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Information on EC 6.3.1.2 - glutamine synthetase
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6.3.1.2 glutamine synthetaseIUBMB Comments
Glutamine synthetase, which catalyses the incorporation of ammonium into glutamate, is a key enzyme of nitrogen metabolism found in all domains of life. Several types have been described, differing in their oligomeric structures and cofactor requirements.
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Word Map
- 6.3.1.2
- aminotransferase
- gg
- glial
- astrocyte
- nitrate
- bilirubin
- sulfoximine
-
alt
-
fibrillary
- hepatocytes
- retina
- cerebral
- cholesterol
- albumin
- glutaminase
- transaminase
- creatinine
- nodule
-
adenylylation
- triglyceride
-
neurotransmitter
- bile
-
astroglial
-
neurotoxicity
-
uric
- cirrhosis
- no3
- nitrogenase
-
c-reactive
-
excitatory
-
excitotoxicity
-
glutamatergic
-
hyperammonemia
- l-methionine
- pii
-
periportal
- gamma-gt
- anabaena
- cholestasis
-
n2-fixing
-
photorespiratory
-
drinker
-
pericentral
-
assimilatory
- gamma-glutamyltransferase
- adenylyltransferase
-
photorespiration
-
remobilization
-
corpuscular
- synthesis
- analysis
- pharmacology
- medicine
- drug development
- diagnostics
- heterocysts
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
Synonyms
AmGLN1, ATP glutamate-ammonia ligase, Chloroplast GS2, Clone lambda-GS28, Clone lambda-GS31, Clone lambda-GS8, Cytoplasmic GS3, Cytosolic GS1, gamma-glutamyl transferase, gamma-glutamyl:ammonia ligase, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
Chloroplast GS2
-
-
-
-
Clone lambda-GS28
-
-
-
-
Clone lambda-GS31
-
-
-
-
Clone lambda-GS8
-
-
-
-
Cytoplasmic GS3
-
-
-
-
Cytosolic GS1
-
-
-
-
gamma-glutamyl transferase
gamma-glutamyl:ammonia ligase
gamma-glutamylhydroxamate synthetase
Gln isozyme alpha
-
-
-
-
Gln isozyme beta
-
-
-
-
Gln isozyme gamma
-
-
-
-
GLN1,4
GLN2
GlnA
GlnA1
GlnA2
GluA
GLUL
Glutamate--ammonia ligase
-
-
-
-
glutamate-ammonia ligase
-
-
-
-
Glutamine synthetase
glutamine synthetase I
glutamine synthetase type III
Glutamylhydroxamic synthetase
-
-
-
-
GS
-
-
-
-
GS type I
GS(1)
-
-
-
-
GS1
GS107
-
-
-
-
GS112
-
-
-
-
GS117
-
-
-
-
GS122
-
-
-
-
GS1a
GS2
GS3
GSI
GSII
-
-
-
-
GSIII
Isozyme delta
-
-
-
-
L-Glutamine synthetase
LDBPK_060370
LdGS
MM_0964
MtGS
N47/N48
-
-
-
-
protein transacetylase
S2205/S2287
-
-
-
-
SSO0366
Synthetase, glutamine
-
-
-
-
TAase
Glutamine synthetase
-
-
-
-
Glutamine synthetase
-
-
Glutamine synthetase
-
-
Glutamine synthetase
-
GS1
-
-
-
-
GS2
-
-
-
-
GSI
-
-
-
-
GSIII
-
-
-
-
L-Glutamine synthetase
-
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
reaction mechanism
-
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
reaction mechanism
-
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
reaction mechanism
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
reaction mechanism
-
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
reaction mechanism
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
reaction mechanism
-
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
reaction mechanism
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
reaction mechanism
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
reaction mechanism
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
reaction mechanism
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
reaction mechanism
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
reaction mechanism
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
ordered three-reactant system with the binding order: NH4+, L-Glu and ATP
-
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
reaction mechanism and transition state analogue, overview
-
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
random catalysis mechanism where the binding order of certain substrates is kinetically preferred by the enzyme
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
structure-function relationship and catalytic mechanism, overview
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
in the first step of catalysis, a tightly bound, activated intermediate, gamma-glutamyl phosphate, is formed when the terminal phosphate of ATP is transferred to the carboxylate side chain of the substrate glutamate. In the second step, an enzyme-bound ammonium ion is deprotonated, forming ammonia that attacks the carbonyl carbon of gamma-glutamyl phosphate to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The enzyme subsequently releases free phosphate and glutamine
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
structure-function relationship and catalytic mechanism, overview
-
-
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
in the first step of catalysis, a tightly bound, activated intermediate, gamma-glutamyl phosphate, is formed when the terminal phosphate of ATP is transferred to the carboxylate side chain of the substrate glutamate. In the second step, an enzyme-bound ammonium ion is deprotonated, forming ammonia that attacks the carbonyl carbon of gamma-glutamyl phosphate to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The enzyme subsequently releases free phosphate and glutamine
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 25618 / H37Rv
-
-
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
reaction mechanism
-
-
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Acid amide hydrolysis
-
-
carboxylic
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
KEGG
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)
Glutamine synthetase, which catalyses the incorporation of ammonium into glutamate, is a key enzyme of nitrogen metabolism found in all domains of life. Several types have been described, differing in their oligomeric structures and cofactor requirements.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9023-70-5
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + 3-aminopentanedioate + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + gamma-glutamylhydroxamate
the enzyme is more selective for L-glutamate (alpha-glutamate) than 3-aminopentanedioate (beta-glutamate) as a substrate
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + methylamine
ADP + phosphate + L-Gln + ?
-
7% of the activity with NH4+, at pH 8.0, activated with 30 mM Mg2+
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + gamma-L-glutamyl hydroxamate + NH3
-
in presence of Mn2+
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + L-gamma-glutamylhydroxamate
-
photometric determination of GS activity based on formation of an L-gamma-glutamylhydroxamate ferric chloride complex using hydroxylamine instead of ammonia
-
-
?
L-Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
L-gamma-glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
?
L-glutamine + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-glutamylhydroxamate + NH3 + ?
-
partial reverse reaction
-
-
?
TTP + L-Glu + NH4+
TDP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
10% of the activity relative to ATP
-
-
?
2 ATP + 2 L-glutamate + 2 NH3
2 ADP + 2 phosphate + D-glutamine + D-isoglutamine
GlnA2 catalyses the synthesis of D-glutamine and D-isoglutamine and is essential for bacterial growth
-
-
?
2 ATP + 2 L-glutamate + 2 NH3
2 ADP + 2 phosphate + D-glutamine + D-isoglutamine
GlnA2 catalyses the synthesis of D-glutamine and D-isoglutamine
-
-
?
2 ATP + 2 L-glutamate + 2 NH3
2 ADP + 2 phosphate + D-glutamine + D-isoglutamine
GlnA2 catalyses the synthesis of D-glutamine and D-isoglutamine and is essential for bacterial growth
-
-
?
2 ATP + 2 L-glutamate + 2 NH3
2 ADP + 2 phosphate + D-glutamine + D-isoglutamine
GlnA2 catalyses the synthesis of D-glutamine and D-isoglutamine
-
-
?
ADP + L-glutamine + hydroxylamine
gamma-glutamylhydroxamate + ?
-
-
-
r
ADP + L-glutamine + hydroxylamine
gamma-glutamylhydroxamate + ?
-
-
-
r
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
-
-
-
r
ATP + 3-aminopentanedioate + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + ?
the enzyme is more selective for L-glutamate (alpha-glutamate) than for 3-aminopentanedioate (beta-glutamate) as a substrate
-
-
?
ATP + 3-aminopentanedioate + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + ?
the enzyme is more selective for L-glutamate (alpha-glutamate) than for 3-aminopentanedioate (beta-glutamate) as a substrate
-
-
?
ATP + 3-aminopentanedioate + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + ?
-
the activity with is 3-aminopentanedioate (beta-glutamate) is 7fold less than the rate obtained with alpha-glutamate
-
-
?
ATP + adipate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + ?
75% of the activity observed with glutamate
-
-
?
ATP + adipate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + ?
75% of the activity observed with glutamate
-
-
?
ATP + gamma-aminobutyrate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + ?
50% of the activity observed with glutamate
-
-
?
ATP + gamma-aminobutyrate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + ?
50% of the activity observed with glutamate
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, ammonia assimilation
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, ammonia assimilation
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, elimination of glutamate from animal brain
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, ammonia assimilation
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, assimilation of ammonia for protein synthesis
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, elimination of glutamate from animal brain
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, elimination of glutamate from animal brain
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, postulated to be necessary for the synthesis of the cell wall component poly(L-glutamine-L-glutamate)
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, postulated to be necessary for the synthesis of the cell wall component poly(L-glutamine-L-glutamate)
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, ammonia assimilation
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, ammonia assimilation
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, assimilation of ammonia
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, key enzyme of glutamate metabolism, reduction of local concentrations of glutamate and ammonia
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, provides glutamine for biosynthesis, ammonia assimilation
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, involved in nitrogen assimilation pathway
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + ethylamine
ADP + phosphate + ?
-
slightly effective
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + ethylamine
ADP + phosphate + ?
-
slightly effective
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + ethylamine
ADP + phosphate + ?
-
slightly effective
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + ethylamine
ADP + phosphate + ?
-
slightly effective
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + ethylamine
ADP + phosphate + ?
-
slightly effective
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + ethylamine
ADP + phosphate + L-Gln + ?
-
1% of the activity with NH4+, at pH 8.0, activated with 30 mM Mg2+
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + ethylamine
ADP + phosphate + L-Gln + ?
-
1% of the activity with NH4+, at pH 8.0, activated with 30 mM Mg2+
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + gamma-glutamyl hydroxamate
-
59% of the activity relative to NH4+
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + gamma-glutamyl hydroxamate
-
59% of the activity relative to NH4+
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + gamma-glutamyl hydroxamate
-
13% of the activity relative to NH4+
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + gamma-glutamyl hydroxamate
-
13% of the activity relative to NH4+
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + gamma-glutamyl hydroxamate
-
10% of the activity relative to NH4+
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + gamma-glutamyl hydroxamate
-
10% of the activity relative to NH4+
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + gamma-glutamyl hydroxamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + gamma-glutamyl hydroxamate
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + L-Gln + ?
-
32% of the activity with NH4+
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + L-Gln + ?
-
32% of the activity with NH4+
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + methylamine
ADP + phosphate + ?
-
slightly effective
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + methylamine
ADP + phosphate + ?
-
slightly effective
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + methylamine
ADP + phosphate + ?
-
slightly effective
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + methylamine
ADP + phosphate + ?
-
slightly effective
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + methylamine
ADP + phosphate + ?
-
slightly effective
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + methylamine
ADP + phosphate + ?
-
slightly effective
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
?
-
glutamate synthetase cycle provides the only efficient pathway for the conversion of inorganic nitrogen to the organic form
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
?
-
kinetic regulation of this enzyme may play a significant role in ammonia detoxication and rate of formation of Gln-derived neurotransmitters in fish brain
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
?
-
glutamine produced by the enzyme serves as a source of nitrogen atoms in the biosynthesis of all amino acids, purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, of glucosamine 6-phosphate, 4-aminobenzoic acid, and of nicotinamide derivatives. Glutamine synthetase links the assimilation of NH4+ with biosynthetic pathways leading to the formation of proteins, nucleic acids, complex polysaccharides, and different coenzymes
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
?
-
roles of the enzyme in pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: 1. synthesis of Glu, that is a major component of the cell wall of pathogenic mycobacteria, 2. modulation of the NH4+ level in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
?
-
first step at which nitrogen is brought into cellular metabolism, the product Glu, a source of nitrogen in the biosynthesis of many other metabolites
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
isoenzyme GS1b (EC 6.3.1.2) in concert with NADH-dependent GOGAT (EC 1.4.1.14) constitute the major route of assimilation of ammonium derived from reserve mobilization and glutamic acid/glutamine synthesis in germinating Medicago truncatula seeds. However, during post-germinative growth, although germination is held in darkness, expression of GS2 and Fd-GOGAT (EC 1.4.7.1) increases and expression of GS1b decreases in cotyledons but not in the embryo axis
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-Gln
serves for assimilation of ammonium in rice root, and ameliorates the toxic effect of ammonium excess
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
enzyme can bind 8 M of ATP per mol of enzyme
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
1 mol of enzyme can bind 5 M ATP
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
enzyme form EII is almost absolutely specific for ATP, but enzyme form E1 can also use ITP, GTP and UTP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + gamma-glutamyl hydroxamate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + gamma-glutamyl hydroxamate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + gamma-L-glutamylhydroxamate
the enzyme is more selective for L-glutamate (alpha-glutamate) than for 3-aminopentanedioate (beta-glutamate) as a substrate
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + gamma-L-glutamylhydroxamate
the enzyme is more selective for L-glutamate (alpha-glutamate) than for 3-aminopentanedioate (beta-glutamate) as a substrate
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + gamma-L-glutamylhydroxamate
the enzyme is more selective for L-glutamate (alpha-glutamate) than for 3-aminopentanedioate (beta-glutamate) as a substrate
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + hydroxylamine
ADP + phosphate + gamma-L-glutamylhydroxamate
-
the activity with L-glutamate is 7fold higher than the rate obtained with 3-aminopentanedioate (beta-glutamate)
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
senescence-specific downregulation of plastidic glutamine synthetase, this is retarded by fertilisation of plants with nitrate or ammonium, but not urea, at the onset of leaf senescence, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
the enzyme is involved in the regulation of the nitrogen metabolism, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
the enzyme is involved in the signal transduction for regulation of the nitrogen metabolism, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phosphate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phosphate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phosphate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
NH3 in form of NH4Cl
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
dogs show altered L-glutamate distribution and reduced enzyme content in primary glaucoma and ischemia, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
the enzyme activity eliminates cytotoxic ammonia, at the same time converting neurotoxic glutamate to harmless glutamine, enzyme activity defects are linked to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
loop movements near the active site generate more closed forms of the eukaryotic enzyme when substrates are bound
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phosphate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phosphate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
the enzyme is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation via the incorporation of ammonia the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, GS/GOGAT, pathway, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
GlnA1 is essential for survival in vitro, while GlnA2 is probably not
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
the enzyme expressed in the plancenta is actively involved in the provision of glutamine to the fetus
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phosphate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
r
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
isozyme GS2 is involved in osmoregulation of the cells and is part of the chloride regulon of Halobacillus halophilus, overview. At moderate salinities Halobacillus halophilus mainly accumulates glutamine and glutamate to adjust turgor, while it produces proline at high salinity. Halobacillus halophilus also shifts its osmolyte strategy at the transition from the exponential to the stationary phase where proline is exchanged by ectoine, regulation mechanism, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
extracellular glutamate, loss of the glutamate-metabolizing enzyme glutamine synthetase and proliferation of astrocytes are associated with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, MTLE. Glial proliferation, i.e. gliosis, contributes to the epileptogenicity of the human hippocampus in MTLE, levels of extracellular glutamate are more than five-fold increased in the MTLE hippocampus, glutamate-glutamine cycle, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
glutamine also acts as a signaling molecule, physiological functions of glutamine, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
glutamine synthetase is essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
the enzyme activity eliminates cytotoxic ammonia, at the same time converting neurotoxic glutamate to harmless glutamine, enzyme activity defects are linked to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phosphate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
loop movements near the active site generate more closed forms of the eukaryotic enzyme when substrates are bound
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
senescence-specific downregulation of plastidic glutamine synthetase isozyme GS2, this is retarded by fertilisation of plants with nitrate or ammonium, but not urea, at the onset of leaf senescence, GS2 downregulation preceeds upregulation of lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phopshate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
r
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
the enzyme plays a pivotal role in the mammalian brain where it allows neurotransmitter glutamate recycling within astroglia
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phosphate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
r
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
GlnA1 catalyses the synthesis of L-glutamine and is nonessential for bacterial growth
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
glnA1 is essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
GlnA3 catalyses the synthesis of L-glutamine and are nonessential for bacterial growth
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
GlnA4 catalyses the synthesis of L-glutamine and are nonessential for bacterial growth
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
only GlnA1 appears to be the functional enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism in vivo in the organism, the enzyme is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation via the incorporation of ammonia the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, GS/GOGAT, pathway, overview. GlnA1 is associated with virulence and pathogenicity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phopshate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
amino acid binding site and structure, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
GlnA1 catalyses the synthesis of L-glutamine
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
GlnA3 catalyses the synthesis of L-glutamine
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
GlnA4 catalyses the synthesis of L-glutamine
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 25618 / H37Rv
-
-
-
r
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 25618 / H37Rv
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
only GlnA1 appears to be the functional enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism in vivo in the organism, the enzyme is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation via the incorporation of ammonia the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, GS/GOGAT, pathway, overview. GlnA1 is associated with virulence and pathogenicity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phopshate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
GlnA1 catalyses the synthesis of L-glutamine and is nonessential for bacterial growth
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
GlnA1 catalyses the synthesis of L-glutamine
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
glnA1 is essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
amino acid binding site and structure, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phosphate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phosphate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
the enzyme is involved in regulation of ammonium assimilation requirements during tree development, regulatory mechanism for the transcriptional control of the spatial distribution of cytosolic GS isoforms in pine, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phopshate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
GSIII-1, and GSIII-2, no activity of GSI
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
GSIII-1, and GSIII-2, no activity of GSI
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
brain injuries are usually associated with an increase in the expression of the glutamate-converting enzyme glutamine synthetase
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
enzyme regulation involving L-glutamate uptake, Ca2+, and P2X7 receptors, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
the astrocyte-specific glutamine synthetase plays a key role in glutamate recycling and gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism, it is involved in nitrosative stress response in the brain, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
the enzyme is involved in development of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, MTLE
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
upon tissue damage, the enzyme endogenous GS is released from glial cells in the extracellular space, where it converts glutamate into glutamine, which is a nonneurotoxic amino acid
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phopshate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phosphate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phosphate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
Sorghum sp.
-
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phosphate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phopshate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
only GlnA1 appears to be the functional enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism in vivo in the organism, the enzyme is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation via the incorporation of ammonia the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, GS/GOGAT, pathway, the transcriptional regulator GlnR is involved in regulation of the enzyme activity and is able to function as both an activator and repressor of transcription, overview. GSII probably plays and important role in mycelial development as well as differential glnA1 and glnII transcriptional regulation
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
glutamine synthetase catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of ammonia and glutamate to glutamine in the pericentral zone
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phosphate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
GS sub-families vary during leaf development and senescence, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
GS sub-families vary during leaf development and senescence, overview. The cytosolic isozymes GS1 and GSr, dominant enzyme forms during leaf senescence, play major roles in assimilating ammonia during the critical phases of remobilisation of nitrogen to the grain, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phosphate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phosphate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
a two-step reaction with phosphorylation of L-glutamate by ATP to give gamma-glutamyl phosphate followed by addition of ammonia and release of phosphate resulting in L-glutamine, phosphate and ADP
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
glutamine synthetase is a key enzyme in nitrogen assimilation
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
glutamine synthetase is a key enzyme in nitrogen assimilation. Isoenzyme GLN1,1 accumulates in the surface layers of root during nitrogen limitation
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
the GLN2 gene product functions in both leaf mitochondria and chloroplasts to faciliate ammonium recovery during photorespiration
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
r
ATP + L-glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
-
r
ATP + L-glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
r
ATP + L-glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
ammonium assimilation by glutamine synthetase is coupled to the function of the ammonium channel AmtB
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
it is proposed that the induction of glutamine synthetase genes early in development and the subsequent formation of the active protein are preparatory for the increased capacity of the embryo to convert the toxic nitrogen end product, ammonia, into glutamine, which may then be utilized in the ornithine-urea cycle or other pathways
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
serves for assimilation of ammonium in rice root, and ameliorates the toxic effect of ammonium excess
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
biosynthesis of glutamine
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
biosynthesis of glutamine
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
the enzyme is specific for glutamate. Aspartate, asparagine or histidine support less than 10% of the activity observed with glutamate. All the other amino acids do not promote ATP hydrolysis
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
the enzyme is specific for glutamate. Aspartate, asparagine or histidine support less than 10% of the activity observed with glutamate. All the other amino acids do not promote ATP hydrolysis
-
-
?
ATP + pentanedioate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + ?
50% of the activity observed with glutamate
-
-
?
ATP + pentanedioate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + ?
50% of the activity observed with glutamate
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
maximal transferase activity with ADP, and good activity with AMP and GDP
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
maximal transferase activity with ADP, and good activity with AMP and GDP
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
ADP or ATP required
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
-
?
Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-Glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
-
?
GTP + L-Glu + NH4+
GDP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
15% of the activity relative to ATP
-
-
?
GTP + L-Glu + NH4+
GDP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
15% of the activity relative to ATP
-
-
?
GTP + L-Glu + NH4+
GDP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
59% of the activity relative to ATP
-
-
?
GTP + L-Glu + NH4+
GDP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
45% of the activity relative to ATP
-
-
?
GTP + L-Glu + NH4+
GDP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
26% of the activity with ATP
-
-
?
GTP + L-Glu + NH4+
GDP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
26% of the activity with ATP
-
-
?
GTP + L-Glu + NH4+
GDP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
enzyme form EII is almost absolutely specific for ATP, but enzyme form E1 can also use ITP, GTP and UTP
-
-
?
hydroxylamine + L-glutamine + ATP
L-gamma-glutamyl-hydroxamate + ammonia + ADP
gamma-glutamylhydroxamate synthetase activity
-
-
?
hydroxylamine + L-glutamine + ATP
L-gamma-glutamyl-hydroxamate + ammonia + ADP
gamma-glutamylhydroxamate synthetase activity
-
-
?
hydroxylamine + L-glutamine + ATP
L-gamma-glutamyl-hydroxamate + ammonia + ADP
-
gamma-glutamylhydroxamate synthetase activity, GSI, GSIII-1, and GSIII-2
-
-
r
hydroxylamine + L-glutamine + ATP
L-gamma-glutamyl-hydroxamate + ammonia + ADP
-
gamma-glutamylhydroxamate synthetase activity, GSI, GSIII-1, and GSIII-2
-
-
r
hydroxylamine + L-glutamine + ATP
L-gamma-glutamyl-hydroxamate + ammonium + ADP
gamma-glutamylhydroxamate synthetase activity
-
-
r
hydroxylamine + L-glutamine + ATP
L-gamma-glutamyl-hydroxamate + ammonium + ADP
gamma-glutamylhydroxamate synthetase activity
-
-
r
ITP + L-Glu + NH4+
IDP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
32% of the activity relative to ATP
-
-
?
ITP + L-Glu + NH4+
IDP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
18% of the activity with ATP
-
-
?
ITP + L-Glu + NH4+
IDP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
18% of the activity with ATP
-
-
?
ITP + L-Glu + NH4+
IDP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
enzyme form EII is almost absolutely specific for ATP, but E1 can also use ITP, GTP and UTP
-
-
?
L-Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
-
?
L-Gln + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
-
?
L-glutamine + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
-
-
-
-
?
L-glutamine + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
gamma-glutamyltransferase activity
-
-
?
L-glutamine + hydroxylamine + ADP
gamma-glutamylhydroxamate + NH4+ + ?
gamma-glutamyltransferase activity
-
-
?
UTP + L-Glu + NH4+
UDP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
10% of the activity relative to ATP
-
-
?
UTP + L-Glu + NH4+
UDP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
enzyme form EII is almost absolutely specific for ATP, but E1 can also use ITP, GTP and UTP
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
feedback-inhibited glutamine synthetase acts as a molecular chaperone to stabilize the association of dimers of transcripion factor GlnR, the repressor of the glutamine synthetase operon in Bacillus subtilis, with their DNA binding sites, molecular mechanism, overview. The cell shuts off synthesis of GS, and hence of glutamine, when both the enzyme and its product are in excess. The feedback-inhibited enzyme also regulates the activity of TnrA, the global regulator of nitrogen metabolism genes, but by a very different mechanism, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the glutamine synthetase transmits the nitrogen regulatory signal to GlnR, a transcription factor involved in nitrogen metabolism regulation, the enzyme interacts with GlnR via the factor's C-terminal autoinhibitory domain, the protein-protein interaction of GlnR and glutamine synthetase stabilizes the GlnR-DNA complexes, interaction analysis of enzyme with wild-type and truncated GlnR proteins, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
structure-activity relationship, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the feedback-inhibited enzyme, acting as a chaperone, is required for the binding of transcription factor GlnR to DNA, the feedback inhibition of GS by L-glutamine induces the sequence-specific binding of transcription factor GlnR to DNA in nitrogen metabolism regulation by 32fold and reduces the dissociation rate by 18fold stabilizing the complexes, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
structure-activity relationship, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the role of GS in humans depends on tissue localization. In the brain, it regulates the levels of toxic ammonia and converts neurotoxic glutamate to harmless glutamine, whereas in the liver, it is one of the enzymes responsible for the removal of ammonia
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the role of GS in humans depends on tissue localization. In the brain, it regulates the levels of toxic ammonia and converts neurotoxic glutamate to harmless glutamine, whereas in the liver, it is one of the enzymes responsible for the removal of ammonia
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
active site structure analysis, conformational changes near the active sites upon ligand binding, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
active site structure analysis, conformational changes near the active sites upon ligand binding, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme acts as an acetyl-CoA independent acetyltransferase mediating the transfer of acetyl group(s) from polyphenolic acetates to certain functional proteins in mammalian cells, e.g. protein acetylation by a model acetoxy drug 7, 8-diacetoxy-4-methylcoumarin, or acetylation and inhibition of glutathione transferase using polyphenolic actetate, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
structure-activity relationship, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
GS is involved in the assimilation of ammonia in the plant. GS catalyzes the ATP-dependent condensation of NH3 with glutamate to produce glutamine
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
GS is involved in the assimilation of ammonia in the plant. GS catalyzes the ATP-dependent condensation of NH3 with glutamate to produce glutamine
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
regulation of ammonium assimilation in Haloferax mediterranei involves complex formation between glutamine synthetase and two GlnK proteins, overview. The protein-protein interaction increases glutamine synthetase activity in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
regulation of ammonium assimilation in Haloferax mediterranei involves complex formation between glutamine synthetase and two GlnK proteins, overview. The protein-protein interaction increases glutamine synthetase activity in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
regulation of ammonium assimilation in Haloferax mediterranei involves complex formation between glutamine synthetase and two GlnK proteins, overview. The protein-protein interaction increases glutamine synthetase activity in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
elevations in c-jun may be a potential cause of the glutamine synthetase deficiency in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, MTLE, pathology, overview. The enzyme is also regulated by glucocorticoids and proinflammatory cytokines
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
extracellular glutamate in the hippocampus causes recurrent seizures and is involved in medically intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, MTLE, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
loss of glutamine synthetase activity either inherited or induced through L-methionine sulfoximine leads to an upregulation of the glutamine synthetase protein but not of the glutamine synthetase mRNA and results in a significant drop in the proliferation rate but has no effect on apoptosis. Exogenous glutamine does not influence the rate of apoptosis but increases proliferation rates of the fetal but not the mature fibroblasts
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme is a target for activation through the signal transducer protein Wnt in the Wnt pathway, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the role of GS in humans depends on tissue localization. In the brain, it regulates the levels of toxic ammonia and converts neurotoxic glutamate to harmless glutamine, whereas in the liver, one of the enzymes is responsible for the removal of ammonia
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
under healthy conditions, the major site of glutamine utilization is the absorptive columnar epithelium of the small intestine, where glutamine serves as the major respiratory fuel of enterocytes, interorgan flux of glutamine, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
Wnt and steroid pathways control glutamate signalling by regulating glutamine synthetase activity in osteoblastic cells, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
active site structure analysis, conformational changes near the active sites upon ligand binding, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
structure-activity relationship, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
structure-activity relationship, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
structure-activity relationship, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
essential enzyme involved in the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
glutamine synthetase is involved in nitrogen metabolism, and four enzymes are regulating glutamine synthetase activity and/or nitrogen and glutamate metabolism: adenylyl transferase, i.e. GlnE, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase, i.e. GshA, UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine-D-glutamate ligase, i.e. MurD, and glutamate racemase, i.e. MurI
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
glutamine synthetase is involved in nitrogen metabolism, and four enzymes are regulating glutamine synthetase activity and/or nitrogen and glutamate metabolism: adenylyl transferase, i.e. GlnE, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase, i.e. GshA, UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine-D-glutamate ligase, i.e. MurD, and glutamate racemase, i.e. MurI
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
glutamine synthetase is involved in nitrogen metabolism, and four enzymes are regulating glutamine synthetase activity and/or nitrogen and glutamate metabolism: adenylyl transferase, i.e. GlnE, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase, i.e. GshA, UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine-D-glutamate ligase, i.e. MurD, and glutamate racemase, i.e. MurI
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
glutamine synthetase is involved in nitrogen metabolism, and four enzymes are regulating glutamine synthetase activity and/or nitrogen and glutamate metabolism: adenylyl transferase, i.e. GlnE, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase, i.e. GshA, UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine-D-glutamate ligase, i.e. MurD, and glutamate racemase, i.e. MurI
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
structure-activity relationship, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
structure-activity relationship, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
glutamine synthetase is involved in nitrogen metabolism, and four enzymes are regulating glutamine synthetase activity and/or nitrogen and glutamate metabolism: adenylyl transferase, i.e. GlnE, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase, i.e. GshA, UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine-D-glutamate ligase, i.e. MurD, and glutamate racemase, i.e. MurI
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme acts as an acetyl-CoA independent acetyltransferase mediating the transfer of acetyl group(s) from polyphenolic acetates to certain functional proteins in mammalian cells, e.g. protein acetylation by a model acetoxy drug 7, 8-diacetoxy-4-methylcoumarin, or acetylation and inhibition of glutathione transferase using polyphenolic actetate, substrate specificity, overview. The TAase activity of MTAase is independent of the catalytic activity of the glutamine synthetase
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme acts as an acetyl-CoA independent acetyltransferase mediating the transfer of acetyl group(s) from polyphenolic acetates to certain functional proteins in mammalian cells, e.g. protein acetylation by a model acetoxy drug 7, 8-diacetoxy-4-methylcoumarin, or acetylation and inhibition of glutathione transferase using polyphenolic actetate, substrate specificity, overview. The TAase activity of MTAase is independent of the catalytic activity of the glutamine synthetase
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
PpDof5 has an antagonistic regulatory function in the expression of GS1a and GS1b promoters in pine protoplasts transfected with the transcription factor under control of CaMV 35S promoter, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
PpDof5 has an antagonistic regulatory function in the expression of GS1a and GS1b promoters in pine protoplasts transfected with the transcription factor under control of CaMV 35S promoter, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the isozymes show glutamine gamma-transferase activity, overview. Activities of the isozymes catalyzing ATP hydrolysis, overview. GSI has an about 100fold lower ATPase activity compared to ATPase activities of GSIII-1 and -2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the isozymes show glutamine gamma-transferase activity, overview. Activities of the isozymes catalyzing ATP hydrolysis, overview. GSI has an about 100fold lower ATPase activity compared to ATPase activities of GSIII-1 and -2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
glutamine synthetase is likely to play a regulatory role in the control of sporulation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
in reactions in which Mn2+ is used, GTP, UTP, and CTP havea limited ability to replace ATP (less than 30%), while in reactions in which Mg2+ was used, complete inhibition by these NTPs is observed. Broad NTP specificity of hyperthermophilic archaeon synthetases suggests that enzymes of ancestral life forms can utilize various NTPs besides ATP
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
in reactions in which Mn2+ is used, GTP, UTP, and CTP havea limited ability to replace ATP (less than 30%), while in reactions in which Mg2+ was used, complete inhibition by these NTPs is observed. Broad NTP specificity of hyperthermophilic archaeon synthetases suggests that enzymes of ancestral life forms can utilize various NTPs besides ATP
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
in reactions in which Mn2+ is used, GTP, UTP, and CTP havea limited ability to replace ATP (less than 30%), while in reactions in which Mg2+ was used, complete inhibition by these NTPs is observed. Broad NTP specificity of hyperthermophilic archaeon synthetases suggests that enzymes of ancestral life forms can utilize various NTPs besides ATP
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
deficiency in hippocampal glutamine synthetase causes recurrent seizures, even in the absence of classical mesial temporal sclerosis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
glutamine synthetase protects the spinal cord against hypoxia-induced and GABA(A) receptor-activated axonal depressions, it may inhibit the depression of CAP amplitudes by blocking GABAA receptors, overview. GS significantly reduces the axonal depression effects of isoguvacine
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
rats with pentylenetetrazole-induced repetitive epileptic seizures show increased heat shock responseand reduced enzyme activity, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
structure-activity relationship, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
structure-activity relationship, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
structure-activity relationship, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
structure-activity relationship, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme form GS2 shows maximal activity under photoautotrophic conditions, enzyme form GS1 shows maximal activity under heterotrophic conditions
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
transcriptional regulation as part of the nitrogen assimilation system, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
transcriptional regulation as part of the nitrogen assimilation system, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
structure-activity relationship, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
structure-activity relationship, overview
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
2 ATP + 2 L-glutamate + 2 NH3
2 ADP + 2 phosphate + D-glutamine + D-isoglutamine
GlnA2 catalyses the synthesis of D-glutamine and D-isoglutamine and is essential for bacterial growth
-
-
?
2 ATP + 2 L-glutamate + 2 NH3
2 ADP + 2 phosphate + D-glutamine + D-isoglutamine
GlnA2 catalyses the synthesis of D-glutamine and D-isoglutamine and is essential for bacterial growth
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, ammonia assimilation
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, ammonia assimilation
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, elimination of glutamate from animal brain
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, ammonia assimilation
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, assimilation of ammonia for protein synthesis
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, elimination of glutamate from animal brain
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, elimination of glutamate from animal brain
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, postulated to be necessary for the synthesis of the cell wall component poly(L-glutamine-L-glutamate)
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, postulated to be necessary for the synthesis of the cell wall component poly(L-glutamine-L-glutamate)
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, ammonia assimilation
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, ammonia assimilation
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, assimilation of ammonia
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, key enzyme of glutamate metabolism, reduction of local concentrations of glutamate and ammonia
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism
-
-
r
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, provides glutamine for biosynthesis, ammonia assimilation
-
-
?
