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Information on EC 5.1.3.34 - monoglucosyldiacylglycerol epimerase
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5.1.3.34 monoglucosyldiacylglycerol epimeraseIUBMB Comments
The enzyme, characterized from cyanobacteria, is involves in the biosynthesis of galactolipids found in their photosynthetic membranes.
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The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota
Reaction Schemes
Synonyms
glucolipid epimerase, mgde protein, 
more
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
GlcDG epimerase
glucolipid epimerase
mgdE
MgdE protein
glucolipid epimerase
-
-
-
-
mgdE
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol = a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol 4-epimerase
The enzyme, characterized from cyanobacteria, is involves in the biosynthesis of galactolipids found in their photosynthetic membranes.
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
r
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
r
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
r
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
r
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
-
r
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
r
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
r
additional information
?
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Prochlorococcus marinus contains C30 (combination of C14 and C16 fatty acids) and C28 (two C14 fatty acids) molecular species. Monoglucosyldiacylglycerol consists of 30:1 and 30:2, whereas MGDG consists mainly of 30:2, NMR analysis, overview
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?
additional information
?
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Prochlorococcus marinus contains C30 (combination of C14 and C16 fatty acids) and C28 (two C14 fatty acids) molecular species. Monoglucosyldiacylglycerol consists of 30:1 and 30:2, whereas MGDG consists mainly of 30:2, NMR analysis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Prochlorococcus marinus contains C30 (combination of C14 and C16 fatty acids) and C28 (two C14 fatty acids) molecular species. Monoglucosyldiacylglycerol consists of 30:1 and 30:2, whereas MGDG consists mainly of 30:2, NMR analysis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 contains 34:1 monoglucosyldiacylglycerol, and 34:2 and 34:3 monogalactosyldiacylglycerol as major components, NMR analysis, overview
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-
?
additional information
?
-
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Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 contains 34:1 monoglucosyldiacylglycerol, and 34:2 and 34:3 monogalactosyldiacylglycerol as major components, NMR analysis, overview
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-
?
additional information
?
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monoglucosyldiacylglycerol from Anabaena variabilis M3 consists of 34:1, 34:2 and 34:3 molecular species, whereas 34:2, 34:3 and 34:4 are major components in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol from the same cyanobacterium. Namely, 34:1 corresponds to 18:1/16:0 (sn-1/sn-2), 34:2 corresponds to 18:1/16:1 and 18:2/16:0, 34:3 corresponds to 18:2/16:1 and 18:3/16:0, and 34:4 corresponds to 18:3/16:1. In contrast, monoglucosyldiacylglycerol contains few molecular species bearing 16:1 at the sn-2 position, NMR analysis, overview
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
monoglucosyldiacylglycerol from Anabaena variabilis M3 consists of 34:1, 34:2 and 34:3 molecular species, whereas 34:2, 34:3 and 34:4 are major components in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol from the same cyanobacterium. Namely, 34:1 corresponds to 18:1/16:0 (sn-1/sn-2), 34:2 corresponds to 18:1/16:1 and 18:2/16:0, 34:3 corresponds to 18:2/16:1 and 18:3/16:0, and 34:4 corresponds to 18:3/16:1. In contrast, monoglucosyldiacylglycerol contains few molecular species bearing 16:1 at the sn-2 position, NMR analysis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
monoglucosyldiacylglycerol from Anabaena variabilis M3 consists of 34:1, 34:2 and 34:3 molecular species, whereas 34:2, 34:3 and 34:4 are major components in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol from the same cyanobacterium. Namely, 34:1 corresponds to 18:1/16:0 (sn-1/sn-2), 34:2 corresponds to 18:1/16:1 and 18:2/16:0, 34:3 corresponds to 18:2/16:1 and 18:3/16:0, and 34:4 corresponds to 18:3/16:1. In contrast, monoglucosyldiacylglycerol contains few molecular species bearing 16:1 at the sn-2 position, NMR analysis, overview
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-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
r
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
r
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
r
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
r
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
-
r
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
r
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
r
additional information
?
