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Enzyme Nomenclature
Information on EC 6.3.5.4 - asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC6.3.5.4
Word Map on EC 6.3.5.4
- 6.3.5.4
- leukemia
- lymphoblastic
- children
- vincristine
-
remission
- lymphoma
- l-asparagine
- methotrexate
-
childhood
- prednisone
-
pediatric
- thrombosis
- cyclophosphamide
- erwinia
- marrow
-
arabinoside
- cr
-
consolidation
- etoposide
- doxorubicin
- coagulation
-
relapsed
-
antithrombin
- daunorubicin
-
event-free
- carotovora
- 6-mercaptopurine
-
l-aspartic
- ifosfamide
-
non-hodgkin
- cytarabine
- chrysanthemi
-
prophylaxis
- glutaminase
-
extranodal
-
reinduction
-
intrathecal
-
antileukemic
-
pegylated
-
multiagent
- idarubicin
- medicine
- teniposide
- analysis
- daunomycin
-
myelosuppression
- agriculture
-
smile
- hypofibrinogenemia
- lymphosarcoma
- nutrition
- epipodophyllotoxins
-
b-lineage
- pseudocysts
- drug development
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The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
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EC NUMBER 
COMMENTARY 
6.3.5.4
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RECOMMENDED NAME
GeneOntology No.
asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
overall ping-pong mechanism; ping-pong reaction mechanism. Glutamine is the first substrate to bind to the enzyme and Asn is the last product released
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-
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ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
uni-uni-bi-ter ping-pong mechanism without abortive complexes. Gln binds first, followed by Glu release, and Asp and ATP bind in order followed by ordered release of diphosphate, AMP and Asn. In the presence of 0.5-2.0 mM excess Mg2+ over ATP the binding of substrates after the release of Glu is in a rapid equilibrium system
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ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
hybrid uni uni bi ter ping pong Theorell-Chance mechanism where the glutaminase reaction occurs first and Asp binds to the enzyme before ATP in the sequential segment. Diphosphate is the first product released in the Theorell-Chance reaction, which is followed by the ordered release of AMP and Asn
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ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
NH4+ is bound to the enzyme followed by MgATP causing Asn release
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ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
a model for the role of the catalytic triad in transferring nitrogen from Gln to Asp. An alternative catalytic mechanism is proposed, which obviates the participation of a histidine residue in the reaction
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ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
Arg325 is involved in stabilization of a pentacovalent intermediate leading to the formation of beta-aspartyl-AMP
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ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
mechanism
-
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
reaction mechanism, structure-function relationship
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ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
reaction mechanism, structure-function relationship
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ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
the enzyme forms a crucial beta-aspartyl-AMP-Mg2+ intermediate, which then undergoes a nucleophilic attack of ammonia, forming Asn and releasing AMP and diphosphate. Ammonia can be free or glutamine-derived
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
the enzyme forms a crucial beta-aspartyl-AMP-Mg2+ intermediate, which then undergoes a nucleophilic attack of ammonia, forming Asn and releasing AMP and diphosphate. Ammonia can be free or glutamine-derived
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Acid amide hydrolysis
-
-
carboxylic
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PATHWAY
BRENDA Link
KEGG Link
MetaCyc Link
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
L-aspartate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
The enzyme from Escherichia coli has two active sites [4] that are connected by an intramolecular ammonia tunnel [5,6]. The enzyme catalyses three distinct chemical reactions: glutamine hydrolysis to yield ammonia takes place in the N-terminal domain. The C-terminal active site mediates both the synthesis of a beta-aspartyl-AMP intermediate and its subsequent reaction with ammonia. The ammonia released is channeled to the other active site to yield asparagine [6].
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
37318-72-2
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
three glutamine-dependent AsnB-type asparagine snythetase genes: asnB, asnH and asnO, formerly yisO
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three glutamine-dependent AsnB-type asparagine snythetase genes: asnB, asnH and asnO, formerly yisO
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the organism contains both enzymes EC 6.3.1.1. and EC 6.3.4.5. The gene asnA codes for NH4+-dependent Asn synthetases, EC 6.3.1.1, and the gene asnB codes for Gln-dependent Asn synthetase, EC 6.3.5.4
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wild-type and mutant enzymes C99A, C168A, C386A, C423A, C436A, C514A, C523A
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wild-type and mutant enzymes, E317A, E317Q, T318A, Y319A, Y319F, D320A, V321A, T322A, T322S, T322V, T322Y, T323A, T323I, T323L, T323S, T323V, R325A, R325K, T328S
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
evolution
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CaAS1 and its related plant proteins all contain an AsnB domain and an ASN synthetase domain
evolution
genes PpAS1 and PpAS2 encode both class II asparagine synthetases suggesting an ancient origin of the genes in plants. Amino acid residues essential for aspartate, AMP, and glutamine binding are conserved; genes PpAS1 and PpAS2 encode both class II asparagine synthetases suggesting an ancient origin of the genes in plants. Amino acid residues essential for aspartate, AMP, and glutamine binding are conserved, except valine268, included in the AMP binding site, which has been replaced by an isoleucine in the AS2 sequence
evolution
phylogenetic analysis has grouped ASN1 in dicot-subclass I while ASN2 and ASN3 are placed in dicot-subclass II
evolution
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phylogenetic analysis has grouped ASN1 in dicot-subclass I while ASN2 and ASN3 are placed in dicot-subclass II
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malfunction
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silencing of CaAS1 gene results in enhanced susceptibility to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria infection, phenotypes, overview
malfunction
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salt tolerance of Arabidopsis knockout mutant with T-DNA insertion in ASN2 gene encoding asparagines synthetase is investigated. Results indicate that the knockout mutant is impaired in nitrogen assimilation and translocation under salt treatment
malfunction
silencing of the BmASNS gene enhances the sensitivity of silkworm cells to amino acid starvation. Ectopic overexpression of BmASNS gene effectively inhibits cell growth in silkworm cells, whereas its overexpression can rescue cell growth upon amino acid deprivation treatment. Silkworm cells lacking BmASNS under the condition of amino acid deprivation show severely impaired proliferation
malfunction
no visible phenotype is detected for the asn3-1 and asn3-2 mutant. Both asn3-1 and asn3-2 rosette leaves contain wild-type levels of chlorophyll and ammonium content, indicating that ASN3 disruption does not cause a defective nitrogen status during vegetative growth. During seed development, leaves and stems serve as source tissues to supply nitrogen resources to developing siliques which in turn deliver nitrogen to seeds. When compared to wild-type seeds, asn3-1 seeds display reduced glutamine (by 30%), asparagine (20%) and aspartate (20%) contents while exhibiting increased glutamate (10%) amounts
malfunction
