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Information on EC 5.4.2.2 - phosphoglucomutase (alpha-D-glucose-1,6-bisphosphate-dependent)
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5.4.2.2 phosphoglucomutase (alpha-D-glucose-1,6-bisphosphate-dependent)IUBMB Comments
Maximum activity is only obtained in the presence of alpha-D-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate. This bisphosphate is an intermediate in the reaction, being formed by transfer of a phosphate residue from the enzyme to the substrate, but the dissociation of bisphosphate from the enzyme complex is much slower than the overall isomerization. The enzyme also catalyses (more slowly) the interconversion of 1-phosphate and 6-phosphate isomers of many other alpha-D-hexoses, and the interconversion of alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate and 5-phosphate. cf. EC 5.4.2.5, phosphoglucomutase (glucose-cofactor).
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Word Map
- 5.4.2.2
- hexokinase
- starch
- glycogen
- malate
- phosphorylase
- 6-phosphogluconate
- adenylate
- esterase
- 1-phosphate
-
pyrophosphorylase
- erythrocyte
- udp-glucose
- galactose
- glucose-1-phosphate
-
phosphofructokinase
- gpi
- transferrin
- aldolase
-
allozyme
- haptoglobin
-
glucosephosphate
-
malic
- entamoeba
-
zymodemes
-
hardy-weinberg
- histolytica
- phosphoglucoisomerase
- glucose-6-phosphatase
-
monomorphic
- glyoxalase
- plastidial
-
starch-gel
-
phosphohexose
- fructokinase
- diptera
- galactose-1-phosphate
-
bloodstain
- udp-galactose
-
5.3.1.9
-
leloir
-
duffy
- phosphoenzyme
-
glycogenolysis
-
uridylyltransferase
- udp-glc
-
glc-6-p
- 1,6-diphosphate
-
isoenzymatic
-
2.7.1.1
- amyloplasts
- molecular biology
- food industry
- drug development
- medicine
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
Synonyms
phosphoglucomutase, phosphoglucomutase 1, phosphomannomutase/phosphoglucomutase, pmm/pgm, alpha-phosphoglucomutase, pgm/pmm, alpha-pgm, phosphoglucose mutase, phosphoglucomutase1, cytosolic phosphoglucomutase, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
alpha phosphoglucomutase
alpha-Pgm
alpha-phosphoglucomutase
alpha-phosphoglucose mutase
PGM
PGM-I
PGM-II
PGM/PMM
PGM1
PGM2
PGM3
PgmA
PgmG
phosphoglucomutase/phosphomannomutase
Phosphohexomutase
phosphomannomutase/phosphoglucomutase
PMM/PGM
SP-1
SSO0207
XanA
YMR278w protein
PGM2
-
the enzyme from Giardia lamblia has both phosphoglucomutase and phosphomannomutase activities
SP-1
bifunctional enzyme with phosphoglucomutase and phosphomannomutase activities
SP-1
bifunctional enzyme with phosphoglucomutase and phosphomannomutase activities
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = D-glucose 6-phosphate
in the forward reaction a phosphate from the enzyme is transferred to C-6 of glucose 1-phosphate which results in a dephosphoenzyme intermediate. In the second step phosphate from the C-1 of glucose is transferred to the enzyme for its regeneration. The reverse reaction proceeds via a similar mechanism
-
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = D-glucose 6-phosphate
ping-pong mechanism
-
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = D-glucose 6-phosphate
acid-base catalysis mechanism, key role for conformational change in its multistep reaction, which requires a dramatic 180 degree reorientation of the intermediate within the active site. Modeling shows that increased enzyme flexibility facilitates the reorientation of the reaction intermediate, coupling changes in structural dynamics with the unique catalytic mechanism of this enzyme
-
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = D-glucose 6-phosphate
acid-base catalysis mechanism, overview. His329 is appropriately positioned to abstract a proton from the O1/O6 hydroxyl of the phosphosugar substrates, and thus may serve as the general base in the reaction
-
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
isomerization
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
KEGG
MetaCyc
CDP-6-deoxy-D-gulose biosynthesis, chitin biosynthesis, D-galactose degradation I (Leloir pathway), GDP-alpha-D-glucose biosynthesis, glucose and glucose-1-phosphate degradation, glucosylglycerol biosynthesis, glycogen biosynthesis I (from ADP-D-Glucose), glycogen biosynthesis III (from alpha-maltose 1-phosphate), glycogen degradation I, glycogen degradation II, starch biosynthesis, starch degradation III, starch degradation V, streptomycin biosynthesis, sucrose biosynthesis II, sucrose degradation II (sucrose synthase), sucrose degradation IV (sucrose phosphorylase), trehalose degradation V, UDP-alpha-D-glucose biosynthesis
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
alpha-D-glucose 1,6-phosphomutase
Maximum activity is only obtained in the presence of alpha-D-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate. This bisphosphate is an intermediate in the reaction, being formed by transfer of a phosphate residue from the enzyme to the substrate, but the dissociation of bisphosphate from the enzyme complex is much slower than the overall isomerization. The enzyme also catalyses (more slowly) the interconversion of 1-phosphate and 6-phosphate isomers of many other alpha-D-hexoses, and the interconversion of alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate and 5-phosphate. cf. EC 5.4.2.5, phosphoglucomutase (glucose-cofactor).
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9001-81-4
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
23% of the activity with alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
r
D-fructose-1-phosphate
D-fructose-6-phosphate
-
no mutase activity
-
?
D-glucosamine-1-phosphate
D-glucosamine-6-phosphate
-
low enzyme activity
-
?
D-glucose 1-phosphate + D-fructose 1,6-diphosphate
D-glucose 1,6-diphosphate + D-fructose 1-phosphate + D-fructose 6-phosphate
-
synthesis of glucose 1,6-diphosphate is an additional activity
synthesis of glucose 1,6-diphosphate is an additional activity
?
Glucose 1-phosphate + 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Glucose 1,6-diphosphate + glycerate 3-phosphate
-
synthesis of glucose 1,6-diphosphate is an additional activity
synthesis of glucose 1,6-diphosphate is an additional activity
?
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-1-phosphate
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-phosphate
-
no mutase activity
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + phosphate
-
-
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + phosphate
-
-
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
?
-
key enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
?
-
degradation of lactose in lactic acid bacteria
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
the beta-form is inactive
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
enzyme is highly specific for substrate and product
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
the forward reaction is faster than the reverse reaction
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
the beta-form is inactive
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
SP-1 shows preference for glucose-1-phosphate rather than mannose-1-phosphate
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
SP-1 shows preference for glucose-1-phosphate rather than mannose-1-phosphate
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
D-glucose 6-phosphate
it is unclear whether either glucose or mannose phosphate represents the cellular substrate for SsoPHM. The Km values for rSsoPHM toward glucose 6-phosphate and mannose 6-phosphate are in the low millimolar range, significantly higher than that expected for a physiological substrate. Since the protein encoded by sso0207 is the only identifiable phosphohexomutase in the Sulfolbus solfataricus P2 genome, SsoPHM provides the only recognizable avenue for interconverting glucose 6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate during glycogen synthesis and breakdown
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
D-glucose 6-phosphate
the enzyme also catalyzes the interconversion of alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate and D-mannose 6-phosphate
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
D-glucose 6-phosphate
it is unclear whether either glucose or mannose phosphate represents the cellular substrate for SsoPHM. The Km values for rSsoPHM toward glucose 6-phosphate and mannose 6-phosphate are in the low millimolar range, significantly higher than that expected for a physiological substrate. Since the protein encoded by sso0207 is the only identifiable phosphohexomutase in the Sulfolbus solfataricus P2 genome, SsoPHM provides the only recognizable avenue for interconverting glucose 6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate during glycogen synthesis and breakdown
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
D-glucose 6-phosphate
the enzyme also catalyzes the interconversion of alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate and D-mannose 6-phosphate
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
?
alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-mannose 6-phosphate
-
-
-
?
alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-mannose 6-phosphate
-
-
-
r
alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-mannose 6-phosphate
-
-
-
r
alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-mannose 6-phosphate
-
-
r
alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate
D-mannose-6-phosphate
SP-1 shows preference for glucose-1-phosphate rather than mannose-1-phosphate
-
?
alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate
D-mannose-6-phosphate
SP-1 shows preference for glucose-1-phosphate rather than mannose-1-phosphate
-
?
D-glucose 6-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
it is unclear whether either glucose or mannose phosphate represents the cellular substrate for SsoPHM. The Km values for rSsoPHM toward glucose 6-phosphate and mannose 6-phosphate are in the low millimolar range, significantly higher than that expected for a physiological substrate. Since the protein encoded by sso0207 is the only identifiable phosphohexomutase in the Sulfolbus solfataricus P2 genome, SsoPHM provides the only recognizable avenue for interconverting glucose 6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate during glycogen synthesis and breakdown
-
r
D-glucose 6-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
the enzyme also catalyzes the interconversion of alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate and D-mannose 6-phosphate. No activity toward glucosamine 6-phosphate or N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate
-
r
D-glucose 6-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
it is unclear whether either glucose or mannose phosphate represents the cellular substrate for SsoPHM. The Km values for rSsoPHM toward glucose 6-phosphate and mannose 6-phosphate are in the low millimolar range, significantly higher than that expected for a physiological substrate. Since the protein encoded by sso0207 is the only identifiable phosphohexomutase in the Sulfolbus solfataricus P2 genome, SsoPHM provides the only recognizable avenue for interconverting glucose 6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate during glycogen synthesis and breakdown
-
r
D-glucose 6-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
the enzyme also catalyzes the interconversion of alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate and D-mannose 6-phosphate. No activity toward glucosamine 6-phosphate or N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate
-
r
D-glucose-1-phosphate
D-glucose-6-phosphate
-
bifunctional enzyme
-
?
D-mannose-1-phosphate
D-mannose-6-phosphate
-
bifunctional enzyme
-
?
Glucose 6-phosphate
?
-
synthesis of glucose 1-phosphate for the formation of UDPglucose
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
isozyme PGM2 also displays activities of phosphoribomutase and glucose 1,6-bisphosphate synthase
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
isozyme PGM2 also displays activities of phosphoribomutase and glucose 1,6-bisphosphate synthase
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
PGM from Clostridium thermocellum is a dual-specificity enzyme with phosphoglucomutase and phosphomannomutase activities
-
?
additional information
?
-
no substrate: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate, beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no substrate: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate, beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
bifunctional enzyme with phosphoglucomutase and phosphomannomutase, EC 5.4.2.8, activities
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
bifunctional enzyme with phosphoglucomutase and phosphomannomutase, EC 5.4.2.8, activities. Strongly conserved residue His329 in the active site is critical for enzyme activity. His329 is appropriately positioned to abstract a proton from the O1/O6 hydroxyl of the phosphosugar substrates, and thus may serve as the general base in the reaction
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with alpha-D-ribose 5-phosphate
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
Pgm3 functions as the major phosphoribomutase in vivo
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
phosphoglucomutases Pgm1, Pgm2, and Pgm3, EC 5.4.2.2, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae show ability to interconvert ribose-1-phosphate and ribose-5-phosphate. The purified proteins, studied in vitro with regard to their kinetic properties on glucose-1-phosphate and ribose-1-phosphate, are all active on both substrates with Pgm1 exhibiting only residual activity on ribose-1-phosphate. The Pgm2 and Pgm3 proteins have almost equal kinetic properties on ribose-1-phosphate, but Pgm2 has a 2000times higher preference for glucose-1-phosphate when compared to Pgm3
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with alpha-D-ribose 5-phosphate
-
?
additional information
?
-
bifunctional enzyme with phosphoglucomutase and phosphomannomutase, EC 5.4.2.8, activities, the catalytic efficiency is about 15fold higher for glucose 1-phosphate than for mannose 1-phosphate
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
bifunctional enzyme with phosphoglucomutase and phosphomannomutase, EC 5.4.2.8, activities, the catalytic efficiency is about 15fold higher for glucose 1-phosphate than for mannose 1-phosphate
-
?
additional information
?
-
bifunctional enzyme with phosphoglucomutase and phosphomannomutase, EC 5.4.2.8, activities, the catalytic efficiency is about 15fold higher for glucose 1-phosphate than for mannose 1-phosphate
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
?
-
key enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism
-
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
?