-
Prochlorococcus marinus contains C30 (combination of C14 and C16 fatty acids) and C28 (two C14 fatty acids) molecular species. Monoglucosyldiacylglycerol consists of 30:1 and 30:2, whereas MGDG consists mainly of 30:2, NMR analysis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
Prochlorococcus marinus contains C30 (combination of C14 and C16 fatty acids) and C28 (two C14 fatty acids) molecular species. Monoglucosyldiacylglycerol consists of 30:1 and 30:2, whereas MGDG consists mainly of 30:2, NMR analysis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Prochlorococcus marinus contains C30 (combination of C14 and C16 fatty acids) and C28 (two C14 fatty acids) molecular species. Monoglucosyldiacylglycerol consists of 30:1 and 30:2, whereas MGDG consists mainly of 30:2, NMR analysis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 contains 34:1 monoglucosyldiacylglycerol, and 34:2 and 34:3 monogalactosyldiacylglycerol as major components, NMR analysis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 contains 34:1 monoglucosyldiacylglycerol, and 34:2 and 34:3 monogalactosyldiacylglycerol as major components, NMR analysis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
monoglucosyldiacylglycerol from Anabaena variabilis M3 consists of 34:1, 34:2 and 34:3 molecular species, whereas 34:2, 34:3 and 34:4 are major components in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol from the same cyanobacterium. Namely, 34:1 corresponds to 18:1/16:0 (sn-1/sn-2), 34:2 corresponds to 18:1/16:1 and 18:2/16:0, 34:3 corresponds to 18:2/16:1 and 18:3/16:0, and 34:4 corresponds to 18:3/16:1. In contrast, monoglucosyldiacylglycerol contains few molecular species bearing 16:1 at the sn-2 position, NMR analysis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
monoglucosyldiacylglycerol from Anabaena variabilis M3 consists of 34:1, 34:2 and 34:3 molecular species, whereas 34:2, 34:3 and 34:4 are major components in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol from the same cyanobacterium. Namely, 34:1 corresponds to 18:1/16:0 (sn-1/sn-2), 34:2 corresponds to 18:1/16:1 and 18:2/16:0, 34:3 corresponds to 18:2/16:1 and 18:3/16:0, and 34:4 corresponds to 18:3/16:1. In contrast, monoglucosyldiacylglycerol contains few molecular species bearing 16:1 at the sn-2 position, NMR analysis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
monoglucosyldiacylglycerol from Anabaena variabilis M3 consists of 34:1, 34:2 and 34:3 molecular species, whereas 34:2, 34:3 and 34:4 are major components in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol from the same cyanobacterium. Namely, 34:1 corresponds to 18:1/16:0 (sn-1/sn-2), 34:2 corresponds to 18:1/16:1 and 18:2/16:0, 34:3 corresponds to 18:2/16:1 and 18:3/16:0, and 34:4 corresponds to 18:3/16:1. In contrast, monoglucosyldiacylglycerol contains few molecular species bearing 16:1 at the sn-2 position, NMR analysis, overview
-
-
?
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
malfunction
knockout mutants of mgdE in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 lack both monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol and accumulated monoglucosyldiacylglycerol. The mutants possess thylakoid membranes and show normal maximal photosynthetic activity, albeit with reduced utilization of light energy. Cyanobacterial mutants in which the gene is disrupted still grow photosynthetically, indicating that galactolipids are not essential for either oxygenic photosynthesis or the development of the thylakoid membrane structure. Phenotype, overview
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
evolution
the MgdE protein contains a fatty acid hydroxylase domain and a Rossmann-fold domain and belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family of proteins. The Rossmann fold functions as an oxidoreductase domain. In some cyanobacteria, such as Prochlorococcus, MgdE lacks the hydroxylase domain
evolution
the MgdE protein contains a fatty acid hydroxylase domain and a Rossmann-fold domain and belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family of proteins. The Rossmann fold functions as an oxidoreductase domain. In some cyanobacteria, such as Prochlorococcus, MgdE lacks the hydroxylase domain
evolution
the MgdE protein is a member of NAD-dependent oxidoreductases. Mechanisms of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in cyanobacteria, overview
evolution
the MgdE protein is a member of NAD-dependent oxidoreductases. Mechanisms of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in cyanobacteria, overview
evolution
the MgdE protein is a member of NAD-dependent oxidoreductases. Mechanisms of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in cyanobacteria, overview
evolution
-
the MgdE protein is a member of NAD-dependent oxidoreductases. Mechanisms of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in cyanobacteria, overview
-
evolution
-
the MgdE protein is a member of NAD-dependent oxidoreductases. Mechanisms of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in cyanobacteria, overview
-
evolution
-