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asparagine synthetase deficiency, ASD, is a neurological disorder having severe impacts on psychomotor development and mortality at an early age. Children with mutations in the ASNS gene exhibit developmental delays, intellectual disability, microcephaly, intractable seizures, and progressive brain atrophy. Mutations in the ASNS gene have been clinically associated with asparagine synthetase deficiency (ASD), phenotype. Neurologic disorder associated with asparagine synthetase deficiency (ASD). The transcription factor ATF4 binds to an enhancer element within the proximal promoter of the ASNS gene and activates transcription. Role of ATF4 in tumor cell survival and proliferation, ATF4 knockdown causes reduced survival in HT-1080 fibrosarcoma and DLD-1 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells in the absence of nonessential amino acids. Reduced proliferative capacity and increased apoptosis correlate with lower ASNS expression in the ATF4-deficient cells. Supplementation of the tumor cells with asparagine, but not other amino acids, leads to increased cell survival. Role of ASNS activity in modulating tumor growth
malfunction
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knockdown of asparagine synthetase (ASNS) leads to cell death even in the presence of glutamine, which can be reversed by addition of exogenous asparagine. Asparagine plays a critical role in regulating cellular adaptation to glutamine depletion. ASNS knockdown leads to profound apoptosis even in the presence of glutamine. Addition of extracellular asparagine completely restored cell survival and proliferation. Clinically, the expression of ASNS correlates with the progression of disease and poor prognosis of glioma and neuroblastoma patients. In neuroblastoma with unfavourable prognosis, ASNS expression is significantly higher. Asparagine-induced suppression of apoptosis: asparagine addition to glutamine-deprived cells alters the transcriptional response, suppressing the induction of the reported UPR effectors CHOP and XBP1 while maintaining the transcriptional induction of adaptive components of the UPR-response such as ASNS and HERPUD1. At the protein level, exogenous addition of asparagine suppresses CHOP induction without altering ATF4 accumulation or upstream eIF2alpha phosphorylation
malfunction
retrotransposon-mediated knockout mutants lacking AS1 show slight stimulation of shoot length and slight reduction in root length at the seedling stage. On the other hand, the mutation causes an approximately 80-90% reduction in free asparagine content in both roots and xylem sap
malfunction
enzyme AS-A ablation drives parasites auxotrophic to asparagine, but LiAS-A is not detrimental for parasite survival, growth or infectivity. The parasite burden in the spleen and liver of female BALB/c mice is not statistically different in LiASA mutants when compared to the wild-type
malfunction
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no visible phenotype is detected for the asn3-1 and asn3-2 mutant. Both asn3-1 and asn3-2 rosette leaves contain wild-type levels of chlorophyll and ammonium content, indicating that ASN3 disruption does not cause a defective nitrogen status during vegetative growth. During seed development, leaves and stems serve as source tissues to supply nitrogen resources to developing siliques which in turn deliver nitrogen to seeds. When compared to wild-type seeds, asn3-1 seeds display reduced glutamine (by 30%), asparagine (20%) and aspartate (20%) contents while exhibiting increased glutamate (10%) amounts
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malfunction
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enzyme AS-A ablation drives parasites auxotrophic to asparagine, but LiAS-A is not detrimental for parasite survival, growth or infectivity. The parasite burden in the spleen and liver of female BALB/c mice is not statistically different in LiASA mutants when compared to the wild-type
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metabolism
Asn is a major amino acid in maize and since AsnS is the primary means of Asn synthesis in plants it plays a very important role in nitrogen metabolism; Asn is a major amino acid in maize and since AsnS is the primary means of Asn synthesis in plants it plays a very important role in nitrogen metabolism; Asn is a major amino acid in maize and since AsnS is the primary means of Asn synthesis in plants it plays a very important role in nitrogen metabolism; Asn is a major amino acid in maize and since AsnS is the primary means of Asn synthesis in plants it plays a very important role in nitrogen metabolism
metabolism
asparagine is formed by two structurally distinct asparagine synthetases in prokaryotes. One is the ammonia-utilizing asparagine synthetase A (AsnA, EC 6.3.1.1), and the other is asparagine synthetase B (AsnB, EC 6.3.5.4) that uses glutamine or ammonia as a nitrogen source. Sequence-based analysis suggests that Leishmania spp. possess the asparagine tRNA synthetase paralogue asparagine synthetase A (LdASNA) that is ammonia-dependent, but enzyme LdASNA from Leishmania donovani is both ammonia- and glutamine-dependent, EC 6.3.5.4
metabolism
asparagine synthetase (AS) is responsible for the conversion of aspartate into Asn in an ATP-dependent manner, using ammonia or glutamine as a nitrogen source. There are two structurally distinct AS: the strictly ammonia-dependent type A, and the type B, which preferably uses glutamine
metabolism
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asparagine is formed by two structurally distinct asparagine synthetases in prokaryotes. One is the ammonia-utilizing asparagine synthetase A (AsnA, EC 6.3.1.1), and the other is asparagine synthetase B (AsnB, EC 6.3.5.4) that uses glutamine or ammonia as a nitrogen source. Sequence-based analysis suggests that Leishmania spp. possess the asparagine tRNA synthetase paralogue asparagine synthetase A (LdASNA) that is ammonia-dependent, but enzyme LdASNA from Leishmania donovani is both ammonia- and glutamine-dependent, EC 6.3.5.4
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metabolism
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asparagine synthetase (AS) is responsible for the conversion of aspartate into Asn in an ATP-dependent manner, using ammonia or glutamine as a nitrogen source. There are two structurally distinct AS: the strictly ammonia-dependent type A, and the type B, which preferably uses glutamine
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physiological function
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asparagine synthetase 1 is essential for plant defense to microbial pathogens. Increased CaAS1 expression influences early defense responses in diseased leaves, including increased electrolyte leakage, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide bursts. In plants, increased conversion of aspartate to asparagine appears to be associated with enhanced resistance to bacterial and oomycete pathogens, phenotypes, overview; silencing of the gene encoding AS1 results in enhanced susceptibility to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria infection. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants that overexpress CaAS1 exhibit enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Increased CaAS1 expression influences early defense responses in diseased leaves, including increased electrolyte leakage, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide burst. In CaAS1-silenced pepper and/or CaAS1-overexpressing Arabidopsis, CaAS1-dependent changes in asparagine levels correlate with increased susceptibility or defense responses to microbial pathogens, respectively
physiological function
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Arabidopsis knockout mutant with T-DNA insertion in ASN2 gene, subject to 100 mM NaCl stress for 6 to 24 h. The salt treatment decreases chlorophyll and soluble protein contents, and increases ammonium level in the asn2-1 leaves. The salinity induces ASN1 mRNA level in the wild-type and asn2-1 leaves. The salt treatment inhibits the transcript and protein levels of chloroplastic glutamine synthetase 2, EC 6.3.1.2 in the wild-type and asn2-1 leaves
physiological function
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elevated expression of ASNS protein is associated with resistance to asparaginase therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and may be a predictive factor in drug sensitivity for certain solid tumors as well. Activation of the GCN2-eIF2-ATF4 signaling pathway, leading to increased ASNS expression, appears to be a component of solid tumor adaptation to nutrient deprivation and/or hypoxia, roles of the enzyme in fetal development, tissue differentiation, and tumor growth, overview. Possible correlation between ASNase sensitivity and the DNA methylation status of the ASNS gene
physiological function
BmAsns protein negatively regulates silkworm cell proliferation. The recovery of cell growth by overexpressed BmAsns protein is due to the rapid turnover of autophagic vacuoles in the cells
physiological function
