Ligand palmitate

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Basic Ligand Information

Molecular Structure
Picture of palmitate (click for magnification)
Molecular Formula
BRENDA Name
InChIKey
C16H32O2
palmitate
IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Synonyms:
a long-chain-fatty-acid anion, a long-chain-fatty acid, a long-chain acid anion, a long-chain carboxylate, a long-chain carboxylic acid, a long-chain fatty acid, hexadecanoate, hexadecanoic acid, long-chain acid anion, long-chain carboxylate, long-chain carboxylic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoate
Pathway Source
Pathways
BRENDA
arachidonate biosynthesis, ceramide biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, palmitate biosynthesis
KEGG
Biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis, Fatty acid biosynthesis, Fatty acid degradation more
MetaCyc
ceramide and sphingolipid recycling and degradation (yeast), cutin biosynthesis, mycobacterial sulfolipid biosynthesis, palmitate biosynthesis I (type I fatty acid synthase), palmitate biosynthesis II (type II fatty acid synthase) more


Show all pahtways known for Show all BRENDA pathways known for palmitate

Roles as Enzyme Ligand

In Vivo Substrate in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (21 results)

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EC NUMBER
LITERATURE
REACTION DIAGRAM
PROVEN IN VIVO REACTION
ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE
show the reaction diagram
palmitate + H2O2 = pentadecanal + CO2 + H2O
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palmitic acid + [reduced NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 16-hydroxypalmitic acid + [oxidized NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + H2O
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hexadecanoate + acceptor + O2 + H+ = (11E)-hexadecenoate + ?
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palmitic acid + reduced acceptor + O2 = hexadec-11-enoic acid + acceptor + 2 H2O
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a long-chain fatty acid + hv = a long-chain alkane + CO2
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show the reaction diagram
ATP + a long-chain fatty acid + holo-[mycocerosate synthase] = AMP + diphosphate + a long-chain acyl-[mycocerosate synthase]
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In Vivo Product in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (38 results)

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EC NUMBER
LITERATURE
REACTION DIAGRAM
PROVEN IN VIVO REACTION
ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE
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show the reaction diagram
long-chain alcohol + NAD+ + H2O = long-chain carboxylate + NADH
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acetyl-CoA + 7 malonyl-CoA + 14 NADPH + 14 H+ = palmitate + 8 CoA + 7 CO2 + 14 NADP+ + 6 H2O
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1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 2-oleoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine + palmitic acid
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1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = 1-palmitoylglycerophosphocholine + palmitic acid
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palmitoyl-[protein] + H2O = palmitate + protein

Substrate in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (84 results)

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EC NUMBER
LITERATURE
REACTION DIAGRAM
REACTION
ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE
show the reaction diagram
palmitate + H2O2 = pentadecanal + CO2 + H2O
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show the reaction diagram
palmitic acid + H2O2 = 15-hydroxypalmitic acid + 14-hydroxypalmitic acid + H2O
show the reaction diagram
palmitic acid + ATP + CoA = palmitoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
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show the reaction diagram
palmitic acid + [reduced NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 16-hydroxypalmitic acid + [oxidized NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + H2O
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show the reaction diagram
palmitic acid + [reduced NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 16-hydroxypalmitic acid + [oxidized NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + H2O
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show the reaction diagram
palmitic acid + O2 + reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ = ?
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palmitic acid + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid + NAD(P)+ + H2O
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palmitic acid + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+ = (R)-2-hydroxypalmitic acid + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O
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hexadecanoate + acceptor + O2 + H+ = (11E)-hexadecenoate + ?
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show the reaction diagram
beta-D-glucosyl 4,4'-diaponeurosporenoate + palmitate = [(6-O-palmitoyl)-beta-D-glucosyl] 4,4'-diaponeurosporenoate + H2O
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glycerol + palmitic acid = monopalmitin + H2O
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palmitate + ethanol = ethyl palmitate + H2O
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D-erythro-sphingosine + palmitic acid = N-palmitoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine + H2O
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palmitic acid + lyso-GM1a = ? + H2O
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a long-chain fatty acid + hv = a long-chain alkane + CO2
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GTP + palmitate + CoA = GDP + phosphate + palmitoyl-CoA
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ATP + hexadecanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + hexadecanoyl-CoA
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ATP + palmitate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + palmityl-CoA
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ATP + a long-chain fatty acid + holo-[mycocerosate synthase] = AMP + diphosphate + a long-chain acyl-[mycocerosate synthase]
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show the reaction diagram
hexadecanoic acid + CoA + ATP = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
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Product in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (328 results)

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EC NUMBER
LITERATURE
REACTION DIAGRAM
REACTION
ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE
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show the reaction diagram
hexadecanal + NAD+ + H2O = hexadecanoate + NADH + H+
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show the reaction diagram
hexadecanal + NAD+ = hexadecanoate + NADH
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palmitoyl-CoA + H2O = palmitate + CoA
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1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-phosphatic acid + H2O = 2-oleyl-1-lysophosphatidic acid + palmitate
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p-nitrophenyl palmitate + H2O = p-nitrophenol + palmitate
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4-nitrophenyl palmitate + H2O = 4-nitrophenol + palmitate
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1-acyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoinositol + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphoinositol + palmitic acid
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11-cis-retinyl palmitate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + palmitate
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p-nitrophenyl palmitate + H2O = p-nitrophenol + palmitate
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palmitoyl-CoA = palmitate + CoA
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hexadecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = [acyl-carrier protein] + hexadecanoate
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palmitoyl-CoA + H2O = palmitate + CoA
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N-palmitoyl-L-glutamate + H2O = palmitate + L-glutamate
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aculeacin A + H2O = cyclo-hexapeptide + palmitic acid
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Activator in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (19 results)

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COMMENTARY
EC NUMBER
LITERATURE
ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE

Inhibitor in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (47 results)

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COMMENTARY
EC NUMBER
LITERATURE
ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE
0.01 mM
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inhibits enzyme in dose-dependent manner
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0.003 mM, 40% inhibition of chloroplastic form and 43% inhibition of cytosolic form
competitive inhibition
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the incubation of Jurkat cells with 0.2 mM palmitic acid causes a significant decrease of catalase activity but not of protein or mRNA content
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IC50: 0.00067 mM
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enzyme expression is reduced in 3T3-L1 cells differentiated in presence of 400 microM palmitic acid
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isoform 1, 50% inhibition above 0.1 mM, isoform 2, 50% inhibition above 0.1 mM
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50% inhibition at 1.35 mM
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0.15 mM, 50% inhibition
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IC50 in the range 1-100 mM
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0.1 mM
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IC50: 0.0624 mM, TbHK1
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2 mM, 76% inhibition
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1 mM inhibits by 30%
40 microM, about 80% inhibition
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1 mM, 30% inhibition
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a non-substrate lipid belonging to the phospholipase A2 pathway
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supresses cleavage by dS1P
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IC50: 0.035 mM
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weak inhibition
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weak inhibition
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linolenic acid activation
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concempetitive, potent
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IC50: 0.009 mM, at 25°C and pH 8.0
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3D Structure of Enzyme-Ligand-Complex (PDB) (1544 results)

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EC NUMBER
ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE