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Information on EC 6.3.4.16 - carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia) and Organism(s) Homo sapiens and UniProt Accession P31327

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EC Tree
IUBMB Comments
The enzyme catalyses the first committed step in the urea cycle. The reaction proceeds via three separate chemical reactions: phosphorylation of hydrogencarbonate to carboxyphosphate; a nucleophilic attack of ammonia on carboxyphosphate yielding carbamate; and the phosphorylation of carbamate forming carbamoyl phosphate. Two moles of ATP are utilized for the synthesis of one molecule of carbamyl phosphate, making the reaction essentially irreversible. The enzyme requires the allosteric activator N-acetyl-L-glutamate. cf. EC 6.3.5.5, carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing).
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Homo sapiens
UNIPROT: P31327
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Word Map
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Homo sapiens
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria, Archaea
Reaction Schemes
hide(Overall reactions are displayed. Show all >>)
Synonyms
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, cpsase, carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, carbamoylphosphate synthetase, cps i, cps-i, carbamyl phosphate synthetase i, cps-1, carbamoylphosphate synthase, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase i, more
SYNONYM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
arginine-specific CPS
-
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
-
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
-
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-1
-
carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase
-
carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1
-
Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I
-
carbamyl phosphate synthetase I
-
urea-specific CPS
-
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1
-
-
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
-
-
carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1
-
-
Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I
-
-
-
-
Carbamoylphosphate synthase
-
-
-
-
Carbamoylphosphate synthase (ammonia)
-
-
-
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Carbamoylphosphate synthetase (ammonia)
-
-
-
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Carbamoylphosphate synthetase I
-
-
-
-
Carbamyl phosphate synthase I
-
-
-
-
carbamyl phosphate synthetase I
-
-
carbamyl-phosphate synthetase I
-
-
Carbamylphosphate synthetase
-
-
-
-
carbamylphosphate synthetase 1
-
-
Carbamylphosphate synthetase I
-
-
-
-
carbmoylphosphate synthetase
-
-
-
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Carbon-dioxide-ammonia ligase
-
-
-
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Carbonate kinase (phosphorylating)
-
-
-
-
CPS I
-
-
-
-
p165
-
-
REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY hide
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
2 ATP + NH3 + hydrogencarbonate = 2 ADP + phosphate + carbamoyl phosphate
show the reaction diagram
depending on their physiological role, carbonyl phosphate synthetases uses either glutamine or free ammonia as the nitrogen donor for carbamoyl phosphate synthesis, all enzymes contain the structurell equivalent of a triad-type glutamine amidotransferase, GAT, domain
-
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
amination
-
-
-
-
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
carbon-dioxide:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)
The enzyme catalyses the first committed step in the urea cycle. The reaction proceeds via three separate chemical reactions: phosphorylation of hydrogencarbonate to carboxyphosphate; a nucleophilic attack of ammonia on carboxyphosphate yielding carbamate; and the phosphorylation of carbamate forming carbamoyl phosphate. Two moles of ATP are utilized for the synthesis of one molecule of carbamyl phosphate, making the reaction essentially irreversible. The enzyme requires the allosteric activator N-acetyl-L-glutamate. cf. EC 6.3.5.5, carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing).
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY hide
9026-23-7
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT                       
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
2 ATP + NH3 + CO2 + H2O
2 ADP + phosphate + carbamoyl phosphate
show the reaction diagram
2 ATP + NH4+ + HCO3-
2 ADP + phosphate + carbamoyl phosphate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
ATP + NH3 + CO2 + H2O
ADP + phosphate + carbamoyl phosphate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
ATP + NH4+ + HCO3- + H2O
ADP + phosphate + carbamoyl phosphate
show the reaction diagram
2 ATP + NH4+ + HCO3-
2 ADP + phosphate + carbamoyl phosphate
show the reaction diagram
ATP + NH3 + CO2 + H2O
ADP + phosphate + carbamoyl phosphate
show the reaction diagram
ATP + NH4+ + CO2 + H2O
ADP + phosphate + carbamoylphosphate
show the reaction diagram
additional information
?
-
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
2 ATP + NH3 + CO2 + H2O
2 ADP + phosphate + carbamoyl phosphate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
2 ATP + NH4+ + HCO3-
2 ADP + phosphate + carbamoyl phosphate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
ATP + NH3 + CO2 + H2O
ADP + phosphate + carbamoyl phosphate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
ATP + NH4+ + HCO3- + H2O
ADP + phosphate + carbamoyl phosphate
show the reaction diagram
2 ATP + NH4+ + HCO3-
2 ADP + phosphate + carbamoyl phosphate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
ATP + NH3 + CO2 + H2O
ADP + phosphate + carbamoyl phosphate
show the reaction diagram
additional information
?