the expression of PpAS1 is regulated by developmental and environmental factors
physiological function
asparagine synthetase transfers the amide group of glutamine to aspartate, forming asparagine and glutamate. Asparagine, glutamine, aspartate and glutamate are important nitrogen carriers transported in the phloem, asparagine is a major nitrogen transporter since it contains more nitrogen per carbon (2N:4C) compared to glutamine (2N:5C), aspartate (1N:4C) and glutamate (1N:5C). Role of isozyme ASN3-encoded asparagine synthetase during vegetative growth, seed development and germination of Arabidopsis thaliana, overview
physiological function
asparagine synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme asparagine synthetase, and occurs by the ATP-dependent transfer of the amino group of glutamine to a molecule of aspartate to generate glutamate and asparagine; asparagine synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme asparagine synthetase, and occurs by the ATP-dependent transfer of the amino group of glutamine to a molecule of aspartate to generate glutamate and asparagine; asparagine synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme asparagine synthetase, and occurs by the ATP-dependent transfer of the amino group of glutamine to a molecule of aspartate to generate glutamate and asparagine, isozyme TaASN1 is an active asparagine synthetase, producing asparagine and glutamate from glutamine and aspartate, reaction modeling. There are large differences in the free asparagine concentration of grain from different wheat varieties; asparagine synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme asparagine synthetase, and occurs by the ATP-dependent transfer of the amino group of glutamine to a molecule of aspartate to generate glutamate and asparagine, isozyme TaASN2 is an active asparagine synthetase, producing asparagine and glutamate from glutamine and aspartate, reaction modeling, There are also large differences in the free asparagine concentration of grain from different wheat varieties
physiological function
enzyme LdASNA is essential for survival of the Leishmania parasite
physiological function
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asparagine synthetase (ASNS) catalyzes the synthesis of asparagine and glutamate from aspartate and glutamine in an ATP-dependent amidotransferase reaction
physiological function
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asparagine synthetase (ASNS) catalyzes the synthesis of asparagine and glutamate from aspartate and glutamine in an ATP-dependent amidotransferase reaction. Elevated ASNS protein expression is associated with resistance to asparaginase therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Regulation of ASNS expression, overview. transcription factor ATF4 binds to an enhancer element within the proximal promoter of the ASNS gene and activates transcription. Asparagine depletion activates the amino acid response, AAR, whereas endoplasmic reticulum stress activates the unfolded protein response, UPR
physiological function
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asparagine synthetase (ASNS) plays an important role during tumor cell accumulation and progression by maintaining cell viability. The enzyme synthesizes asparagine de novo from aspartate and glutamine. Asparagine plays a critical role in regulating cellular adaptation to glutamine depletion. The anti-apoptotic function of glutamine depends on the ability of asparagine synthetase to maintain glutamine-dependent biosynthesis of asparagine. Transcription factor ATF4 induces asparagine synthetase which results in glutamine-dependent asparagine synthesis from aspartate, in turn asparagine accumulation then suppresses GCN2 and reduces ATF4
physiological function
asparagine synthetase1, but not asparagine synthetase2, is responsible for the biosynthesis of asparagine following the supply of ammonium to rice roots; asparagine synthetase1, but not asparagine synthetase2, is responsible for the biosynthesis of asparagine following the supply of ammonium to rice roots. AS1 is apparently coupled to the primary assimilation of NH+4 in rice roots
physiological function
Leishmania infantum encodes for a functional AS-A enzyme, which uses either ammonia or glutamine as nitrogen donor for asparagine synthesis. LiAS-A is required for promastigotes growth only in asparagine limiting conditions
physiological function
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asparagine synthetase transfers the amide group of glutamine to aspartate, forming asparagine and glutamate. Asparagine, glutamine, aspartate and glutamate are important nitrogen carriers transported in the phloem, asparagine is a major nitrogen transporter since it contains more nitrogen per carbon (2N:4C) compared to glutamine (2N:5C), aspartate (1N:4C) and glutamate (1N:5C). Role of isozyme ASN3-encoded asparagine synthetase during vegetative growth, seed development and germination of Arabidopsis thaliana, overview
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physiological function
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enzyme LdASNA is essential for survival of the Leishmania parasite
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physiological function
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Leishmania infantum encodes for a functional AS-A enzyme, which uses either ammonia or glutamine as nitrogen donor for asparagine synthesis. LiAS-A is required for promastigotes growth only in asparagine limiting conditions
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additional information
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transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants that overexpress CaAS1 exhibit enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis
additional information
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human enzyme activity is highly regulated in response to cell stress, primarily by increased transcription from a single gene located on chromosome 7, ASNS transcription control by C/EBP-ATF response element within the promoter. Protein limitation or an imbalanced dietary amino acid composition activate the ASNS gene through the amino acid response, a process that is replicated in cell culture through limitation for any single essential amino acid
additional information
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glutamine binds in a manner so that the carboxamide group is oriented toward the interface of the two domains to allow the transfer of an ammonia group from glutamine to aspartate
additional information
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glutamine is predicted to bind in a manner so that the carboxamide group is oriented toward the interface of the two domains to allow the transfer of an ammonia group from glutamine to aspartate
additional information
enzyme structure homology modeling, structure and sequence comparisons of the enzymes from Leishmania infantum and Leishmania major, overview
additional information
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enzyme structure homology modeling, structure and sequence comparisons of the enzymes from Leishmania infantum and Leishmania major, overview
additional information
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enzyme structure homology modeling, structure and sequence comparisons of the enzymes from Leishmania infantum and Leishmania major, overview
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + cysteine sulfinic acid
AMP + diphosphate + cysteine sulfinic acid
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-
-
?
dATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
dAMP + diphosphate + Asn + Glu
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utilized at a similar rate as ATP
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-
-
dATP + L-Asp + NH3
dAMP + diphosphate + Asn
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utilized at a similar rate as ATP
-
-
-
L-Glutamic acid gamma-monohydroxamate + H2O
Hydroxylamine + Glu
-
-
-
-
-
ATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
AMP + diphosphate + Asn + Glu
-
-
-
-
-
ATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
AMP + diphosphate + Asn + Glu
-
-
-
-
-
ATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
AMP + diphosphate + Asn + Glu
-
-
-
-
-
ATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
AMP + diphosphate + Asn + Glu
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the basic region leucine zipper protein ATF5, a transcriptional activator, stimulates asparagine promoter/reporter gene transcription via the nutrient-sensing response unit
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-
?
ATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
AMP + diphosphate + Asn + Glu
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resistance to L-asparaginase and relapse risk are associated with high expression of asparagine synthetase in TEL-AML1-negative but not in TEL-AML1-positive B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia
-
-
?
ATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
AMP + diphosphate + Asn + Glu
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the ratio of Gln- to NH4+-dependent activity is 2.5
-
-
-
ATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
AMP + diphosphate + Asn + Glu
-
-
-
-
-
ATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
AMP + diphosphate + Asn + Glu
-
-
-
-
-
ATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
AMP + diphosphate + Asn + Glu
-
-
-
-
-
ATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
AMP + diphosphate + Asn + Glu
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TaASN1 is dramatically induced by salinity, osmotic stress and exogenous abscisic acid
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-
?
ATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
AMP + diphosphate + Asn + Glu
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TaASN2 transcripts are very low in all detected tissues and conditions and are only slightly induced by abscisic acid in roots
-
-
?
ATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
AMP + diphosphate + L-Asn + L-Glu
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light, carbon and nitrogen availability control asparagine synthesis in sunflower by regulating three aspargine synthetase coding genes. HAS2 expression requires light and is positively affected by sucrose. HAS1 and HAS1.1 expression is dependent on nitrogen availability, while HAS2 transcripts are still found in N-starved plants. High ammonium level induces all three asparagine synthetase genes and partially reverts sucrose repression of HAS1 and HAS1.1
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-
?
ATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
AMP + diphosphate + L-Asn + L-Glu
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-Asp + NH2OH
AMP + diphosphate + beta-aspartylhydroxamate
-
-
-
-
ATP + L-Asp + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + Asn
-
30% of the activity relative to Gln
-
-
-
ATP + L-Asp + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + Asn
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the ratio of Gln-dependent to NH4+-dependent activity is 2.5
-
-
-
ATP + L-Asp + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + Asn
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85% of the activity relative to Gln
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-
-
ATP + L-Asp + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + L-Asn
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
ATP-dependent, mechanism including an enzyme-ATP-Asp-Gln quarternary complex, AS-B structure, two active sites
-
ir
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
glutamine is the in vivo nitrogen source
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
ATP-dependent, the amine group of Gln is transferred directly to Asp
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
transfers the amide group of Gln to Asp
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
ATP-dependent, the amine group of Gln is transferred directly to Asp, maximum activity with 1 mM Gln and 3-10 mM ATP in the assay
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
Q9SM55;
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
the enzyme might play a functional role in nitrogen translocation from root to aerial organs in Phaseolus vulgaris
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
ATP-dependent, the amine group of Gln is transferred directly to Asp
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
the reaction sequence begins with the ordered addition of ATP and aspartate. Diphosphate is released, followed by the addition of ammonia and the release of asparagine and AMP. Glutamine is simultaneously hydrolyzed at a second site and the ammonia intermediate diffuses through an interdomain protein tunnel from the site of production to the site of utilization. The data are also consistent with the dead-end binding of asparagine to the glutamine binding site and diphosphate with free enzyme. The rate of hydrolysis of glutamine is largely independent of the activation of aspartate and thus the reaction rates at the two active sites are essentially uncoupled from one another
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
A9XS73;
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine
-
asparagine biosynthesis proceeds by initial reaction of aspartate and ATP to yield a beta-aspartyl-AMP intermediate, in the presence of glutamine, ammonia released in the N-terminal active site reacts with beta-aspartyl-AMP to yield asparagine and AMP
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine
-
asparagine biosynthesis proceeds by initial reaction of aspartate and ATP to yield a beta-aspartyl-AMP intermediate, in the presence of glutamine, ammonia released in the N-terminal active site reacts with beta-aspartyl-AMP to yield asparagine and AMP
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine
-
asparagine biosynthesis proceeds by initial reaction of aspartate and ATP to yield a beta-aspartyl-AMP intermediate, in the presence of glutamine, ammonia released in the N-terminal active site reacts with beta-aspartyl-AMP to yield asparagine and AMP
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine
-
asparagine biosynthesis proceeds by initial reaction of aspartate and ATP to yield a beta-aspartyl-AMP intermediate, in the presence of glutamine, ammonia released in the N-terminal active site reacts with beta-aspartyl-AMP to yield asparagine and AMP
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine
also reaction of EC 6.3.1.1
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine
also reaction of EC 6.3.1.1
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine
-
-
-
?
GTP + L-Asp + L-Gln
GMP + diphosphate + Asn + Glu
-
15% of the activity relative to ATP
-
-
-
GTP + L-Asp + L-Gln
GMP + diphosphate + Asn + Glu
-
5.6% of the activity relative to ATP
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
physiological roles for asnB in vegetative cells and for asnO in sporulating cells, asnB may be the main gene involved in asparagine biosynthesis
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
physiological roles for asnB in vegetative cells and for asnO in sporulating cells, asnB may be the main gene involved in asparagine biosynthesis
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
comprehensive mechanism has been proposed through which either Gln or NH3 can provide nitrogen for Asn production from Asp
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
the N74D As-B mutant exhibits very low glutaminase activity
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is extremly selective, being able to discriminate between metabolites that have similar structures to Asp
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
major biosynthetic pathway for asparagine, AS gene expression is down-regulated by light
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
primary enzyme responsible for asparagine synthesis
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
Helianthus annuus contains three asparagine synthetase genes: HAS1, HAS1.1 and HAS2. Most of the asparagine newly synthesized for germination and cotyledon expansion is due to HAS2 activity, with little contribution of the other asparagine synthetase genes. All three genes work together to synthesize asparagine for leaf senescence
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
Helianthus annuus contains three asparagine synthetase genes: HAS1, HAS1.1 and HAS2. Most of the asparagine newly synthesized for germination and cotyledon expansion is due to HAS2 activity, with little contribution of the other asparagine synthetase genes. All three genes work together to synthesize asparagine for leaf senescence
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
Helianthus annuus contains three asparagine synthetase genes: HAS1, HAS1.1 and HAS2. Most of the asparagine newly synthesized for germination and cotyledon expansion is due to HAS2 activity, with little contribution of the other asparagine synthetase genes. All three genes work together to synthesize asparagine for leaf senescence
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
Helianthus annuus contains three asparagine synthetase genes: HAS1, HAS1.1 and HAS2. Most of the asparagine newly synthesized for germination and cotyledon expansion is due to HAS2 activity, with little contribution of the other asparagine synthetase genes. All three genes work together to synthesize asparagine for leaf senescence
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
upregulation of asparagine synthetase fails to avert cell cycle arrest induced by L-asparaginase in TEL/AML1-positive leukaemic cells
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
under normal growth conditions HvAS1 gene seems to be important in roots where nitrogen is assimilated into asparagine for long-distance transport within the plant
-
?
additional information
?
-
under normal growth conditions HvAS1 gene seems to be important in roots where nitrogen is assimilated into asparagine for long-distance transport within the plant
-
?
additional information
?
-
under normal growth conditions HvAS1 gene seems to be important in roots where nitrogen is assimilated into asparagine for long-distance transport within the plant
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
under normal growth conditions HvAS2 acts as a housekeeping gene in the leaves
-
?
additional information
?
-
under normal growth conditions HvAS2 acts as a housekeeping gene in the leaves
-
?
additional information
?
-
under normal growth conditions HvAS2 acts as a housekeeping gene in the leaves
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
Gln-dependent enzyme is essential for Asn synthesis when the nitrogen source is growth rate limiting
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
asparagine is formed in two steps: the beta-carboxylate group of aspartate is first activated by ATP to form an aminoacyl-AMP before its amidation by a nucleophilic attack with an ammonium ion. LdASNA is active and preferentially utilizes ammonia, although it is also capable of utilizing glutamine as a nitrogen source
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
asparagine is formed in two steps: the beta-carboxylate group of aspartate is first activated by ATP to form an aminoacyl-AMP before its amidation by a nucleophilic attack with an ammonium ion. LdASNA is active and preferentially utilizes ammonia, although it is also capable of utilizing glutamine as a nitrogen source
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
the primary site of Asn synthesis is the root and subsequently the leaves receive Asn as the principal N-source for amino acid and protein synthesis
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
primary enzyme responsible for asparagine synthesis
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
Asn, the end product of the mass action of symbiotic NH4+ synthesis, is the principal N-transport-compound of many temperate legumes
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
glutamine or glutamine-derived metabolites regulate AS expression in roots
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
nitrogen metabolism, asparagine synthesis
-
?
additional information
?
-
A9XS73;
role for hexokinase in the sugar-sensing mechanism that regulates PvNAS2 expression in roots, downregulation of the asparagine synthetase enzyme and concomitantly asparagine production. Thereby a favourable environment is created for the efficient transfer of the amido group of glutamine for the synthesis of purines, and then ureide generation.
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
role for hexokinase in the sugar-sensing mechanism that regulates PvNAS2 expression in roots, downregulation of the asparagine synthetase enzyme and concomitantly asparagine production. Thereby a favourable environment is created for the efficient transfer of the amido group of glutamine for the synthesis of purines, and then ureide generation.
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
primary enzyme responsible for asparagine synthesis
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the synthesis of Asn in mammalian tissues proceeds through the intermediate beta-aspartyladenylate
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
importance of asparagine synthetase in cell proliferation
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
the enzyme continues to produce glutamate even when the synthesis of asparagine has ceased due to a lack of aspartate
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
the enzyme continues to produce glutamate even when the synthesis of asparagine has ceased due to a lack of aspartate
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme continues to produce glutamate even when the synthesis of asparagine has ceased due to a lack of aspartate
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
NATURAL SUBSTRATES
NATURAL PRODUCTS
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
AMP + diphosphate + L-Asn + L-Glu
-
light, carbon and nitrogen availability control asparagine synthesis in sunflower by regulating three aspargine synthetase coding genes. HAS2 expression requires light and is positively affected by sucrose. HAS1 and HAS1.1 expression is dependent on nitrogen availability, while HAS2 transcripts are still found in N-starved plants. High ammonium level induces all three asparagine synthetase genes and partially reverts sucrose repression of HAS1 and HAS1.1
-
-
?
ATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
AMP + diphosphate + Asn + Glu
-
the basic region leucine zipper protein ATF5, a transcriptional activator, stimulates asparagine promoter/reporter gene transcription via the nutrient-sensing response unit
-
-
?
ATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
AMP + diphosphate + Asn + Glu
-
TaASN1 is dramatically induced by salinity, osmotic stress and exogenous abscisic acid
-
-
?
ATP + L-Asp + L-Gln
AMP + diphosphate + Asn + Glu
-
TaASN2 transcripts are very low in all detected tissues and conditions and are only slightly induced by abscisic acid in roots
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
P22106
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
glutamine is the in vivo nitrogen source
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
the enzyme might play a functional role in nitrogen translocation from root to aerial organs in Phaseolus vulgaris
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
Q9LFU1
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
Q9LFU1
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
Q2L9S5
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
E9BLE1
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
E9BLE1
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
A4I213
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
A4I213
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
A9XS73
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
D9IXC8, E7EAQ2
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
A0A1D5VHV8, A0A1D5YL35
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate
B4FFJ0, B5U8J7, B5U8J8, B5U8J9
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine
P22106
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine
-
asparagine biosynthesis proceeds by initial reaction of aspartate and ATP to yield a beta-aspartyl-AMP intermediate, in the presence of glutamine, ammonia released in the N-terminal active site reacts with beta-aspartyl-AMP to yield asparagine and AMP
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine
-
asparagine biosynthesis proceeds by initial reaction of aspartate and ATP to yield a beta-aspartyl-AMP intermediate, in the presence of glutamine, ammonia released in the N-terminal active site reacts with beta-aspartyl-AMP to yield asparagine and AMP
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine
-
asparagine biosynthesis proceeds by initial reaction of aspartate and ATP to yield a beta-aspartyl-AMP intermediate, in the presence of glutamine, ammonia released in the N-terminal active site reacts with beta-aspartyl-AMP to yield asparagine and AMP
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine
-
asparagine biosynthesis proceeds by initial reaction of aspartate and ATP to yield a beta-aspartyl-AMP intermediate, in the presence of glutamine, ammonia released in the N-terminal active site reacts with beta-aspartyl-AMP to yield asparagine and AMP
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine
E9BLE1
also reaction of EC 6.3.1.1
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine
E9BLE1
also reaction of EC 6.3.1.1
-
-
?
