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Ligand all-trans-retinoic acid

Basic Ligand Information

Molecular Structure

Pathway Source

Pathways

KEGG

Gastric cancer, Intestinal immune network for IgA production, Non-small cell lung cancer, Pathways in cancer, Retinol metabolism, Small cell lung cancer, Th17 cell differentiation more

MetaCyc

retinoate biosynthesis I, retinoate biosynthesis II

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Roles as Enzyme Ligand

In Vivo Product in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (13 results)

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Show Natural Product (13 entries)

EC NUMBER

PROVEN IN VIVO REACTION

REACTION DIAGRAM

LITERATURE

ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE

1.2.1.3

all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans-retinoic acid + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.3

retinol + NAD+ + H2O = retinoic acid + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

all-trans retinal + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans retinoate + NADH + 2 H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

all-trans-retinal + H2O + NAD+ = all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans-retinoate + NADH

0

-

1.2.1.36

all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

retinal + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans-retinoic acid + NADH

0

-

1.2.1.36

retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH

390268, 0, 390264, 390269, 390270, 390271, 390272, 390273, 390263

-

1.2.1.36

retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH + 2 H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.3.1

all-trans-retinal + O2 + H2O = all-trans-retinoate + H2O2

390423, 390425, 390427

-

1.2.3.1

retinal + O2 + H2O = retinoate + H2O2

285726, 390422, 390424, 390426, 390425

-

1.2.1.3

2 entries

1.2.1.36

9 entries

1.2.3.1

2 entries

Substrate in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (2 results)

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Show Substrate (2 entries)

EC NUMBER

REACTION

REACTION DIAGRAM

LITERATURE

ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE

1.14.19.53

all-trans-retinoic acid + 2 reduced adrenodoxin + 2 H+ + O2 = all-trans-3,4-didehydroretinoic acid + 2 oxidized adrenodoxin + 2 H2O

744905, 744751

-

2.4.1.17

UDP-glucuronate + all-trans-retinoic acid = UDP + all-trans-retinoic acid beta-D-glucuronoside

735649

-

Product in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (34 results)

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Show Product (34 entries)

EC NUMBER

REACTION

REACTION DIAGRAM

LITERATURE

ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE

1.1.1.300

retinal + NAD+ = retinoic acid + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.3

all-trans retinal + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans retinoic acid + NADH

0

-

1.2.1.3

all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans-retinoic acid + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.3

retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoic acid + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.3

retinol + NAD+ + H2O = retinoic acid + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

all-trans retinal + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans retinoate + NADH + 2 H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

all-trans retinaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans retinoic acid + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

all-trans retinal + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans-retinoate + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

all-trans-retinal + H2O + NAD+ = all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans-retinoate + NADH

0

-

1.2.1.36

all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

all-trans-retinaldehyde + NAD(P)H = NAD(P)+ + H2O + all-trans-retinoate

0

-

1.2.1.36

retinal + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans-retinoic acid + NADH

0

-

1.2.1.36

all-trans-retinol + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans-retinoic acid + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

all-trans-retinol + NADP+ + H2O = all-trans-retinoic acid + NADPH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

retinol + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans-retinoic acid + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

all-trans retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH

390268, 0, 390264, 390269, 390270, 390271, 390272, 390273, 390263

-

1.2.1.36

retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH + 2 H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.36

retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoic acid + NADH

0

-

1.2.1.36

retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoic acid + NADH + H+

0

-

1.2.1.5

all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans-retinoic acid + NADH + H+

0

5fhz, 3D-view

1.2.1.5

all-trans-retinol + NAD+ + H2O = all-trans-retinoic acid + NADH + H+

0

5fhz, 3D-view

1.2.1.5

all-trans-retinol + NADP+ + H2O = all-trans-retinoic acid + NADPH + H+

0

5fhz, 3D-view

1.2.1.5

retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoic acid + NADH + H+

0

5fhz, 3D-view

1.2.3.1

all-trans retinaldehyde + H2O + O2 = all-trans retinoic acid + H2O2

0

-

1.2.3.1

all-trans-retinal + O2 + H2O = all-trans-retinoate + H2O2

0, 390423, 390425, 390427

-

1.2.3.1

retinal + O2 + H2O = retinoate + H2O2

285726, 390422, 390424, 390426, 390425

-

1.2.3.1

retinal + O2 + H2O = retinoic acid + H2O2

0

-

1.2.3.1

retinalaldehyde + O2 + H2O = retinoic acid + H2O2

0

-

1.2.3.1

retinaldehyde + H2O + O2 = retinoic acid + H2O2

0

-

1.2.3.1

retinaldehyde + O2 + H2O = retinoic acid + H2O2

0

-

1.2.1.3

4 entries

1.2.1.36

18 entries

1.2.1.5

4 entries

1.2.3.1

7 entries

Activator in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (27 results)