ATP + glutamate + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
central enzyme of nitrogen metabolism, involved in nitrogen assimilation pathway
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
?
-
glutamate synthetase cycle provides the only efficient pathway for the conversion of inorganic nitrogen to the organic form
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
?
-
kinetic regulation of this enzyme may play a significant role in ammonia detoxication and rate of formation of Gln-derived neurotransmitters in fish brain
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
?
-
glutamine produced by the enzyme serves as a source of nitrogen atoms in the biosynthesis of all amino acids, purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, of glucosamine 6-phosphate, 4-aminobenzoic acid, and of nicotinamide derivatives. Glutamine synthetase links the assimilation of NH4+ with biosynthetic pathways leading to the formation of proteins, nucleic acids, complex polysaccharides, and different coenzymes
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
?
-
roles of the enzyme in pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: 1. synthesis of Glu, that is a major component of the cell wall of pathogenic mycobacteria, 2. modulation of the NH4+ level in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
?
-
first step at which nitrogen is brought into cellular metabolism, the product Glu, a source of nitrogen in the biosynthesis of many other metabolites
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-Gln
-
isoenzyme GS1b (EC 6.3.1.2) in concert with NADH-dependent GOGAT (EC 1.4.1.14) constitute the major route of assimilation of ammonium derived from reserve mobilization and glutamic acid/glutamine synthesis in germinating Medicago truncatula seeds. However, during post-germinative growth, although germination is held in darkness, expression of GS2 and Fd-GOGAT (EC 1.4.7.1) increases and expression of GS1b decreases in cotyledons but not in the embryo axis
-
-
?
ATP + L-Glu + NH4+
ADP + phosphate + L-Gln
serves for assimilation of ammonium in rice root, and ameliorates the toxic effect of ammonium excess
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
senescence-specific downregulation of plastidic glutamine synthetase, this is retarded by fertilisation of plants with nitrate or ammonium, but not urea, at the onset of leaf senescence, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
the enzyme is involved in the regulation of the nitrogen metabolism, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
the enzyme is involved in the signal transduction for regulation of the nitrogen metabolism, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
dogs show altered L-glutamate distribution and reduced enzyme content in primary glaucoma and ischemia, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
the enzyme activity eliminates cytotoxic ammonia, at the same time converting neurotoxic glutamate to harmless glutamine, enzyme activity defects are linked to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
the enzyme is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation via the incorporation of ammonia the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, GS/GOGAT, pathway, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
the enzyme expressed in the plancenta is actively involved in the provision of glutamine to the fetus
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
r
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
isozyme GS2 is involved in osmoregulation of the cells and is part of the chloride regulon of Halobacillus halophilus, overview. At moderate salinities Halobacillus halophilus mainly accumulates glutamine and glutamate to adjust turgor, while it produces proline at high salinity. Halobacillus halophilus also shifts its osmolyte strategy at the transition from the exponential to the stationary phase where proline is exchanged by ectoine, regulation mechanism, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
extracellular glutamate, loss of the glutamate-metabolizing enzyme glutamine synthetase and proliferation of astrocytes are associated with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, MTLE. Glial proliferation, i.e. gliosis, contributes to the epileptogenicity of the human hippocampus in MTLE, levels of extracellular glutamate are more than five-fold increased in the MTLE hippocampus, glutamate-glutamine cycle, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
glutamine also acts as a signaling molecule, physiological functions of glutamine, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
glutamine synthetase is essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
the enzyme activity eliminates cytotoxic ammonia, at the same time converting neurotoxic glutamate to harmless glutamine, enzyme activity defects are linked to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
senescence-specific downregulation of plastidic glutamine synthetase isozyme GS2, this is retarded by fertilisation of plants with nitrate or ammonium, but not urea, at the onset of leaf senescence, GS2 downregulation preceeds upregulation of lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase, overview
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
r
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
the enzyme plays a pivotal role in the mammalian brain where it allows neurotransmitter glutamate recycling within astroglia
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
r
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
GlnA1 catalyses the synthesis of L-glutamine and is nonessential for bacterial growth
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
glnA1 is essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
GlnA3 catalyses the synthesis of L-glutamine and are nonessential for bacterial growth
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
GlnA4 catalyses the synthesis of L-glutamine and are nonessential for bacterial growth
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
only GlnA1 appears to be the functional enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism in vivo in the organism, the enzyme is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation via the incorporation of ammonia the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, GS/GOGAT, pathway, overview. GlnA1 is associated with virulence and pathogenicity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 25618 / H37Rv
-
-
-
r
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 25618 / H37Rv
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
only GlnA1 appears to be the functional enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism in vivo in the organism, the enzyme is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation via the incorporation of ammonia the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, GS/GOGAT, pathway, overview. GlnA1 is associated with virulence and pathogenicity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
GlnA1 catalyses the synthesis of L-glutamine and is nonessential for bacterial growth
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
glnA1 is essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
-
-
?
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
the enzyme is involved in regulation of ammonium assimilation requirements during tree development, regulatory mechanism for the transcriptional control of the spatial distribution of cytosolic GS isoforms in pine, overview
-
-
?