ATP + L-aspartate + NH3
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine
A4I213
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
physiological roles for asnB in vegetative cells and for asnO in sporulating cells, asnB may be the main gene involved in asparagine biosynthesis
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
physiological roles for asnB in vegetative cells and for asnO in sporulating cells, asnB may be the main gene involved in asparagine biosynthesis
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
comprehensive mechanism has been proposed through which either Gln or NH3 can provide nitrogen for Asn production from Asp
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
major biosynthetic pathway for asparagine, AS gene expression is down-regulated by light
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
primary enzyme responsible for asparagine synthesis
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
Helianthus annuus contains three asparagine synthetase genes: HAS1, HAS1.1 and HAS2. Most of the asparagine newly synthesized for germination and cotyledon expansion is due to HAS2 activity, with little contribution of the other asparagine synthetase genes. All three genes work together to synthesize asparagine for leaf senescence
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
Q9LKQ9
Helianthus annuus contains three asparagine synthetase genes: HAS1, HAS1.1 and HAS2. Most of the asparagine newly synthesized for germination and cotyledon expansion is due to HAS2 activity, with little contribution of the other asparagine synthetase genes. All three genes work together to synthesize asparagine for leaf senescence
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
Q9SP19
Helianthus annuus contains three asparagine synthetase genes: HAS1, HAS1.1 and HAS2. Most of the asparagine newly synthesized for germination and cotyledon expansion is due to HAS2 activity, with little contribution of the other asparagine synthetase genes. All three genes work together to synthesize asparagine for leaf senescence
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
Q9SP20
Helianthus annuus contains three asparagine synthetase genes: HAS1, HAS1.1 and HAS2. Most of the asparagine newly synthesized for germination and cotyledon expansion is due to HAS2 activity, with little contribution of the other asparagine synthetase genes. All three genes work together to synthesize asparagine for leaf senescence
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
upregulation of asparagine synthetase fails to avert cell cycle arrest induced by L-asparaginase in TEL/AML1-positive leukaemic cells
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
under normal growth conditions HvAS1 gene seems to be important in roots where nitrogen is assimilated into asparagine for long-distance transport within the plant
-
?
additional information
?
-
Q84LA5
under normal growth conditions HvAS1 gene seems to be important in roots where nitrogen is assimilated into asparagine for long-distance transport within the plant
-
?
additional information
?
-
Q93XP9
under normal growth conditions HvAS1 gene seems to be important in roots where nitrogen is assimilated into asparagine for long-distance transport within the plant
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
under normal growth conditions HvAS2 acts as a housekeeping gene in the leaves
-
?
additional information
?
-
Q84LA5
under normal growth conditions HvAS2 acts as a housekeeping gene in the leaves
-
?
additional information
?
-
Q93XP9
under normal growth conditions HvAS2 acts as a housekeeping gene in the leaves
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
Gln-dependent enzyme is essential for Asn synthesis when the nitrogen source is growth rate limiting
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
the primary site of Asn synthesis is the root and subsequently the leaves receive Asn as the principal N-source for amino acid and protein synthesis
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
primary enzyme responsible for asparagine synthesis
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
Asn, the end product of the mass action of symbiotic NH4+ synthesis, is the principal N-transport-compound of many temperate legumes
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
glutamine or glutamine-derived metabolites regulate AS expression in roots
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
nitrogen metabolism, asparagine synthesis
-
?
additional information
?
-
A9XS73
role for hexokinase in the sugar-sensing mechanism that regulates PvNAS2 expression in roots, downregulation of the asparagine synthetase enzyme and concomitantly asparagine production. Thereby a favourable environment is created for the efficient transfer of the amido group of glutamine for the synthesis of purines, and then ureide generation.
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
role for hexokinase in the sugar-sensing mechanism that regulates PvNAS2 expression in roots, downregulation of the asparagine synthetase enzyme and concomitantly asparagine production. Thereby a favourable environment is created for the efficient transfer of the amido group of glutamine for the synthesis of purines, and then ureide generation.
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
primary enzyme responsible for asparagine synthesis
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
importance of asparagine synthetase in cell proliferation
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Br-
Cl-
Co2+
I-
Mg2+
Mn2+
Ni2+
Br-
-
strong activation of Asn synthesis and Gln hydrolysis. The synthetase reactions with NH3 or NH2OH are only slightly stimulated
Cl-
-
stimulation of the Gln-dependent reaction and glutaminase reaction. Inhibition of the NH4+-dependent reaction, competitive with respect to NH4+, with negative cooperativity
Cl-
-
strong activation of Asn synthesis and Gln hydrolysis, competitive activator with respect to Gln and a noncompetitive activator with respect to MgATP2- and Asp. Cl- changes the substrate saturation kinetics of Gln from negatively cooperative to normal hyperbolic and causes a 50fold increase in the affinity for Gln. Inherent glutaminase activity is enhanced 30fold. The synthetase reactions with NH4+ or NH2OH are only slightly stimulated
Cl-
-
required for glutaminase and glutamine-dependent synthetase activity, not for the NH4+-dependent activity
Co2+
-
is the only divalent metal ion that can replace Mg2+ with 80% of the Mg2+-dependent AS-B activity activity with Gln and 52% of the Mg2+-dependent AS-B activity with NH4+
Mg2+
-
divalent metal ion required, Mg2+ more effective than Mn2+; Km: 23.7
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
INHIBITORS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane
-
trivial name 1,4-cineole, almost complete inhibition above 1 mM
8-N3ATP
-
loss of NH4+-dependent Asn synthesis, but no effect on the glutaminase activity
adenylated sulfoximine
-
0.005 mM, 65% inhibition, dead-end complex with AS-B
AMP-PNP
-
competitive vs. ATP, noncompetitive vs. aspartate, uncompetitive vs. glutamine