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Show Activating Compound (27 entries)

EC NUMBER

COMMENTARY

LITERATURE

ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE

1.1.1.62

0.001 mM, significant stimulation of the conversion of estradiol to estrone in the MCF-7 cell line and MDA-MB-231 cell line, 0.0001 mM has no effect

287197

-

1.11.1.6

retinoic acid (100 nM and 0.001 mM) increases CAT activity after 24 h of treatment

701310

-

1.14.14.94

significantly induces expression of CYP4F3A at both mRNA and protein levels in cultured HL-60 cells

703413

-

1.14.14.94

after 6 days of retinoid exposure, cutaneous transcripts arising from Cyp4f39 are up-regulated. No changes in transcript abundance for the Cyp4f16, 4f17, and 4f18 genes

701913

-

1.14.14.94

2 entries

1.21.99.3

induction of isozyme type III from brain astrocytes

644801

-

1.21.99.4

-

644806

-

1.21.99.4

stimulates isozyme type I

644806

-

2.3.1.135

-

638619

-

2.3.1.135

minimal dose for significant increase in LRAT activity and mRNA expression: 0.005 mg

638624

-

2.3.1.135

optimal dose, 0.020 mg

638614

-

2.3.1.135

restores normal level of liver LRAT activity in vitamin A deficient and depleted rats

638614

-

1.21.99.4

2 entries

2.3.1.135

4 entries

2.3.1.50

up-regulates enzyme activity in embryonic carcinoma cell ine PCC7-Mz1

487174

-

2.4.1.144

activation

638226

-

2.4.1.148

upregulation of enzyme expression, synergistic with interleukin-4 in activating the core 4 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity

657519

-

2.4.1.206

activates enzyme activity, leads to developmental malformations of the embryos

638233

-

2.4.1.206

up-regulation of enzyme expression

638235

-

2.4.1.206

2 entries

2.6.1.13

treatment of cells induces increase in ornithine aminotransferase expression and activity which results in decreased intracellular concentrations of ornithine and polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine. Changes occur concomitantly with a decrease in the total number of cells, and the increase in ornithine aminotransferase activity is due to increased mRNA expression. In cells treated with 1 microM retinoic acid, addition of 10 microM putrescine to culture medium restores both cellular levels of polyamines and cell numbers to the values for the control group

688566

-

2.8.2.33

upregulation of GALNAC4S-6ST

690891

-

3.4.17.23

-

679704

-

3.4.24.82

-

695954

-

3.4.24.B12

increased transcription in the presence of retinoate

679600

-

3.4.24.B12

-

695954

-

3.4.24.B12

2 entries

3.5.1.23

all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA, increases the expression of ACER2 in HeLa cells

697862

-

3.5.3.18

inhibits cobalt chloride induced inhibition of DDAH

699684

-

3.5.3.18

1.9fold increase in DDAH-2 mRNA and protein expression

697831

-

3.5.3.18

2 entries

4.4.1.20

-

665809

-

5.3.99.3

ATRA

693774

-

Inhibitor in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (16 results)

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Show Inhibitors (16 entries)

EC NUMBER

COMMENTARY

LITERATURE

ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE

1.1.1.1

weak feedback inhibition

656058

-

1.13.11.63

suppresses the upregulation by vitamin A deficiency

673452

-

1.13.99.1

docking energy level (Kcal/mol): -12.1034

727646

-

1.14.14.94

after 6 days of retinoid exposure, cutaneous transcripts arising from Cyp4f13, 4f14, and 4f37 are down-regulated. No changes in transcript abundance for the Cyp4f16, 4f17, and 4f18 genes

701913

-

1.14.15.3

0.005 mM, 56% reduction of activity

673653

-

1.16.1.2

-

440099

-

2.1.1.100

20% decrease of N-acetyl-S-(E,E)-farnesyl-L-cysteine methylation in cells treated with 0.01 mM retinoic acid