-
degradation of lactose in lactic acid bacteria
-
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
D-glucose 6-phosphate
it is unclear whether either glucose or mannose phosphate represents the cellular substrate for SsoPHM. The Km values for rSsoPHM toward glucose 6-phosphate and mannose 6-phosphate are in the low millimolar range, significantly higher than that expected for a physiological substrate. Since the protein encoded by sso0207 is the only identifiable phosphohexomutase in the Sulfolbus solfataricus P2 genome, SsoPHM provides the only recognizable avenue for interconverting glucose 6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate during glycogen synthesis and breakdown
-
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
D-glucose 6-phosphate
it is unclear whether either glucose or mannose phosphate represents the cellular substrate for SsoPHM. The Km values for rSsoPHM toward glucose 6-phosphate and mannose 6-phosphate are in the low millimolar range, significantly higher than that expected for a physiological substrate. Since the protein encoded by sso0207 is the only identifiable phosphohexomutase in the Sulfolbus solfataricus P2 genome, SsoPHM provides the only recognizable avenue for interconverting glucose 6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate during glycogen synthesis and breakdown
-
-
r
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
-
?
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
D-glucose 6-phosphate
-
-
-
?
D-glucose 6-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
it is unclear whether either glucose or mannose phosphate represents the cellular substrate for SsoPHM. The Km values for rSsoPHM toward glucose 6-phosphate and mannose 6-phosphate are in the low millimolar range, significantly higher than that expected for a physiological substrate. Since the protein encoded by sso0207 is the only identifiable phosphohexomutase in the Sulfolbus solfataricus P2 genome, SsoPHM provides the only recognizable avenue for interconverting glucose 6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate during glycogen synthesis and breakdown
-
-
r
D-glucose 6-phosphate
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
it is unclear whether either glucose or mannose phosphate represents the cellular substrate for SsoPHM. The Km values for rSsoPHM toward glucose 6-phosphate and mannose 6-phosphate are in the low millimolar range, significantly higher than that expected for a physiological substrate. Since the protein encoded by sso0207 is the only identifiable phosphohexomutase in the Sulfolbus solfataricus P2 genome, SsoPHM provides the only recognizable avenue for interconverting glucose 6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate during glycogen synthesis and breakdown
-
-
r
Glucose 6-phosphate
?
-
synthesis of glucose 1-phosphate for the formation of UDPglucose
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
bifunctional enzyme with phosphoglucomutase and phosphomannomutase, EC 5.4.2.8, activities
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
bifunctional enzyme with phosphoglucomutase and phosphomannomutase, EC 5.4.2.8, activities. Strongly conserved residue His329 in the active site is critical for enzyme activity. His329 is appropriately positioned to abstract a proton from the O1/O6 hydroxyl of the phosphosugar substrates, and thus may serve as the general base in the reaction
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
Pgm3 functions as the major phosphoribomutase in vivo
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
bifunctional enzyme with phosphoglucomutase and phosphomannomutase, EC 5.4.2.8, activities, the catalytic efficiency is about 15fold higher for glucose 1-phosphate than for mannose 1-phosphate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
bifunctional enzyme with phosphoglucomutase and phosphomannomutase, EC 5.4.2.8, activities, the catalytic efficiency is about 15fold higher for glucose 1-phosphate than for mannose 1-phosphate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
bifunctional enzyme with phosphoglucomutase and phosphomannomutase, EC 5.4.2.8, activities, the catalytic efficiency is about 15fold higher for glucose 1-phosphate than for mannose 1-phosphate
-
-
?
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Ca2+
Co2+
Mg2+
Mn2+
Ni2+
additional information
Ca2+
-
the enzyme is also active with 5 mM Ca2+ but to a lesser extent as Co2+ (11.9% relative activity)
Co2+
-
PGM requires the presence of a divalent cation for its function with maximum activity (100%) being obtained with 5 mM Co2+
Mg2+
-
the enzyme is also active with 5 mM Mg2+ but to a lesser extent as Co2+ (24.5% relative activity)
Mg2+
Mg2+ are the most effective divalent cations for the enzyme activity of isozyme PGM-I
Mg2+
Mg2+ are the most effective divalent cations for the enzyme activity of isozyme PGM-II
Mn2+
-
the enzyme is also active with 5 mM Mn2+ but to a lesser extent as Co2+ (69.5% relative activity)
Mn2+
a single Mg2+ ion is required for catalytic activity, each PGM monomer contains one bound Mg2+ ion in its metal binding site
Ni2+
-
the enzyme is also active with 5 mM Ni2+ but to a lesser extent as Co2+ (22.5% relative activity)
additional information
-
Zn2+, Cu2+ and Pd2+ do not enhance the PGM activity
additional information
-
no detectable activity after addition of 0.1 mM EDTA
additional information
PGM activity of SP-1 requires divalent metal ions
additional information
-
PGM activity of SP-1 requires divalent metal ions
additional information
-
