlaczyl, A.U.; Bailey, K.; Tuma, D.; Ray, D.E.; Carter, W.G.

Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.

381

523-527

703877

19923254

An integrative genomic analysis identifies Bhmt2 as a diet-dependent genetic factor protecting against acetaminophen-induced liver toxicity

2010

Liu, H.H.; Lu, P.; Guo, Y.; Farrell, E.; Zhang, X.; Zheng, M.; Bosano, B.; Zhang, Z.; Allard, J.; Liao, G.; Fu, S.; Chen, J.; Dolim, K.; Kuroda, A.; Usuka, J.; Cheng, J.; Tao, W.; Welch, K.; Liu, Y.; Pease, J.; de Keczer, S.A.; Masjedizadeh, M.; Hu, J.S.; Weller, P.; Garrow, T.; Peltz, G.

Genome Res.

20

28-35

705038

19534555

Structure-activity study of new inhibitors of human betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase

2009

Vanek, V.; Budesinsky, M.; Kabeleova, P.; Sanda, M.; Kozisek, M.; Hanclova, I.; Mladkova, J.; Brynda, J.; Rosenberg, I.; Koutmos, M.; Garrow, T.A.; Jiracek, J.

J. Med. Chem.

52

3652-3665

705295

19436145

Hepatic cystathionine beta-synthase activity does not increase in response to methionine supplementation in rats fed a low casein diet: association with plasma homocysteine concentrations

2009

Ohuchi, S.; Morita, T.; Mori, M.; Sugiyama, K.

J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol.

55

178-185

714872

21915373

Phosphorylcholine phosphatase: A peculiar enzyme of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2011

Domenech, C.E.; Otero, L.H.; Beassoni, P.R.; Lisa, A.T.

Enzyme Res.

2011

561841

715808

20490928

Restoring assembly and activity of cystathionine beta-synthase mutants by ligands and chemical chaperones

2011

Kopecka, J.; Krijt, J.; Rakova, K.; Kozich, V.

J. Inherit. Metab. Dis.

34

39-48

719035

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Quantification of homocysteine-related metabolites and the role of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase in HepG2 cells

2013

Korinek, M.; Sistek, V.; Mladkova, J.; Mikes, P.; Jiracek, J.; Selicharova, I.

Biomed. Chromatogr.

27

111-121

720040

22847001

Betaine homocysteine methyltransferase is active in the mouse blastocyst and promotes inner cell mass development

2012

Lee, M.B.; Kooistra, M.; Zhang, B.; Slow, S.; Fortier, A.L.; Garrow, T.A.; Lever, M.; Trasler, J.M.; Baltz, J.M.

J. Biol. Chem.

287

33094-33103

720080

22357209

Corticoadrenal activity in rat regulates betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase expression with opposite effects in liver and kidney

2012

Fridman, O.; Morales, A.V.; Bortoni, L.E.; Turk-Noceto, P.C.; Prieto, E.A.

J. Biosci.

37

115-123

720807

20454456

Ligand binding and crystal structures of the substrate-binding domain of the ABC transporter OpuA

2010

Wolters, J.; Ronnie, P.; Gul, N.; Karasawa, A.; Andy-Mark, W.; Slotboom, D.; Poolman, B.

PLoS ONE

5

e10361

720836

21949863

Characterization and regulation of the osmolyte betaine synthesizing enzymes GSMT and SDMT from halophilic methanogen Methanohalophilus portucalensis

2011

Lai, S.J.; Lai, M.C.

PLoS ONE

6

e25090

724807

21188587

Studies of dimethylglycine oxidase isoenzymes in Arthrobacter globiformis cells

2011

Casaite, V.; Poviloniene, S.; Meskiene, R.; Rutkiene, R.; Meskys, R.

Curr. Microbiol.

62

1267-1273

724935

22527040

Overexpression in a non-native halophilic host and biotechnological potential of NAD+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from Halobacterium salinarum strain NRC-36014

2012

Munawar, N.; Engel, P.C.

Extremophiles

16

463-476

729226

23088292

Effects of pressure and osmolytes on the allosteric equilibria of Salmonella typhimurium tryptophan synthase

2012

Phillips, R.S.; Wang, A.K.; Marchal, S.; Lange, R.

Biochemistry

51

9354-9363

729483

22718288

Thermal stabilization of psychrophilic enzymes: a case study of the cold-active hormone-sensitive lipase from Psychrobacter sp. TA144

2012

De Santi, C.; Durante, L.; Vecchio, P.D.; Tutino, M.L.; Parrilli, E.; de Pascale, D.

Biotechnol. Prog.

28

946-952

734090

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Osmotic control of opuA expression in Bacillus subtilis and its modulation in response to intracellular glycine betaine and proline pools

2013

Hoffmann, T.; Wensing, A.; Brosius, M.; Steil, L.; Voelker, U.; Bremer, E.

J. Bacteriol.

195

510-522

734645

25012968

Plant-derived compatible solutes proline betaine and betonicine confer enhanced osmotic and temperature stress tolerance to Bacillus subtilis

2014

Bashir, A.; Hoffmann, T.; Kempf, B.; Xie, X.; Smits, S.; Bremer, E.

Microbiology

160

2283-2294

734703

23249124

Functional reconstitution and osmoregulatory properties of the ProU ABC transporter from Escherichia coli

2013

Gul, N.; Poolman, B.

Mol. Membr. Biol.

30

138-148

735230

24895213

Specific potassium ion interactions facilitate homocysteine binding to betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase

2014

Mladkova, J.; Hladilkova, J.; Diamond, C.E.; Tryon, K.; Yamada, K.; Garrow, T.A.; Jungwirth, P.; Koutmos, M.; Jiracek, J.

Proteins

82

2552-2564

737168

25313086

A nonpyrrolysine member of the widely distributed trimethylamine methyltransferase family is a glycine betaine methyltransferase

2014

Ticak, T.; Kountz, D.J.; Girosky, K.E.; Krzycki, J.A.; Ferguson, D.J.

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA

111

E4668-E4676

739846

27956151

Enzymatic methods for choline-containing water soluble phospholipids based on fluorescence of choline oxidase: Application to lyso-PAF

2017

Sanz-Vicente, I.; Dominguez, A.; Ferrandez, C.; Galban, J.

Anal. Biochem.

519

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742795

27920296

A sulfur oxygenase from the haloalkaliphilic bacterium Thioalkalivibrio paradoxus with atypically low reductase Activity

2017

Ruehl, P.; Poell, U.; Braun, J.; Klingl, A.; Kletzin, A.

J. Bacteriol.

199

e00675

756095

28288879

Betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase emerges as a new player of the nuclear methionine cycle

2017

Perez-Miguelsanz, J.; Vallecillo, N.; Garrido, F.; Reytor, E.; Perez-Sala, D.; Pajares, M.A.

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

1864

1165-1182

758143

28036340

Comparison of enzymatic traits between native and recombinant Glycine Sarcosine N-Methyltransferase from Methanohalophilus portucalensis FDF1T

2016

Lai, S.J.; Deng, Y.C.; Lai, M.C.

PLoS ONE

11

e0168666

Links to other databases for betaine

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