485044

-

2.4.1.207

-

736955

-

2.7.1.138

inhibits ceramide kinase transkription in neuroblastoma cells

699665

-

2.8.2.4

-

645868

-

3.1.26.5

-

692177

-

3.1.26.5

-

692177

-

3.1.26.5

2 entries

3.1.5.B1

IC50 value below 250 microM, Hill coefficient between 0.5 and 1.5

749936

-

4.3.1.3

1 microM suppresses histidase expression almost completely, levels of histidase mRNA expression in the presence of all-trans retinoic acid are significantly lower on day 2 of post-confluence and at all later time points during keratinocyte differentiation

693378

-

5.3.99.2

-

3118

-

5.3.99.2

non-competitive

680837

-

5.3.99.2

2 entries

3D Structure of Enzyme-Ligand-Complex (PDB) (3 results)

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Show 3D Structure of Enzyme-Ligand-Complex (PDB) (3 entries)

EC NUMBER

ENZYME 3D STRUCTURE

1.2.1.5

5fhz, 3D-view

2.3.1.48

4dm8, 3D-view

5.2.1.8

4tns, 3D-view

Enzyme Kinetic Parameters

k_cat Value (Turnover Number) (1 result)

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Show Turnover Number (1 entry)

EC NUMBER

TURNOVER NUMBER [1/S]

TURNOVER NUMBER MAXIMUM [1/S]

COMMENTARY

LITERATURE

1.14.19.53

0.023

-

pH 7.4, temperature not specified in the publication

744905

K_M Value (1 result)

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Show KM Value (1 entry)

EC NUMBER

KM VALUE [MM]

KM VALUE MAXIMUM [MM]

COMMENTARY

LITERATURE

1.14.19.53

0.00087

-

pH 7.4, temperature not specified in the publication

744905

K_i Value (1 result)

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Show KI Value (1 entry)

EC NUMBER

KI VALUE [MM]

KI VALUE MAXIMUM [MM]

COMMENTARY

LITERATURE

3.1.26.5

0.015

-

at 37°C, in 50 mM Tris/HCl pH 7.6, 10 mM NH4Cl, 5 mM MgCl2, and 5 mM dithiothreitol

692177

References & Links

Literature References (56)

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Show Reference (56 entries)

BRENDA REFERENCE ID

PUBMED ID

TITLE

YEAR

AUTHORS

JOURNAL

VOLUME

PAGES

3118

9188476

Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) is a newly recognized type of retinoid transporter

1997

Tanaka, T.; Urade, Y.; Kimura, H.; Eguchi, N.; Nishikawa, A.; Hayaishi, O.

J. Biol. Chem.

272

15789-15795

285726

6994741

Enzymatic oxidation and reduction of retinal by mouse epidermis

1980

Kishore, G.S.; Boutwell, R.K.

Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.

94

1381-1386

287197

10962451

Effect of retinoic acid and palm oil carotenoids on oestrone sulphatase and oestradiol-17beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines

2000

Ng, J.H.; Nesaretnam, K.; Reimann, K.; Lai, L.C.

Int. J. Cancer

88

135-138

390263

4312676

Preparation and properties of retinal-oxidizing enzyme from rat intestinal mucosa

1970

Moffa, D.J.; Lotspeich, F.J.; Krause, R.F.

J. Biol. Chem.

245

439-447

390264

2910311

Increased hepatic retinal dehydrogenase activity after phenobarbital and ethanol administration

1989

Leo, M.A.; Kim, C.I.; Lowe, N.; Lieber, C.S.

Biochem. Pharmacol.

38

97-103

390268

11983430

Kinetic analysis of mouse retinal dehydrogenase type-2 (RALDH2) for retinal substrates

2002

Gagnon, I.; Duester, G.; Bhat, P.V.

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

1596

156-162

390269

9705968

Changing patterns of renal retinal dehydrogenase expression parallel nephron development in the rat

1998

Bhat, P.V.; Marcinkiewicz, M.; Li, Y.; Mader, S.

J. Histochem. Cytochem.

46

1025-1032

390270

9392526

Enzymic characteristics of retinal dehydrogenase type I expressed in Escherichia coli

1997

Penzes, P.; Wang, X.; Napoli, J.L.

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

1342

175-181

390271

8329181

Purification and partial characterization of a rat kidney aldehyde dehydrogenase that oxidizes retinal to retinoic acid

1993

Labrecque, J.; Bhat, P.V.; Lacroix, A.