-
COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
Mn2+
-
can substitute for Mg2+ in activation, more effective on a molar basis, free Mn2+ at 5 mM and above inhibits
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
glycerol
in the presence of N-acetyl-L-glutamate the enzyme is inhibited by increasing concentrations of glycerol
Mg2+
-
above 20 mM
Mn2+
-
at or above 5 mM
additional information
-
the urea cycle enzyme CPS1 is the antigen for Hep Par 1 antibody
-
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
glycerol
the recombinant enzyme CPS1 is activated by glycerol in the absence of N-acetyl-L-glutamate
N-acetyl-L-beta-phenylglutamate
lower activation of CPSI compared to N-acetyl-L-glutamate
N-acetyl-L-glutamate
N-acetylglutamate
N-carbamyl-L-glutamate
-
acetylglutamate
N-acetylglutamate
-
essential
N-carbamoylglutamate
-
effective activator, Km: 2.0 mM
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.43 - 1.92
ATP
2.44 - 242
HCO3-
0.29 - 0.44
N-acetylglutamate
0.35 - 1.3
NH4+
0.26 - 2.2
ATP
6.7
HCO3-
-
-
0.8 - 1.3
NH4+
additional information
additional information
-
TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
5.54 - 5.73
NH3
additional information
additional information
-
-
-
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
0.43
purified recombinant tagged mutant C1327A
0.47
purified recombinant tagged mutant C1337A
0.86
purified recombinant tagged wild-type enzyme
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
7.4
assay at
7.8
-
-
pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
7 - 8.5
-
50% of maximal activity at pH 7.0 and 8.5
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
25 - 30
assay at
pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
6.3
-
sequence calculation
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
SOURCE
cultured human primary hepatocytes, express CPS1 at abundant levels
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
expressed at higher level in adult testis than in fetal testis
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
hepatoid tumors of gastric and yolk sac
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
hepatocarcinoma cell line, suppression of CPS1 expression occurs at the transcriptional level
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
hepatocarcinoma cell line, suppression of CPS1 expression occurs at the transcriptional level
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
additional information
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
malfunction
single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding CPS1 are involved, together with mutations in other genes encoding for other enzymes, in the development of severe asthma by African American children, which show a higher rate of this disease compared to other ethnics, overview. A combination of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within GSNOR, adrenergic receptor beta 2, and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-1 give a 70% predictive value for lack of response to therapy
metabolism
CPSI is the first urea cycle enzyme
physiological function
CPSI is a key regulator of the urea cycle for ammonia detoxification in animals, including humans
malfunction
physiological function
labeling of CPS1 gene in cell lines HepG2, and LO2, with fluorescence protein. In both CPS1 reporter cell lines, the fluorescence intensity is positively correlated with cellular CPS1 mRNA expression, ammonia elimination and secreted urea, and reflects ammonia detoxification in a dose-dependent manner. High-level CPS1 reporter clones also reserve other critical hepatocellular functions, for example albumin secretion and cytochrome 450 metabolic functions. Sodium phenylbutyrate and resveratrol enhance metabolism-related gene expression and liver-enriched transcription factors C/EBPalpha, HNF4alpha
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION?
CPSM_HUMAN
1500
0
164939
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 2)
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
192000
recombinant enzyme, gel filtration
202000
native enzyme, gel filtration
160000
-
1 * 160000, SDS-PAGE in presence of a reducing agent
165000
-
1 * 165000, SDS-PAGE
165000 - 178000
-
gel filtration, density gradient centrifugation
166000
-
mass spectrometry
190000
-
gel filtration
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
monomer
CRYSTALLIZATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
structures of CPS1 in the absence and in the presence of N-acetyl-L-glutamate. N-acetyl-L-glutamate binds at the C-terminal domain of CPS1 and triggers long-range conformational changes affecting the two distant phosphorylation domains. The changes, concerted with the binding of nucleotides, result in a remodeling that stabilizes the catalytically competent conformation and the building of an about 35 A long tunnel that allows migration of the carbamate intermediate to the second phosphorylation site, where carbamoyl phosphate is produced
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
A1378T
the carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase deficiency-causing mutation greatly decreases enzyme activity
A438P
inactive
Al38P
the carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase deficiency-causing mutation greatly decreases enzyme activity
C1327A
the mutant shows reduced activity compared to the wild-type enzyme, the mutation significantly alters activity at the domain C ATP site, binding of N-acetylglutamate is affected, overview
C1337A
the mutant shows reduced activity compared to the wild-type enzyme, the mutation significantly alters activity at the domain C ATP site, binding of N-acetylglutamate is affected, overview