Ni2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ at a concentration of 1 mM can also support activity, although to a lesser extent
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Disperse Blue 56
-
kinetic studies indicate that it is a parabolic, noncompetitive inhibitor. Reduction of the inhibition in the presence of 0.01% Triton X-100
additional information
enzyme with a C-terminus 6xHis tag completely loses activity
-
additional information
-
not inhibitory: 1,5-diamino-4,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone
-
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Imidazol
-
addition at concentrations below that of Mg2+ increases the activity
alpha-D-Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate
2fold increase of activity at 0.0001 mM
alpha-D-Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate
the maximum activity is obtained in the presence of more than 0.2 mM alpha-D-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate
alpha-D-glucose 1,6-diphosphate
-
Km: 0.00053 mM phosphoglucomutase I, 0.00232 mM, phosphoglucomutase II
additional information
-
high pullulan yield is related to high activities of alpha-phosphoglucose mutase
-
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.00103
D-glucose 1,6-diphosphate
-
in 41 mM 1,3-diaza-2,4-cyclopentadiene /HCl (pH 7.6), 5 mM MgCl2, at 25°C
0.000582
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.003
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
PGM2, in 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.1, 5 mM MgCl2, at 30°C
0.0082
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
PGM1, in 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.1, 5 mM MgCl2, at 30°C
0.02135
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.026
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
recombinant His-tagged Pgm2, pH 7.5, 30°C
0.03
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
mutant H329A, pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.06
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
recombinant His-tagged Pgm1, pH 7.5, 30°C
0.08
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
wild-type enzyme, pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.1
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
in 41 mM 1,3-diaza-2,4-cyclopentadiene /HCl (pH 7.6), 5 mM MgCl2, at 25°C
0.1 - 2
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
recombinant enzyme, pH 7.4, 30°C
0.112
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
recombinant His-tagged Pgm3, pH 7.5, 30°C
0.19
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
isozyme PGM-I, in 50 mM HEPES-KOH, pH 8.0, at 37°C
0.2 - 1
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
recombinant His-tagged enzyme, pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication
0.2228
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
SP-1, in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), at 37°C
0.41
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
recombinant wild type enzyme, at 60°C
3.53
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
isozyme PGM-II, in 50 mM HEPES-KOH, pH 8.0, at 37°C
0.4392
alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate
SP-1, in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), at 37°C
0.44
alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate
-
recombinant wild type enzyme, at 60°C
additional information
additional information
Michaelis-Menten kinetics
-
additional information
additional information
-
Michaelis-Menten kinetics
-
additional information
additional information
-
KM mannose-1-phosphate isoenzyme PH0923S101A not detectable, 37°C
-
additional information
additional information
-
Michaelis-Menten steady-state kinetics of wild-type and mutant H329A enzymes, overview
-
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TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.74
D-glucose 1,6-diphosphate
-
in 41 mM 1,3-diaza-2,4-cyclopentadiene /HCl (pH 7.6), 5 mM MgCl2, at 25°C
0.03
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
mutant H329A, pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.15
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.74
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
in 41 mM 1,3-diaza-2,4-cyclopentadiene /HCl (pH 7.6), 5 mM MgCl2, at 25°C
10.77
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
recombinant His-tagged enzyme, pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication
70.31
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
recombinant enzyme, pH 7.4, 30°C
93
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
isozyme PGM-II, in 50 mM HEPES-KOH, pH 8.0, at 37°C
95
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
wild-type enzyme, pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
126.8
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
SP-1, in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), at 37°C
190
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
recombinant wild type enzyme, at 60°C
398
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
isozyme PGM-I, in 50 mM HEPES-KOH, pH 8.0, at 37°C
59
alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate
-
recombinant wild type enzyme, at 60°C
79.17
alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate
SP-1, in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), at 37°C
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kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs-1]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
714.3
D-glucose 1,6-diphosphate
-
in 41 mM 1,3-diaza-2,4-cyclopentadiene /HCl (pH 7.6), 5 mM MgCl2, at 25°C
