Any feedback?
No. of entries
Information on EC 6.3.2.24 - tyrosine-arginine ligase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC6.3.2.24
Please wait a moment until all data is loaded. This message will disappear when all data is loaded.
EC Tree 6 Ligases
6.3 Forming carbon-nitrogen bonds
6.3.2 Acid—amino-acid ligases (peptide synthases)
6.3.2.24 tyrosine-arginine ligase
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
- 6.3.2.24
- dipeptide
- met-enkephalin
-
antinociceptive
- d-arg
- mgcl2
-
sephacryl
-
intracerebroventricular
- ng-nitro-l-arginine
-
analgesic
- cord
-
synaptosomes
- tyr-arg
- n-iminoethyl-l-ornithine
showSynonyms
kyotorphin synthetase, ktp synthetase, kyotorphin synthase, more
topPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
KTP synthetase
kyotorphin synthase
-
-
-
-
kyotorphin synthetase
kyotorphin-synthesizing enzyme
-
-
-
-
synthetase, kyotorphin
-
-
-
-
tyrosyl-arginine synthase
-
-
-
-
TyrRS
kyotorphin synthetase
-
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
ATP + L-tyrosine + L-arginine = AMP + diphosphate + L-tyrosyl-L-arginine
-
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
peptide synthase reaction
-
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
L-tyrosine:L-arginine ligase (AMP-forming)
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
116036-78-3
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ADP + L-tyrosine + L-arginine
L-tyrosyl-L-arginine + ?
-
Substrates: -
Products: 37.8% of activity compared to ATP
Products: 37.8% of activity compared to ATP
?
AMP + L-tyrosine + L-arginine
L-tyrosyl-L-arginine + ?
-
Substrates: -
Products: 1,6% of activity compared to ATP
Products: 1,6% of activity compared to ATP
?
ATP + L-arginine + leucine
? + AMP
-
Substrates: -
Products: 3.5% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
Products: 3.5% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
?
ATP + L-arginine + lysine
? + AMP
-
Substrates: -
Products: 10.3% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
Products: 10.3% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
?
ATP + L-arginine + phenylalanine
? + AMP
-
Substrates: -
Products: 10% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
Products: 10% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
?
ATP + L-arginine + tryptophan
? + AMP
-
Substrates: -
Products: 11.3% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
Products: 11.3% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
?
ATP + L-tyrosine + glutamate
? + AMP
-
Substrates: -
Products: 26.1% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
Products: 26.1% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
?
ATP + L-tyrosine + glycine
? + AMP
-
Substrates: -
Products: 1.1% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
Products: 1.1% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
?
ATP + L-tyrosine + histidine
? + AMP
-
Substrates: -
Products: 4.0% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
Products: 4.0% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
?
ATP + L-tyrosine + leucine
? + AMP
-
Substrates: -
Products: 31.4% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
Products: 31.4% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
?
ATP + L-tyrosine + lysine
? + AMP
-
Substrates: -
Products: 14.3% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
Products: 14.3% the rate of AMP formed by ATP/L-tyrosine/L-arginine
?
GTP + L-tyrosine + L-arginine
L-tyrosyl-L-arginine + ?
-
Substrates: -
Products: 20.2% of activity compared to ATP
Products: 20.2% of activity compared to ATP
?
ATP + L-tyrosine + L-arginine
AMP + diphosphate + L-tyrosyl-L-arginine
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
ATP + L-tyrosine + L-arginine
AMP + diphosphate + L-tyrosyl-L-arginine
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
ATP + L-tyrosine + L-arginine
AMP + diphosphate + L-tyrosyl-L-arginine
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
ATP + L-tyrosine + L-arginine
AMP + diphosphate + L-tyrosyl-L-arginine
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
ATP + L-tyrosine + L-arginine
L-tyrosyl-L-arginine + AMP + diphosphate
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
ATP + L-tyrosine + L-arginine
L-tyrosyl-L-arginine + AMP + diphosphate
-
Substrates: -
Products: i.e. kyotorphin
Products: i.e. kyotorphin
?
ATP + L-tyrosine + L-arginine
L-tyrosyl-L-arginine + AMP + diphosphate
-
Substrates: involved in biosynthesis of kyotorphin in rat brain
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: recombinant hTyrRS also shows tyrosine tRNA ligase activity, cf. EC 6.1.1.1
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: recombinant hTyrRS also shows tyrosine tRNA ligase activity, cf. EC 6.1.1.1
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: recombinant hTyrRS also shows tyrosine tRNA ligase activity, cf. EC 6.1.1.1
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: recombinant hTyrRS also shows tyrosine tRNA ligase activity, cf. EC 6.1.1.1
Products: -
Products: -
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + L-tyrosine + L-arginine
L-tyrosyl-L-arginine + AMP + diphosphate
-
Substrates: involved in biosynthesis of kyotorphin in rat brain
Products: -
Products: -
?