G1376S
the mutation has no detectable effect on activity
L1381S
the mutation is clearly disease-causing (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase deficiency), since it induces strong enzyme instability
L390R
the mutation is clearly disease-causing (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase deficiency), since it induces strong enzyme instability
N355D
the carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase deficiency-causing mutation greatly decreases enzyme activity
T1406D
naturally occurring single nucleotide polymorphism, phenotype, overview
T1443A
the carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase deficiency-causing mutation greatly decreases enzyme activity
T344A
the mutation has no detectable effect on activity
T544M
the carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase deficiency-causing mutation greatly decreases enzyme activity
W1410K
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant binds N-acetyl-L-beta-phenylglutamate at the N-acetyl-L-glutamate binding site
Y389C
the carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase deficiency-causing mutation greatly decreases enzyme activity
R1262X
-
a premature stop codon mutation naturally occuring in carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 deficiency, CPS1D
R803G
-
naturally occuring missense mutation involved in carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 deficiency, CPS1D
T1405N
-
significant change in CPSI enzymatic function
additional information
TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
37
-
4 h, 30% loss of activity
46
-
5 min, 25% loss of activity
55
-
5 min, 80% loss of activity
STORAGE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
4°C, stable for at least 1 month
-
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
HisTrap column chromatography
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
expressed in Escherichia coli DH10Bac cells
gene CPS1, located on chromosome 2, genotyping, overview
gene CPSI, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, expression of the N-terminally His6-FLAG-tagged enzyme and mutant T1406D in Schizosaccharomyces pombe from pESP5, expression of mature protein of 1462 amino acid residues with the first 39 amino acids of the precursor protein replaced by a methionyl residue
gene CPSI, expression of the N-terminally His6-FLAG-tagged enzyme in Schizosaccharomyces pombe from pESP5
gene CPS1 is located on chromosome 2q35, genotyping and cloning of wild-type and mutant CPSIs in Cos7 and HeLa cells, which show increased activity with the wild-type gene, overview
-
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
human hepatocellular carcinoma cells do not express CPS1, whereas cultured human primary hepatocytes express abundant levels. CPS1 is silenced or down-regulated in liver tumor tissues compared with the matched noncancerous tissues. The expression of CPS1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells is restored with demethylation agent, 5-azacytidine. Two CpG dinucleotides, located near the transcription start site, and a CpG-rich region in the first intron are hypermethylated in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
medicine
analysis
development of a CPS1-reporter system for the assessment of ammonia metabolism. Labeling of CPS1 gene in cell lines HepG2, and LO2, with fluorescence protein. Cellular detoxification enhancers are selected among a collection of 182 small molecules. In both CPS1 reporter cell lines, the fluorescence intensity is positively correlated with cellular CPS1 mRNA expression, ammonia elimination and secreted urea, and reflects ammonia detoxification in a dose-dependent manner
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Rubio, V.; Ramponi, G.; Grisolia, S.
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I of human liver. Purification, some properties and immunological cross-reactivity with the rat liver enzyme
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
659
150-160
1981
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Pierson, D.L.; Brien, J.M.
Human carbamylphosphate synthetase I. Stabilization, purification, and partial characterization of the enzyme from human liver
J. Biol. Chem.
255
7891-7895
1980
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Summar, M.L.; Gainer, J.V.; Pretorius, M.; Malave, H.; Harris, S.; Hall, L.D.; Weisberg, A.; Vaughan, D.E.; Christman, B.W.; Brown, N.J.
Relationship between carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase genotype and systemic vascular function
Hypertension
43
186-191
2004
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Saeed-Kothe, A.; Powers-Lee, S.G.
Gain of glutaminase function in mutants of the ammonia-specific frog carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
J. Biol. Chem.
278
26722-26726
2003
Homo sapiens, Lithobates catesbeianus, Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Huo, R.; Zhu, H.; Lu, L.; Ying, L.; Xu, M.; Xu, Z.; Li, J.; Zhou, Z.; Sha, J.
Molecular cloning, identification and characteristics of a novel isoform of carbamyl phosphate synthetase I in human testis
J. Biochem. Mol. Biol.
38
28-33
2005
Homo sapiens (P31327), Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Summar, M.L.; Hall, L.; Christman, B.; Barr, F.; Smith, H.; Kallianpur, A.; Brown, N.; Yadav, M.; Willis, A.; Eeds, A.; Cermak, E.; Summar, S.; Wilson, A.; Arvin, M.; Putnam, A.; Wills, M.; Cunningham, G.
Environmentally determined genetic expression: clinical correlates with molecular variants of carbamyl phosphate synthetase I
Mol. Genet. Metab.