1
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
mutant H329A, pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
7.38
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
in 41 mM 1,3-diaza-2,4-cyclopentadiene /HCl (pH 7.6), 5 mM MgCl2, at 25°C
45
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
51.27
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
recombinant His-tagged enzyme, pH 7.6, temperature not specified in the publication
58.4
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
recombinant enzyme, pH 7.4, 30°C
1188
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
wild-type enzyme, pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
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Ki VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.23
D-Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate
-
25°C, pH 7.6, substrate inhibition at high concentrations
3.3
D-glucose 1-phosphate
-
25°C, pH 7.6, substrate inhibition at high concentrations
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
338
isozyme PGM-I, using alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate as substrate, in 50 mM HEPES-KOH, pH 8.0, at 37°C
76
-
PGM2, using alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate as substrate, in 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.1, 5 mM MgCl2, at 30°C
84
isozyme PGM-II, using alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate as substrate, in 50 mM HEPES-KOH, pH 8.0, at 37°C
87
-
PGM1, using alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate as substrate, in 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.1, 5 mM MgCl2, at 30°C
additional information
additional information
-
isoenzyme PH0923S101A PMM Vmax not detectable, 37°C
additional information
-
PGM activity decreases more than fivefold in mutant TnM2 compared to the wild type strain
additional information
-
2-deoxyribose-1-phosphate Vmax 0.230, 90°C
additional information
-
D-glucose-1-phosphate Vmax 0.690, 90°C, pH 7.0
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
6.5
7.4
7.5
7.9
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pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
6 - 8
-
using 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid buffer, the enzyme retains up to 90% of its initial activity
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
30
35
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TEMPERATURE RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
isoform PGM-2, enzyme mRNA expression is mostly up-regulated in the first steps of the response to pollutant exposure and is xenobiotic-dependent
Uniprot
brenda
no activity in Trypanosoma brucei
the organism lost the PGM gene, activity is catalyzed by phosphomannomutase, EC 5.4.2.8 and phospho-N-acetylglucosamine mutase, EC 5.4.2.3
-
-
brenda
serovar typhimurium
UniProt
brenda
syncytia induced by nematode Heterodera schachtii
UniProt
brenda
rabbit
-
-
brenda
serovar typhimurium
UniProt
brenda
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
inhibition of phosphoglucomutase activity by chronic treatment with Li+ causes alterations of glucose-phosphate level with compensatory elevation of phosphoglucomutase activity
brenda
-
inhibition of phosphoglucomutase activity by chronic treatment with Li+ causes compensatory elevation of phosphoglucomutase activity in Li+-treated bipolar patients due to increased expression of PGM1 gene
brenda
-
inhibition of phosphoglucomutase activity by chronic treatment with Li+ causes alterations of glucose-phosphate level with compensatory elevation of phosphoglucomutase activity
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, inhibition of phosphoglucomutase activity by chronic treatment with Li+ causes alterations of glucose-phosphate level with compensatory elevation of phosphoglucomutase activity
brenda
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
associated with phospholipids and/or phosphoproteins
brenda
-
isoforms PGM2 and PGM3
brenda
-
isoform PGM1
brenda
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
-
the enzyme belongs to the alpha-D-phosphohexomutase enzyme superfamily
malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
malfunction
-
targeted deletion of pgmA in Yersinia pestis strain KIM5 results in loss of autoaggregation, the deletion mutant displays more than 1000fold increased sensitivity to polymyxin B compared to the parental strain
malfunction
the pgm deletion mutant has impaired growth in vitro, is deficient in the ability to utilize alpha-D-galactose as a carbon source and displays reduced O-antigen polymer length
malfunction
-
whereas pgm2 and pgm3 single mutants are undistinguishable from the wild type, loss of both PGM2 and PGM3 severely impairs male and female gametophyte function. Double mutant pollen completes development but fails to germinate, double mutant ovules also develop normally, but approximately half remain unfertilized 2 d after pollination
malfunction
-
only mutants with a deletion of PGM3, not of PGM1 or PGM2, hyperaccumulate ribose-1-phosphate
malfunction
-
an enzyme-deficient mutant shows significantly reduced survival in embryonic trophoblast cells and in mice, and induces high protective immunity in BALB/c mice. Moreover, the mutant elicits an anti-Brucella-specific immunoglobulin G response and induces the secretion of gamma interferon and interleukin-2
malfunction
-
complete enzyme loss results in dwarf growth, prematurely die off, and inability to develop a functional inflorescence
malfunction