Cl-
-
inhibition of the ammonia-dependent reaction, competitive with respect to ammonia, with negative cooperativity. Stimulation of the Gln-dependent and glutaminase reaction
L-(alphaS,5S)-alpha-Amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-ylacetic acid
-
i.e. NSC-163501
L-1-Amino-4-oxo-5-(5'-adenosyl)phosphopentanoic acid
-
noncompetitive with respect to Gln and uncompetitive with respect to both ATP and Asp
-
L-glutamic acid gamma-methylester
-
uncompetitive vs. ATP, competitive vs. glutamine
5'-O-[p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl]adenosine
-
Cys523 is the key residue involved in the formation of the 5'-O-[p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl]adenosine-induced disulfide bond, inactivation can be reversed by addition of dithiothreitol
6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine
-
loss of Gln-dependent reactions, but no effect on ATP binding as measured during amminoa-dependent Asn synthesis
beta-methylaspartate
-
noncompetitive vs. ATP, competitive vs. aspartate, noncompetitive vs. glutamine
Gln
-
inhibitor of the NH4+-dependent reaction catalyzed by both the C1A and C1S mutants of AS-B
additional information
-
L-asparagine has no significant impact on the ammonia-dependent synthetase activity at 1 mM
-
additional information
-
mouse pancreas contains a proteolytic inhibitor of L-Asn synthetase
-
additional information
-
methionine sulfoximine completely inhibits the NH4+-induced accumulation of AS protein, but not the glutamine-induced accumulation
-
additional information
A9XS73;
PvNAS2 is downregulated when carbon availability is reduced in nodules
-
additional information
-
PvNAS2 is downregulated when carbon availability is reduced in nodules
-
additional information
-
enzyme from fetal liver extracts is significantly inhibited when combined with adult liver or tumor extracts
-
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
-
AS expression in roots is induced by NH4+ or glutamine, but not by nitrate, glutamate, aspartate and asparagine
-
additional information
A9XS73;
addition of sugars to the plants, mainly glucose, induces the enzymes leading to the increased asparagine production
-
additional information
-
addition of sugars to the plants, mainly glucose, induces the enzymes leading to the increased asparagine production
-
additional information
-
1 mM aminooxyacetic acid increases AS activity in crude extract by inhibiting various aminotransferases and preventing the assimilation of aspartate into the TCA cycle
-
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.38
aspartic acid
-
pH 8, reaction with glutamine, C-terminally tagged recombinant enzyme
1.3
L-aspartic acid
-
pH 8, reaction with NH3, C-terminally tagged recombinant enzyme
0.013
ATP
-
mutant E348D, glutamine-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; mutant E348D, synthetase activity, glutamine-dependent activity, 20 mM L-Gln, pH 8.0, 37°C
0.03
ATP
-
mutant E348D, ammonia-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; mutant E348D, synthetase activity, ammonia-dependent activity, 100 mM NH4Cl, pH 8.0, 37°C
0.08
ATP
-
pH 8, reaction with glutamine, C-terminally tagged recombinant enzyme
0.097
ATP
pH 7.6, 22°C; pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication, recombinant His-tagged isozyme ZmAsn3
0.1
ATP
-
wild-type, glutamine-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; wild-type, synthetase activity, glutamine-dependent activity, 20 mM L-Gln, pH 8.0, 37°C
0.1 - 1
ATP
pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication, recombinant His-tagged isozyme ZmAsn1
0.11
ATP
-
wild-type, ammonia-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; wild-type, synthetase activity, ammonia-dependent activity, 100 mM NH4Cl, pH 8.0, 37°C
0.125
ATP
pH 7.6, 22°C; pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication, recombinant nontagged isozyme soluble ZmAsn2
0.128
ATP
pH 7.6, 22°C; pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication, recombinant His-tagged isozyme ZmAsn2; pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication, recombinant His-tagged isozyme ZmAsn4
0.13
L-Asp
-
mutant E348D, glutamine-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; mutant E348D, synthetase activity, glutamine-dependent activity, 20 mM L-Gln, pH 8.0, 37°C
0.23
L-Asp
-
mutant E348D, ammonia-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; mutant E348D, synthetase activity, ammonia-dependent activity, 100 mM NH4Cl, pH 8.0, 37°C
0.58
L-Asp
-
wild-type, glutamine-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; wild-type, synthetase activity, glutamine-dependent activity, 20 mM L-Gln, pH 8.0, 37°C
1.2
L-Asp
-
wild-type, ammonia-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; wild-type, synthetase activity, ammonia-dependent activity, 100 mM NH4Cl, pH 8.0, 37°C
0.1 - 2
L-aspartate
pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication, recombinant His-tagged isozyme ZmAsn3
0.9 - 1
L-aspartate
pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication, recombinant nontagged soluble isozyme ZmAsn2
0.93
L-aspartate
pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication, recombinant His-tagged isozyme ZmAsn4
0.98
L-aspartate
pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication, recombinant His-tagged isozyme ZmAsn1; pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication, recombinant His-tagged isozyme ZmAsn2
1.1
L-Gln
-
mutant E348D, glutaminase activity, pH 8.0, 37°C, 5 mM ATP present
3.5
L-Gln
-
mutant E348A, glutaminase activity, pH 8.0, 37°C, 5 mM ATP present
3.9
L-Gln
-
mutant E348Q, glutaminase activity, pH 8.0, 37°C, 5 mM ATP present
0.26
L-glutamic acid gamma-monohydroxamate
-
ATP, wild-type enzyme, Gln-dependent activity
0.09
L-glutamine
pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication, recombinant His-tagged isozyme ZmAsn2
0.1 - 1
L-glutamine
pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication, recombinant nontagged soluble isozyme ZmAsn2
0.233
L-glutamine
pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication, recombinant His-tagged isozyme ZmAsn4
0.423
L-glutamine
pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication, recombinant His-tagged isozyme ZmAsn3
0.543
L-glutamine
pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication, recombinant His-tagged isozyme ZmAsn1
additional information
additional information
-
Km-values of mutant enzymes R30A, R30K, N74A, N74Q, and N79A
-
additional information
additional information
-
Km-values of a number of site-specific mutant enzymes
-
additional information
additional information
-
regulation: coregulation by light of the activities of three crucial enzymes of NH4+ assimilation and transport
-
additional information
additional information
-
kinetic mechanism, kinetic model
-
additional information
additional information