81 Suppl 1
S12-19
2004
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Canter, J.A.; Summar, M.L.; Smith, H.B.; Rice, G.D.; Hall, L.D.; Ritchie, M.D.; Motsinger, A.A.; Christian, K.G.; Drinkwater, D.C.; Scholl, F.G.; Dyer, K.L.; Kavanaugh-McHugh, A.L.; Barr, F.E.
Genetic variation in the mitochondrial enzyme carbamyl-phosphate synthetase I predisposes children to increased pulmonary artery pressure following surgical repair of congenital heart defects: a validated genetic association study
Mitochondrion
7
204-210
2007
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Hart, E.J.; Powers-Lee, S.G.
Role of Cys1327 and Cys1337 in redox sensitivity and allosteric monitoring in human carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
J. Biol. Chem.
284
5977-5985
2008
Homo sapiens (P31327), Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Ahuja, V.; Powers-Lee, S.G.
Human carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase: insight into N-acetylglutamate interaction and the functional effects of a common single nucleotide polymorphism
J. Inherit. Metab. Dis.
31
481-491
2008
Homo sapiens (P31327), Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Butler, S.L.; Dong, H.; Cardona, D.; Jia, M.; Zheng, R.; Zhu, H.; Crawford, J.M.; Liu, C.
The antigen for Hep Par 1 antibody is the urea cycle enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1
Lab. Invest.
88
78-88
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Pekkala, S.; Martinez, A.I.; Barcelona, B.; Gallego, J.; Bendala, E.; Yefimenko, I.; Rubio, V.; Cervera, J.
Structural insight on the control of urea synthesis: identification of the binding site for N-acetyl-L-glutamate, the essential allosteric activator of mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
Biochem. J.
424
211-220
2009
Escherichia coli, Rattus norvegicus, Homo sapiens (P31327), Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Ono, H.; Suto, T.; Kinoshita, Y.; Sakano, T.; Furue, T.; Ohta, T.
A case of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 deficiency presenting symptoms at one month of age
Brain Dev.
31
779-781
2009
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Klaus, V.; Vermeulen, T.; Minassian, B.; Israelian, N.; Engel, K.; Lund, A.M.; Roebrock, K.; Christensen, E.; Haeberle, J.
Highly variable clinical phenotype of carbamylphosphate synthetase 1 deficiency in one family: an effect of allelic variation in gene expression?
Clin. Genet.
76
263-269
2009
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Moore, P.E.; Ryckman, K.K.; Williams, S.M.; Patel, N.; Summar, M.L.; Sheller, J.R.
Genetic variants of GSNOR and ADRB2 influence response to albuterol in African-American children with severe asthma
Pediatr. Pulmonol.
44
649-654
2009
Homo sapiens (P31327), Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Liu, H.; Dong, H.; Robertson, K.; Liu, C.
DNA methylation suppresses expression of the urea cycle enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Am. J. Pathol.
178
652-661
2011
Homo sapiens (P31327), Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Haeberle, J.; Shchelochkov, O.A.; Wang, J.; Katsonis, P.; Hall, L.; Reiss, S.; Eeds, A.; Willis, A.; Yadav, M.; Summar, S.; Summar, S.; Lichtarge, O.; Rubio, V.; Wong, L.J.; Summar, M.
Molecular defects in human carbamoy phosphate synthetase I: mutational spectrum, diagnostic and protein structure considerations
Hum. Mutat.
32
579-589
2011
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Lopes-Marques, M.; Igrejas, G.; Amorim, A.; Azevedo, L.
Human carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPSI): insights on the structural role of the unknown function domains
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
421
409-412
2012
Homo sapiens (P31327), Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Diez-Fernandez, C.; Martinez, A.I.; Pekkala, S.; Barcelona, B.; Perez-Arellano, I.; Guadalajara, A.M.; Summar, M.; Cervera, J.; Rubio, V.
Molecular characterization of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (CPS1) deficiency using human recombinant CPS1 as a key tool
Hum. Mutat.
34
1149-1159
2013
Homo sapiens (P31327), Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Wang, Y.; Chang, L.; Zhai, J.; Wu, Q.; Wang, D.; Wang, Y.
Generation of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 reporter cell lines for the assessment of ammonia metabolism
J. Cell. Mol. Med.
21
3214-3223
2017
Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens (P31327)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Lee, Y.Y.; Li, C.F.; Lin, C.Y.; Lee, S.W.; Sheu, M.J.; Lin, L.C.; Chen, T.J.; Wu, T.F.; Hsing, C.H.
Overexpression of CPS1 is an independent negative prognosticator in rectal cancers receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy
Tumour Biol.
35
11097-11105
2014
Homo sapiens (P31327), Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team