enzyme depletion is associated with declined cellular glycogen content and decreased rates of glycogenolysis and glycogenesis. Furthermore, enzyme depletion suppresses cell proliferation under long-term repetitive glucose depletion
malfunction
-
whereas pgm2 and pgm3 single mutants are undistinguishable from the wild type, loss of both PGM2 and PGM3 severely impairs male and female gametophyte function. Double mutant pollen completes development but fails to germinate, double mutant ovules also develop normally, but approximately half remain unfertilized 2 d after pollination
malfunction
-
an enzyme-deficient mutant shows significantly reduced survival in embryonic trophoblast cells and in mice, and induces high protective immunity in BALB/c mice. Moreover, the mutant elicits an anti-Brucella-specific immunoglobulin G response and induces the secretion of gamma interferon and interleukin-2
malfunction
-
targeted deletion of pgmA in Yersinia pestis strain KIM5 results in loss of autoaggregation, the deletion mutant displays more than 1000fold increased sensitivity to polymyxin B compared to the parental strain
malfunction
-
the pgm deletion mutant has impaired growth in vitro, is deficient in the ability to utilize alpha-D-galactose as a carbon source and displays reduced O-antigen polymer length
metabolism
-
cytosolic PGM activity is not limiting for carbon metabolism
metabolism
-
PGM is a key enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism, where it catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphate group between C-1 and C-6 of D-glucose via D-glucose 1,6-diphosphate
metabolism
-
PGM is a key enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism, where it catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphate group between C-1 and C-6 of D-glucose via D-glucose 1,6-diphosphate
metabolism
-
cytosolic PGM activity is not limiting for carbon metabolism
physiological function
Pgm is required by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium for O-antigen production, resistance to antimicrobial peptides, and in vivo fitness
physiological function
-
PgmA is required for efficient autoaggregation in Yersinia pestis and plays an important role in antimicrobial peptide resistance
physiological function
-
overexpression of pgm gene has no significant effect on UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose levels and increased alpha-Pgm activity does not significantly change the lactate production
physiological function
-
pollen germination requires cytosolic PGM activity
physiological function
Unlike the majority of alpha-phosphoglucomutases, the described enzyme of 252 residues with alpha-phosphoglucomutase activity, is related to eukaryotic phosphomannomutases and belongs to HAD-superfamily hydrolase, subfamily IIB.
physiological function
-
the enzyme catalyzes an intramolecular phosphoryl transfer across its phosphosugar substrates, which are precursors in the synthesis of exoproducts involved in bacterial virulence
physiological function
the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of sphingans, extracellular polysaccharides
physiological function
-
the enzyme is involved in glycogen catabolism
physiological function
the enzyme plays an important role in polysaccharide capsule formation and virulence in a number of bacterial pathogens
physiological function
-
the plastidial PGM limits photosynthetic carbon flow into starch
physiological function
-
the enzyme is essential for glucose phosphate partitioning and, therefore, for syntheses of sucrose and cell wall components
physiological function
the enzyme is necessary for sustained cell growth under repetitive glucose depletion
physiological function
the enzyme is required for hyphal growth, polysaccharide production, and cell wall integrity
physiological function
-
pollen germination requires cytosolic PGM activity
physiological function
Ganoderma lucidum ACCC 53264
-
the enzyme is required for hyphal growth, polysaccharide production, and cell wall integrity
physiological function
-
PgmA is required for efficient autoaggregation in Yersinia pestis and plays an important role in antimicrobial peptide resistance
physiological function
-
Pgm is required by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium for O-antigen production, resistance to antimicrobial peptides, and in vivo fitness
physiological function
-
the enzyme plays an important role in polysaccharide capsule formation and virulence in a number of bacterial pathogens
physiological function
-
the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of sphingans, extracellular polysaccharides
additional information
-
analysis of conformational flexibility of different forms of phosphoglucomutase/phosphomannomutase in solution, including its active, phosphorylated state and the unphosphorylated state that occurs transiently during the catalytic cycle, by hydrogen-deuterium exchange by mass spectrometry and small angle x-ray scattering. Both ligand binding and phosphorylation of the catalytic phosphoserine affect the overall flexibility of the enzyme in solution
additional information
structure homology modeling, overview
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PDB
SCOP
CATH
UNIPROT
ORGANISM
Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris (strain MG1363)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1)
Salmonella typhimurium (strain LT2 / SGSC1412 / ATCC 700720)
Sulfurisphaera tokodaii (strain DSM 16993 / JCM 10545 / NBRC 100140 / 7)
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (strain 306)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1)