the AsnS isozymes are kinetically distinct with substantial differences in Km (Gln) and Vmax values, overview. None of the enzymes has cooperative enzyme kinetics; the AsnS isozymes are kinetically distinct with substantial differences in Km (Gln) and Vmax values, overview. None of the enzymes has cooperative enzyme kinetics; the AsnS isozymes are kinetically distinct with substantial differences in Km (Gln) and Vmax values, overview. None of the enzymes has cooperative enzyme kinetics; the AsnS isozymes are kinetically distinct with substantial differences in Km (Gln) and Vmax values, overview. None of the enzymes has cooperative enzyme kinetics
-
additional information
additional information
the AsnS isozymes are kinetically distinct with substantial differences in Km (Gln) and Vmax values, overview. None of the enzymes has cooperative enzyme kinetics; the AsnS isozymes are kinetically distinct with substantial differences in Km (Gln) and Vmax values, overview. None of the enzymes has cooperative enzyme kinetics; the AsnS isozymes are kinetically distinct with substantial differences in Km (Gln) and Vmax values, overview. None of the enzymes has cooperative enzyme kinetics; the AsnS isozymes are kinetically distinct with substantial differences in Km (Gln) and Vmax values, overview. None of the enzymes has cooperative enzyme kinetics
-
additional information
additional information
the AsnS isozymes are kinetically distinct with substantial differences in Km (Gln) and Vmax values, overview. None of the enzymes has cooperative enzyme kinetics; the AsnS isozymes are kinetically distinct with substantial differences in Km (Gln) and Vmax values, overview. None of the enzymes has cooperative enzyme kinetics; the AsnS isozymes are kinetically distinct with substantial differences in Km (Gln) and Vmax values, overview. None of the enzymes has cooperative enzyme kinetics; the AsnS isozymes are kinetically distinct with substantial differences in Km (Gln) and Vmax values, overview. None of the enzymes has cooperative enzyme kinetics
-
additional information
additional information
the AsnS isozymes are kinetically distinct with substantial differences in Km (Gln) and Vmax values, overview. None of the enzymes has cooperative enzyme kinetics; the AsnS isozymes are kinetically distinct with substantial differences in Km (Gln) and Vmax values, overview. None of the enzymes has cooperative enzyme kinetics; the AsnS isozymes are kinetically distinct with substantial differences in Km (Gln) and Vmax values, overview. None of the enzymes has cooperative enzyme kinetics; the AsnS isozymes are kinetically distinct with substantial differences in Km (Gln) and Vmax values, overview. None of the enzymes has cooperative enzyme kinetics
-
additional information
additional information
steady-state kinetics
-
additional information
additional information
-
biphasic kinetic, linear portion near 0.5
-
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TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.43
ATP
-
mutant E348D, ammonia-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; mutant E348D, synthetase activity, ammonia-dependent activity, 100 mM NH4Cl, pH 8.0, 37°C
0.51
ATP
-
mutant E348D, glutamine-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; mutant E348D, synthetase activity, glutamine-dependent activity, 20 mM L-Gln, pH 8.0, 37°C
0.9
ATP
-
wild-type, glutamine-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; wild-type, synthetase activity, glutamine-dependent activity, 20 mM L-Gln, pH 8.0, 37°C
0.96
ATP
-
wild-type, ammonia-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; wild-type, synthetase activity, ammonia-dependent activity, 100 mM NH4Cl, pH 8.0, 37°C
0.3
L-Asp
-
mutant E348D, ammonia-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; mutant E348D, synthetase activity, ammonia-dependent activity, 100 mM NH4Cl, pH 8.0, 37°C
0.45
L-Asp
-
mutant E348D, glutamine-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; mutant E348D, synthetase activity, glutamine-dependent activity, 20 mM L-Gln, pH 8.0, 37°C
0.67
L-Asp
-
wild-type, glutamine-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; wild-type, synthetase activity, glutamine-dependent activity, 20 mM L-Gln, pH 8.0, 37°C
0.75
L-Asp
-
wild-type, ammonia-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; wild-type, synthetase activity, ammonia-dependent activity, 100 mM NH4Cl, pH 8.0, 37°C
1.3
L-aspartic acid
-
pH 8, reaction with glutamine, C-terminally tagged recombinant enzyme
1.7
L-aspartic acid
-
pH 8, reaction with NH3, C-terminally tagged recombinant enzyme
4.45
L-Gln
-
mutant E348Q, glutaminase activity, pH 8.0, 37°C, 5 mM ATP present
5.8
L-Gln
-
mutant E348A, glutaminase activity, pH 8.0, 37°C, 5 mM ATP present
10.02
L-Gln
-
mutant E348D, glutaminase activity, pH 8.0, 37°C, 5 mM ATP present
3 - 6
L-glutamine
-
glutaminase activity; glutamine-dependent synthetase activity
6.08
L-glutamine
-
glutaminase activity in the presence of ATP; glutamine dependent asparagine synthetase activity
additional information
additional information
-
turnover-numbers of mutant enzymes R30A, R30K, N74A, N74Q, and N79A
-
additional information
additional information
-
turnover-numbers of a number of site-specific AS-B mutant enzymes
-
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kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs-1]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
8.7
ATP
-
wild-type, ammonia-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; wild-type, synthetase activity, ammonia-dependent activity, 100 mM NH4Cl, pH 8.0, 37°C
9
ATP
-
wild-type, glutamine-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; wild-type, synthetase activity, glutamine-dependent activity, 20 mM L-Gln, pH 8.0, 37°C
14.3
ATP
-
mutant E348D, ammonia-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; mutant E348D, synthetase activity, ammonia-dependent activity, 100 mM NH4Cl, pH 8.0, 37°C
39.2
ATP
-
mutant E348D, glutamine-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; mutant E348D, synthetase activity, glutamine-dependent activity, 20 mM L-Gln, pH 8.0, 37°C
0.63
L-Asp
-
wild-type, ammonia-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; wild-type, synthetase activity, ammonia-dependent activity, 100 mM NH4Cl, pH 8.0, 37°C
1.2
L-Asp
-
wild-type, glutamine-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; wild-type, synthetase activity, glutamine-dependent activity, 20 mM L-Gln, pH 8.0, 37°C
1.3
L-Asp
-
mutant E348D, ammonia-dependent activity, pH 8.0, 37°C; mutant E348D, synthetase activity, ammonia-dependent activity, 100 mM NH4Cl, pH 8.0, 37°C
3.45
L-Asp
-
mutant E348D, synthetase activity, glutamine-dependent activity, 20 mM L-Gln, pH 8.0, 37°C
1.14
L-Gln
-
mutant E348Q, glutaminase activity, pH 8.0, 37°C, 5 mM ATP present
1.66
L-Gln
-
mutant E348A, glutaminase activity, pH 8.0, 37°C, 5 mM ATP present
3.88
L-Gln
-
wild-type, glutaminase activity, pH 8.0, 37°C, 5 mM ATP present
9.1
L-Gln
-
mutant E348D, glutaminase activity, pH 8.0, 37°C, 5 mM ATP present
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Ki VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.25
L-asparagine
pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication, recombinant nontagged soluble isozyme ZmAsn2
0.3
L-glutamate
pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication, recombinant nontagged soluble isozyme ZmAsn2