the MgdE protein contains a fatty acid hydroxylase domain and a Rossmann-fold domain and belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family of proteins. The Rossmann fold functions as an oxidoreductase domain. In some cyanobacteria, such as Prochlorococcus, MgdE lacks the hydroxylase domain
-
metabolism
all the analyzed cyanobacteria contain monoglucosyldiacylglycerol, which is converted to monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, and suggest that an alternative epimerase is required for monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in these cyanobacteria
metabolism
all the analyzed cyanobacteria contain monoglucosyldiacylglycerol, which is converted to monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, and suggest that an alternative epimerase is required for monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in these cyanobacteria
metabolism
all the analyzed cyanobacteria contain monoglucosyldiacylglycerol, which is converted to monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, and suggest that an alternative epimerase is required for monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in these cyanobacteria
metabolism
in cyanobacteria, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol is synthesized via monoglucosyldiacylglycerol. The galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol dominate the thylakoid membranes of the oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, both types of galactolipids are bound in the interior of photosystem complexes
metabolism
-
all the analyzed cyanobacteria contain monoglucosyldiacylglycerol, which is converted to monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, and suggest that an alternative epimerase is required for monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in these cyanobacteria
-
metabolism
-
all the analyzed cyanobacteria contain monoglucosyldiacylglycerol, which is converted to monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, and suggest that an alternative epimerase is required for monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in these cyanobacteria
-
physiological function
the enzyme is required for synthesis of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, which is used as functional component of thylakoid membranes. But oxygenic photosynthesis is not absolutely dependent on galactolipids
physiological function
the enzyme is required for synthesis of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, which is used as functional component of thylakoid membranes. But oxygenic photosynthesis is not absolutely dependent on galactolipids
physiological function
-
the enzyme is required for synthesis of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, which is used as functional component of thylakoid membranes. But oxygenic photosynthesis is not absolutely dependent on galactolipids
-
additional information
monogalactosyldiacylglycerol is ubiquitous in the photosynthetic membranes of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. It is synthesized by galactosylation of diacylglycerol in the chloroplasts, whereas it is produced by epimerization of monoglucosyldiacylglycerol in at least several cyanobacteria
additional information
-
monogalactosyldiacylglycerol is ubiquitous in the photosynthetic membranes of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. It is synthesized by galactosylation of diacylglycerol in the chloroplasts, whereas it is produced by epimerization of monoglucosyldiacylglycerol in at least several cyanobacteria
additional information
monogalactosyldiacylglycerol is ubiquitous in the photosynthetic membranes of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. It is synthesized by galactosylation of diacylglycerol in the chloroplasts, whereas it is produced by epimerization of monoglucosyldiacylglycerol in at least several cyanobacteria
additional information
-
monogalactosyldiacylglycerol is ubiquitous in the photosynthetic membranes of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. It is synthesized by galactosylation of diacylglycerol in the chloroplasts, whereas it is produced by epimerization of monoglucosyldiacylglycerol in at least several cyanobacteria
additional information
monogalactosyldiacylglycerol is ubiquitous in the photosynthetic membranes of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. It is synthesized by galactosylation of diacylglycerol in the chloroplasts, whereas it is produced by epimerization of monoglucosyldiacylglycerol in at least several cyanobacteria. The N-terminal fatty acid hydroxylase domain is lacking in the MgdE protein of Prochlorococcus marinus. The monoglucosyldiacylglycerol level is very low in Prochlorococcus marinus, but it is about 1/50 of that of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in most cyanobacteria
additional information
-
monogalactosyldiacylglycerol is ubiquitous in the photosynthetic membranes of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. It is synthesized by galactosylation of diacylglycerol in the chloroplasts, whereas it is produced by epimerization of monoglucosyldiacylglycerol in at least several cyanobacteria. The N-terminal fatty acid hydroxylase domain is lacking in the MgdE protein of Prochlorococcus marinus. The monoglucosyldiacylglycerol level is very low in Prochlorococcus marinus, but it is about 1/50 of that of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in most cyanobacteria
