Ligand palmitate

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Basic Ligand Information

Molecular Structure

C₁₆H₃₂O₂

palmitate

IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Synonyms:

a long-chain-fatty-acid anion, a long-chain-fatty acid, a long-chain acid anion, a long-chain carboxylate, a long-chain carboxylic acid, a long-chain fatty acid, hexadecanoate, hexadecanoic acid, long-chain acid anion, long-chain carboxylate, long-chain carboxylic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoate

BRENDA

arachidonate biosynthesis, ceramide biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, palmitate biosynthesis

KEGG

Biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis, Fatty acid biosynthesis, Fatty acid degradation

more

MetaCyc

ceramide and sphingolipid recycling and degradation (yeast), cutin biosynthesis, mycobacterial sulfolipid biosynthesis, palmitate biosynthesis I (type I fatty acid synthase), palmitate biosynthesis II (type II fatty acid synthase)

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Show all BRENDA pathways known for palmitate

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Roles as Enzyme Ligand

In Vivo Substrate in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (21 results)

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1.11.1.3

palmitate + H2O2 = pentadecanal + CO2 + H2O

palmitic acid + [reduced NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 16-hydroxypalmitic acid + [oxidized NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + H2O

744773, 744097

1.14.19.24

hexadecanoate + acceptor + O2 + H+ = (11E)-hexadecenoate + ?

palmitic acid + reduced acceptor + O2 = hexadec-11-enoic acid + acceptor + 2 H2O

658737

4.1.1.106

a long-chain fatty acid + hv = a long-chain alkane + CO2

ATP + a long-chain fatty acid + holo-[mycocerosate synthase] = AMP + diphosphate + a long-chain acyl-[mycocerosate synthase]

740601, 740948, 739802, 740805

6.2.1.59

2 entries

In Vivo Product in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (38 results)

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1.1.1.192

long-chain alcohol + NAD+ + H2O = long-chain carboxylate + NADH

1.2.1.48

4 entries

2.3.1.85

acetyl-CoA + 7 malonyl-CoA + 14 NADPH + 14 H+ = palmitate + 8 CoA + 7 CO2 + 14 NADP+ + 6 H2O

1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 2-oleoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine + palmitic acid

649705

3.1.1.4

1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = 1-palmitoylglycerophosphocholine + palmitic acid

palmitoyl-[protein] + H2O = palmitate + protein

Substrate in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (84 results)

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1.11.1.3

palmitate + H2O2 = pentadecanal + CO2 + H2O

439810, 439809

1.11.2.1

palmitic acid + H2O2 = 15-hydroxypalmitic acid + 14-hydroxypalmitic acid + H2O

palmitic acid + ATP + CoA = palmitoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

palmitic acid + [reduced NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 16-hydroxypalmitic acid + [oxidized NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + H2O

729098

1.14.14.80

palmitic acid + [reduced NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 16-hydroxypalmitic acid + [oxidized NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + H2O

703412, 733243, 744773, 733174, 744097, 285382, 706321, 676666

1.14.15.14

palmitic acid + O2 + reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ = ?

735155

1.14.15.3

palmitic acid + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid + NAD(P)+ + H2O

285372, 285383, 285371, 285377, 285374, 285378, 285373, 285375, 702154

1.14.18.6

palmitic acid + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+ = (R)-2-hydroxypalmitic acid + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O

hexadecanoate + acceptor + O2 + H+ = (11E)-hexadecenoate + ?

beta-D-glucosyl 4,4'-diaponeurosporenoate + palmitate = [(6-O-palmitoyl)-beta-D-glucosyl] 4,4'-diaponeurosporenoate + H2O

715479

3.1.1.23

glycerol + palmitic acid = monopalmitin + H2O

palmitate + ethanol = ethyl palmitate + H2O

750329, 646073, 646065, 646066, 646076, 646062

3.5.1.23

D-erythro-sphingosine + palmitic acid = N-palmitoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine + H2O

664159

2zws, 3D-view

3.5.1.69

palmitic acid + lyso-GM1a = ? + H2O

733197

4.1.1.106

a long-chain fatty acid + hv = a long-chain alkane + CO2

746497

6.2.1.10

GTP + palmitate + CoA = GDP + phosphate + palmitoyl-CoA

563

6.2.1.12

ATP + hexadecanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + hexadecanoyl-CoA

ATP + palmitate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + palmityl-CoA

727565

6.2.1.49

ATP + a long-chain fatty acid + holo-[mycocerosate synthase] = AMP + diphosphate + a long-chain acyl-[mycocerosate synthase]

740601, 740948, 739802, 740805

6.2.1.59

2 entries

6.2.1.B3

hexadecanoic acid + CoA + ATP = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

693420

Product in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (328 results)

hexadecanal + NAD+ + H2O = hexadecanoate + NADH + H+

1.2.1.47

hexadecanal + NAD+ = hexadecanoate + NADH

palmitoyl-CoA + H2O = palmitate + CoA

1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-phosphatic acid + H2O = 2-oleyl-1-lysophosphatidic acid + palmitate

p-nitrophenyl palmitate + H2O = p-nitrophenol + palmitate

3.1.1.2

4-nitrophenyl palmitate + H2O = 4-nitrophenol + palmitate

1-acyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoinositol + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphoinositol + palmitic acid

80967

3.1.1.63

11-cis-retinyl palmitate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + palmitate

170637, 170640, 170657, 170660, 170681, 170654

3.1.1.64

20 entries

3.1.1.72

p-nitrophenyl palmitate + H2O = p-nitrophenol + palmitate

palmitoyl-CoA = palmitate + CoA

hexadecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = [acyl-carrier protein] + hexadecanoate

3.1.2.22

15 entries

3.1.2.25

palmitoyl-CoA + H2O = palmitate + CoA

N-palmitoyl-L-glutamate + H2O = palmitate + L-glutamate

209198, , 209197

aculeacin A + H2O = cyclo-hexapeptide + palmitic acid

3.5.1.99

6 entries

Activator in Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions (19 results)

stimulates

concomitant treatment with palmitate/bovine serum albumin and activators of PKA (forskolin), PDK/PI3K (insulin), and PKC (TPA) increase Miox activity. Concomitant treatment with respective inhibitors, i.e. H89 (PKA), wortmannin (PI3K), and calphostin (PKC), reduces the activity below the levels induced by palmitate/bovine serum albumin alone, confirming that fatty acid-induced activity is phosphorylation-dependent

stimulation

0.02-0.05 mM, stimulates

486606

2.4.1.184

approx. 2fold activiation

stimulates

enhancement factor: 0.8 in absence of Triton X-100, 1.4 in presence of 0.1% Triton X-100

637484

2.7.1.107

activates only in presence of Triton X-100

640361

2.7.11.13

activates isozyme PKCtheta, but not isozymes PKCalpha and PKCepsilon

676029

2.7.11.2

activates PDK2 and PDK4 nearly 2fold at 0.1 mM, not synergistic with oleate, stimulation is completely inhibited by insulin at 0.001 mmM

661695

2.7.11.24

activates p38 MAPK phosphorylation and activates it

740424

3.2.1.166

palmitic acid-induced nuclear entry of heparanase facilitates heparan sulfate cleavage

732437

3.4.22.55

caspase-2 is activated by an overabundance of saturated long-chain fatty acids like palmitate. Inhibition of amino acid transamination by 10 mM aminooxyacetate blocks caspase activation

the activity of MCD elicits a dose-dependent increase (between 25% and 60%) in cells exposed to increasing concentrations of palmitate (0.1-0.8 mM)

stimulates 3fold