Biochem. Cell Biol.

71

85-89

390272

8663049

A retinaldehyde dehydrogenase as a structural protein in a mammalian eye lens. Gene recruitment of beta-crystallin

1996

Graham, C.; Hodin, J.; Wistow, G.

J. Biol. Chem.

271

15623-15628

390273

10320326

The structure of retinal dehydrogenase type II at 2.7 A resolution: implications for retinal specificity

1999

Lamb, A.L.; Newcomer, M.E.

Biochemistry

38

6003-6011

390422

10190983

Molecular cloning of retinal oxidase/aldehyde oxidase cDNAs from rabbit and mouse livers and functional expression of recombinant mouse retinal oxidase cDNA in E. coli

1999

Huang, D.Y.; Furukawa, A.; Ichikawa, Y.

Arch. Biochem. Biophys.

364

264-272

390423

8262244

Retinal oxidase is identical to aldehyde oxidase

1993

Tomita, S.; Tsujita, M.; Ichikawa, Y.

FEBS Lett.

336

272-274

390424

1760155

In vitro formation of retinoic acid from retinal in rat liver

1991

Hupert, J.; Mobarhan, S.; Layden, T.J.; Papa, V.M.; Lucchesi, D.

Biochem. Cell Biol.

69

509-514

390425

3191151

Properties of retinal-oxidizing enzyme activity in rat kidney

1988

Bhat, P.; Poissant, L.; Lacroix, A.

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

967

211-217

390426

3452601

Enzymic oxidation of vitamin A aldehyde to vitamin A acid by rat livers of experimental thyroid disorders

1987

Mandal, S.K.; Chaudhuri, B.D.

Indian J. Exp. Biol.

25

796-797

390427

3179018

Enzymatic oxidation of all-trans retinal to retinoic acid in rat tissues

1988

Bhat, P.V.; Poissant, L.; Falardeau, P.; Lacroix, A.

Biochem. Cell Biol.

66

735-740

440099

3619945

Retinoic acid inhibition of transplasmalemma diferric transferrin reductase

1987

Sun, I.L.; Toole-Simms, W.; Crane, F.L.; Golub, E.S.; Diaz de Pagan, T.; Morre, D.J.; Löw, H.

Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.

146

976-982

485044

11906819

Prenylcysteine carboxymethyltransferase type III activity is decreased in retinoic acid-treated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells

2002

Van Dessel, G.A.F.; De Busser, H.M.; Lagrou, A.R.

Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.

34

477-486

487174

12531548

Serine palmitoyltransferase: role in apoptotic de novo ceramide synthesis and other stress responses

2002

Perry, D.K.

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

1585

146-152

638226

10699467

Opposing changes in N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V and -III during the cell cycle and all-trans retinoic acid treatment of hepatocarcinoma cell line

2000

Guo, H.B.; Jiang, A.L.; Ju, T.Z.; Chen, H.L.

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

1495

297-307

638233

10561117

Glycolipid glycosyltransferase activities during early development of Xenopus: effect of retinoic acid

1999

Rossi, F.; Gornati, R.; Rizzo, A.M.; Venturini, L.; Bernadini, G.; Berra, B.

Cell Biol. Int.

23

91-95

638235

11283017

Molecular cloning and characterization of UDP-GlcNAc:lactosylceramide beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (beta3Gn-T5), an essential enzyme for the expression of HNK-1 and lewis X epitopes on glycolipids

2001

Togayachi, A.; Akashima, T.; Ookubo, R.; Kudo, T.; Nishihara, S.; Iwasaki, H.; Natsume, A.; Mio, H.; Inokuchi, J.i.; Irimura, T.; Sasaki, K.; Narimatsu, H.

J. Biol. Chem.

276

22032-22040

638614

8460936

Regulation of hepatic lecithin:retinol acyltransferase activity by retinoic acid

1993

Matsuura, T.; Ross, A.C.

Arch. Biochem. Biophys.

301

221-227

638619

11108736

Lecithin:retinol acyltransferase from mouse and rat liver: cDNA cloning and liver-specific regulation by dietary vitamin A and retinoic acid

2000

Zolfaghari, R.; Ross, A.C.

J. Lipid Res.

41

2024-2034

638624

12201819

Cloning and molecular expression analysis of large and small lecithin:retinol acyltransferase mRNAs in the liver and other tissues of adult rats

2002

Zolfaghari, R.; Wang, Y.; Chen, Q.; Sancher, A.; Ross, A.C.