additional information
-
monogalactosyldiacylglycerol is ubiquitous in the photosynthetic membranes of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. It is synthesized by galactosylation of diacylglycerol in the chloroplasts, whereas it is produced by epimerization of monoglucosyldiacylglycerol in at least several cyanobacteria
-
additional information
-
monogalactosyldiacylglycerol is ubiquitous in the photosynthetic membranes of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. It is synthesized by galactosylation of diacylglycerol in the chloroplasts, whereas it is produced by epimerization of monoglucosyldiacylglycerol in at least several cyanobacteria. The N-terminal fatty acid hydroxylase domain is lacking in the MgdE protein of Prochlorococcus marinus. The monoglucosyldiacylglycerol level is very low in Prochlorococcus marinus, but it is about 1/50 of that of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in most cyanobacteria
-
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UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). MGDE_SYNY3
Synechocystis sp. (strain PCC 6803 / Kazusa)
410
4
45956
Swiss-Prot
-
A0A5A5RMR7_MICAE
411
3
46863
TrEMBL
-
A0A5J4F6N8_MICAE
411
3
46921
TrEMBL
-
A0A402DB76_MICAE
411
3
46908
TrEMBL
-
A0A1Z3HH58_9CYAN
390
1
43550
TrEMBL
-
A0A5A5R8A2_MICAE
411
3
46938
TrEMBL
-
A0A5A5S1U8_MICAE
411
3
46907
TrEMBL
-
Q3M6N9_TRIV2
Trichormus variabilis (strain ATCC 29413 / PCC 7937)
420
0
47037
TrEMBL
-
Q7V2J8_PROMP
Prochlorococcus marinus subsp. pastoris (strain CCMP1986 / NIES-2087 / MED4)
237
0
27193
TrEMBL
-
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PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
generation of mgdE gene disruption mutants, disruption of the gene for the glucolipid epimerase (mgdE) in the monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) synthase gene 1 (MGD1) background. The DELTAmgdE mutants retain about 70% of the chlorophyll content of the wild-type, no galactose moiety is detected in the deletion mutant by GC-MS analysis, confirming that monogalactosyldiacylglycerol comprise less than 0.4% of total membrane lipids. The mutants contain normal-looking thylakoid membranes. TLC analysis of lipids in the wild-type and DELTAmgdE cells of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 expressing GST-MGD1
additional information
-
generation of mgdE gene disruption mutants, disruption of the gene for the glucolipid epimerase (mgdE) in the monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) synthase gene 1 (MGD1) background. The DELTAmgdE mutants retain about 70% of the chlorophyll content of the wild-type, no galactose moiety is detected in the deletion mutant by GC-MS analysis, confirming that monogalactosyldiacylglycerol comprise less than 0.4% of total membrane lipids. The mutants contain normal-looking thylakoid membranes. TLC analysis of lipids in the wild-type and DELTAmgdE cells of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 expressing GST-MGD1
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
gene mgdE, recombinant expression in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3), co-expression with Prochlorococcus marinus gene mgdA, the transformed Escherichia coli cells are temperature-sensitive and do not accumulate neither monogalactosyldiacylglycerol nor digalactosyldiacylglycerol when grown at 37°C
gene mgdE, sequence comparisons, recombinant expression in wild-type Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 or the strain overexpressing CsMGD1 under the control of the light-inducible psbA promoter
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REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Sato, N.
Is monoglucosyldiacylglycerol a precursor to monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in all cyanobacteria?
Plant Cell Physiol.
56
1890-1899
2015
no activity in Gloeobacter violaceus, no activity in Thermosynechococcus elongatus, no activity in Acaryochloris marina, Synechocystis sp. (P74167), Synechocystis sp., Trichormus variabilis (Q3M6N9), Trichormus variabilis, Prochlorococcus marinus (Q7V2J8), Prochlorococcus marinus, Trichormus variabilis M3 (Q3M6N9), no activity in Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP1, no activity in Gloeobacter violaceus PCC7421, no activity in Acaryochloris marina MBIC11017, Prochlorococcus marinus CCMP 1986 (Q7V2J8)
brenda
Awai, K.; Ohta, H.; Sato, N.
Oxygenic photosynthesis without galactolipids
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
111
13571-13575
2014
no activity in Gloeobacter violaceus, no activity in Thermosynechococcus elongatus, Synechocystis sp. (P74167), Synechocystis sp., Prochlorococcus marinus (Q7V2J8), Prochlorococcus marinus MED4 (Q7V2J8)
brenda
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Release 2023.1 (January 2023)
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