ATP + L-tyrosine + L-arginine
AMP + diphosphate + L-tyrosyl-L-arginine
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
ATP + L-tyrosine + L-arginine
AMP + diphosphate + L-tyrosyl-L-arginine
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Mg2+
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
-
not inhibitory: NG-nitro-L-arginine, N-iminoethyl-L-ornithine
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
2.2 - 9.5
-
KTP production is highest at pH 7.4, and is approximately half of that at pH 9.5. Production is markedly lower under acidic conditions at pH 3.8 and pH 2.2
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
37
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
TEMPERATURE RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
37 - 70
-
60% of maximal activity at 37°C , 30% at 70°C , maximal activity at 50°C, no activity at 100°C
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
expression pattern in mouse brain of TyrRS and KTP synthesis after Arg administration
brenda
-
expression pattern in mouse brain of TyrRS and KTP synthesis after Arg administration
-
brenda
-
TyrRS levels are greater in the midbrain and medulla oblongata than in other brain regions. When arginine is administered 2 h prior to brain dissection, the kyotorphin levels in these regions plus olfactory bulb significantly increase, although basal brain KTP levels remain relatively even
brenda
-
TyrRS levels are greater in the midbrain and medulla oblongata than in other brain regions. When arginine is administered 2 h prior to brain dissection, the kyotorphin levels in these regions plus olfactory bulb significantly increase, although basal brain KTP levels remain relatively even
-
brenda
-
TyrRS levels are greater in the midbrain and medulla oblongata than in other brain regions. When arginine is administered 2 h prior to brain dissection, the kyotorphin levels in these regions plus olfactory bulb significantly increase, although basal brain KTP levels remain relatively even
brenda
-
TyrRS levels are greater in the midbrain and medulla oblongata than in other brain regions. When arginine is administered 2 h prior to brain dissection, the kyotorphin levels in these regions plus olfactory bulb significantly increase, although basal brain KTP levels remain relatively even
-
brenda
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
highest activity in synaptosolic fraction, minor activity membrane-bound or in solubilized fraction
-
brenda
Highest Expressing Human Cell Lines
Cell Line LinksPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
malfunction
physiological function
malfunction
-
TyrRS knockdown of PC12 cells with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) in the presence of 1.6mM tyrosine, arginine, proline, or tryptophan significantly reduces the level of KTP, but not those of tyrosine-tyrosine, tyrosine-proline, or tyrosine-tryptophan. siRNA treatment does not affect cell survival or proliferation
malfunction
-
when arginine is administered 2 h prior to brain dissection, the KTP levels in these regions plus olfactory bulb significantly increase, although basal brain KTP levels remain relatively even
malfunction
-
when arginine is administered 2 h prior to brain dissection, the KTP levels in these regions plus olfactory bulb significantly increase, although basal brain KTP levels remain relatively even
-
physiological function
-
TyrRS knockdown of PC12 cells with siRNA in the presence of 1.6 mM tyrosine, arginine, proline, or tryptophan significantly reduces the level of product kyotorphin, but not those of tyrosine-tyrosine, tyrosine-proline, or tyrosine-tryptophan. siRNA treatment does not affect cell survival or proliferation
physiological function
-
tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase is a potential kyotorphin synthetase (i.e. tyrosine-arginine ligase, EC 6.3.2.24) in mammals, positive correlation across brain regions between TyrRS expression and arginine-accelerated KTP production
physiological function
-
tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase is a potential kyotorphin synthetase (i.e. tyrosine-arginine ligase, EC 6.3.2.24) in mammals, positive correlation across brain regions between TyrRS expression and arginine-accelerated KTP production
physiological function
-
tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase is a potential kyotorphin synthetase (i.e. tyrosine-arginine ligase, EC 6.3.2.24) in mammals, positive correlation across brain regions between TyrRS expression and arginine-accelerated KTP production
physiological function
-
tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase is a potential kyotorphin synthetase (i.e. tyrosine-arginine ligase, EC 6.3.2.24) in mammals, positive correlation across brain regions between TyrRS expression and arginine-accelerated KTP production
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
200000 - 300000
-
gel filtration, both enzyme from adrenal gland as well as from spinal cord
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
recombinant His6-tagged enzyme from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) by nickel affinity chromatography
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis, recombinant expression of N-terminally His6-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Ueda, H.; Yoshihara, Y.; Fukushima, N.; Shiomi, H.; Nakamura, A.; Takagi, H.
Kyotorphin (tyrosine-arginine) synthetase in rat brain synaptosomes
J. Biol. Chem.
262
8165-8173
1987
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Kawabata, A.; Muguruma, H.; Tanaka, M.; Takagi, H.
Kyotorphin synthetase activity in rat adrenal glands and spinal cord
Peptides
17
407-411
1996
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Kawabata, A.; Tanaka, M.; Muguruma, H.; Takagi, H.
NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and alpha-methyl-L-ornithine inhibit kyotorphin synthetase from rat brain
Peptides
16
1317-1319
1995
Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Tsukahara, T.; Yamagishi, S.; Neyama, H.; Ueda, H.
Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase A potential kyotorphin synthetase in mammals
Peptides
101
60-68
2018
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus C57BL/6
brenda
Ueda, H.
Review of kyotorphin research A mysterious opioid analgesic dipeptide and its molecular, physiological, and pharmacological characteristics
Front. Med. Technol.
3
662697
2021
Rattus norvegicus, Homo sapiens
brenda
EXTERNAL LINKS (specific for EC-Number 6.3.2.24)
html completed
Use of this online version of BRENDA is free under the CC BY 4.0 license. See terms of use for full details.
Release 2026.1 (March 2026)
About BRENDA
Social media
Help
Survey
Download
Contribution
Legal
Curated at
Member of
![DSMZ Digital Diversity]()
![Global Core Biodata Resource]()
![ELIXIR Core Data Resource]()
![German Network for Bioinformatics Infrastructure]()