Biochem. J.

368

621-631

644801

8770927

Evidence that type III iodothyronine deiodinase in rat astrocyte is a selenoprotein

1996

Ramauge, M.; Pallud, S.; Esfandiari, A.; Gavaret, J.; Lennon, A.; Pierre, M.; Courtin, F.

Endocrinology

137

3021-3025

644806

11898402

Iodothyronine deiodinases

2002

Koehrle, J.

Methods Enzymol.

347

125-167

645868

5028120

Enzymic synthesis of steroid sulphates. VIII. Inhibition of estrogen sulphotransferase by retinoic acid and free fatty acids

1972

Adams, J.B.; Ellyard, R.K.

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

260

724-730

656058

11997393

Kinetic mechanism of human class IV alcohol dehydrogenase functioning as retinol dehydrogenase

2002

Chou, C.F.; Lai, C.L.; Chang, Y.C.; Duester, G.; Yin, S.J.

J. Biol. Chem.

277

25209-25216

657519

15591039

Mucin biosynthesis: upregulation of core 2 beta 1,6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase by retinoic acid and Th2 cytokines in a human airway epithelial cell line

2005

Beum, P.V.; Basma, H.; Bastola, D.R.; Cheng, P.W.

Am. J. Physiol.

288

L116-124

665809

12767051

Induction of leukotriene C4 synthase after the differentiation of rat basophilic leukemia cells with retinoic acid and a low dose of actinomycin D and its suppression with methylprednisolone

2003

Abe, M.; Shibata, K.; Urata, H.; Sakata, N.; Katsuragi, T.

J. Cell. Physiol.

196

154-164

673452

16699835

Molecular cloning of the rat beta-carotene 15,15-monooxygenase gene and its regulation by retinoic acid

2006

Takitani, K.; Zhu, C.L.; Inoue, A.; Tamai, H.

Eur. J. Nutr.

45

320-326

673653

16712844

CYP4A11 is repressed by retinoic acid in human liver cells

2006

Antoun, J.; Amet, Y.; Simon, B.; Dreano, Y.; Corlu, A.; Corcos, L.; Salaun, J.P.; Plee-Gautier, E.

FEBS Lett.

580

3361-3367

679600

18247274

ADAMTS-5: the story so far

2008

Fosang, A.J.; Rogerson, F.M.; East, C.J.; Stanton, H.

Eur. Cell Mater.

15

11-26

679704

18192339

Co-localization of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-, octomer-4- and CD34-positive cells in rabbit atherosclerotic plaques

2008

Zulli, A.; Rai, S.; Buxton, B.F.; Burrell, L.M.; Hare, D.L.

Exp. Physiol.

93

564-569

680837

17715133

NMR solution structure of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase: evidence for partial overlapping of catalytic pocket and retinoic acid-binding pocket within the central cavity

2007

Shimamoto, S.; Yoshida, T.; Inui, T.; Gohda, K.; Kobayashi, Y.; Fujimori, K.; Tsurumura, T.; Aritake, K.; Urade, Y.; Ohkubo, T.

J. Biol. Chem.

282

31373-31379

688566

18280134

Regulation of ornithine aminotransferase gene expression and activity by all-transretinoic acid in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells

2008

Dekaney, C.M.; Wu, G.; Yin, Y.L.; Jaeger, L.A.

J. Nutr. Biochem.

19

674-681

690891

18052213

Galactomutarotase and other galactose-related genes are rapidly induced by retinoic acid in human myeloid cells

2007

Pai, T.; Chen, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Zolfaghari, R.; Ross, A.C.

Biochemistry

46

15198-15207

692177

19216007

Preparation of spermine conjugates with acidic retinoids with potent ribonuclease P inhibitory activity

2009

Magoulas, G.; Papaioannou, D.; Papadimou, E.; Drainas, D.

Eur. J. Med. Chem.

44

2689-2695

693378

18280705

Histidase expression in human epidermal keratinocytes: regulation by differentiation status and all-trans retinoic acid

2008

Eckhart, L.; Schmidt, M.; Mildner, M.; Mlitz, V.; Abtin, A.; Ballaun, C.; Fischer, H.; Mrass, P.; Tschachler, E.

J. Dermatol. Sci.

50

209-215

693774

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Links to other databases for all-trans-retinoic acid

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