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L-alanine
D-alanine
very low activity
-
-
r
L-aspartate
D-aspartate
low activity
-
-
r
L-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate
D-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate
i.e. L-THA, Ser racemase shows activity toward D,L-THA and L-THA. D-THA cannot act as a substrate and/or inhibitor for the enzyme. The highest level of activity is detected with L-THA
-
-
r
rac-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate
D-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate
i.e. L-THA, Ser racemase shows activity toward D,L-THA and L-THA. D-THA cannot act as a substrate and/or inhibitor for the enzyme. The highest level of activity is detected with L-THA
-
-
?
D-serine
L-serine
-
-
-
-
r
L-serine
pyruvate + NH3
-
elimination reaction
-
-
?
L-serine-O-sulfate
O-sulfopyruvate + NH3
-
elimination reaction
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
L-serine
D-serine
-
-
-
?
L-serine
D-serine
-
-
-
-
?
L-serine
D-serine
-
-
-
?
L-serine
D-serine
-
-
-
-
?
L-serine
D-serine
-
-
-
r
L-serine
D-serine
-
-
-
-
r
L-serine
D-serine
-
-
-
r
L-serine
D-serine
-
-
-
-
r
L-serine
D-serine
-
-
-
r
L-serine
D-serine
-
-
-
-
r
L-serine
D-serine
-
-
-
r
L-serine
D-serine
-
-
-
-
r
L-serine
D-serine
-
-
-
-
?
L-serine
D-serine
-
-
-
-
r
L-serine
D-serine
-
-
D-serine is an important modulator of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function
-
?
L-serine
D-serine
-
racemization reaction
-
-
r
L-serine
D-serine
-
D-serine is an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor co-agonist, synthesized by serine racemase and degraded by d-amino acid oxidase
-
-
?
L-serine
D-serine
-
the astrocytic enzyme synthesizes the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor coagonist D-serine, and is involved in development of schizophrenia and glutamatergic dysfunction, astrocytes may play a direct role in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor dysfunction in schizophrenia, overview
-
-
?
L-serine
D-serine
-
enzyme residues S84 and P111 are crucial for enzyme activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
specific for L-serine
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
specific for L-serine
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
analysis of enzyme-substrate-cofactor interactions in the active site, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
analysis of enzyme-substrate-cofactor interactions in the active site, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
reactions catalyzed by serine racemase are racemization and alpha,beta-elimination, mechanisms, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the recombinant enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli exhibits Ser racemase activity in addition to low, but detectable, Asp and Ala racemase activities in vitro. T01H8.2 shows dehydratase activity toward several hydroxyamino acids in addition to racemase activity. Substrate specificity, overview. No activity on L-Glu
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the recombinant enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli exhibits Ser racemase activity in addition to low, but detectable, Asp and Ala racemase activities in vitro. T01H8.2 shows dehydratase activity toward several hydroxyamino acids in addition to racemase activity. Substrate specificity, overview. No activity on L-Glu
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme additionally catalyzes elimination reaction of D-/L-serine and of L-serine-O-sulfate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme also performs an elimination reaction
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
serine racemase is the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes L-serine racemisation to D-serine, and L- and D-serine beta-elimination in mammalian brain
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme binds to the glutamate receptor interacting protein, to protein interacting with C kinase 1, and Golgi-localized protein Golga 3
-
-
?
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(thiophen-3-yl)propanedioate
-
1,4-dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide
the NADH precursor exhibits a partial mixed-type inhibition. Docking simulations suggest that all 1,4-dihydronicotinamide derivatives bind at the interdimeric interface, with the ring positioned in an unoccupied site next to the ATP binding site
-
1-(4-acetamidoanilino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl 3-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfanyl]propanoate
-
1-(4-ethoxyanilino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl 3-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfanyl]propanoate
-
1-anilino-1-oxopropan-2-yl 3-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfanyl]propanoate
-
2-(4-acetamidoanilino)-2-oxoethyl 3-(2-fluorophenoxy)propanoate
-
2-(4-acetamidoanilino)-2-oxoethyl 3-(phenylsulfanyl)propanoate
-
2-(4-acetamidoanilino)-2-oxoethyl 3-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfanyl]propanoate
-
2-(4-acetamidoanilino)-2-oxoethyl 3-[(2-fluorophenyl)sulfanyl]propanoate
-
2-(4-acetamidoanilino)-2-oxoethyl 3-[(2-methoxyphenyl)sulfanyl]propanoate
-
2-(4-acetamidoanilino)-2-oxoethyl 3-[(3-methoxyphenyl)sulfanyl]propanoate
-
2-(4-acetamidoanilino)-2-oxoethyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfanyl]propanoate
-
2-(4-acetamidoanilino)-2-oxoethyl 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)butanoate
-
3-aminopropane-1,1,3-tricarboxylate
-
beta-NADH
reduced NADH inhibits the serine racemase, the inhibition is partial, the IC50 value is several-fold higher than the intracellular NADH concentrations. At saturating concentrations of NADH, ATP binds with a 2fold lower affinity and without co-operativity, suggesting ligand competition. But NADH also reduces the weak activity of human serine racemase in the absence of ATP, indicating an additional ATP-independent inhibition mechanism. The inhibitory determinant is the N-substituted 1,4-dihydronicotinamide ring. NAD+ does not seem to compete at all with NADH. Identification of the NADH-binding site, overview
bis(hydroxymethyl)propanedioate
-
cyclobutane-1,1,3,3-tetracarboxylate
-
ethane-1,1,2,2-tetracarboxylic acid
-
ethane-1,1,2-tricarboxylate
-
glycine
competitive inhibitor, the active site ligand glycine increases the enzyme's affinity for ATP by 22fold and abolishes cooperativity while ATP increases the noncooperative glycine binding 15fold. The in vivo concentration plays a role in D-serine synthesis (i.e., glycine concentration in astrocytes is in the 3-6 mM range)
L-erythro-3-hydroxyaspartate
competitive versus L-serine
N-(4-acetamidophenyl)-N2-[3-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfanyl]propanoyl]alaninamide
-
N-(4-acetamidophenyl)-N2-[3-[(2-methoxyphenyl)sulfanyl]propanoyl]alaninamide
-
N-(4-acetylphenyl)-2-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acetyl]hydrazine-1-carboxamide
-
N-(4-bromophenyl)-N2-[(4-fluorophenoxy)acetyl]glycinamide
-
N2-[(4-bromophenoxy)acetyl]-N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)glycinamide
-
N2-[(4-bromophenoxy)acetyl]-N-(4-iodophenyl)glycinamide
-
N2-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]-N-(2,3,4-trifluorophenyl)glycinamide
-
N2-[(4-fluorophenoxy)acetyl]-N-(4-iodophenyl)glycinamide
-
oxirane-2,3-dicarboxylate
-
phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
-
propane-1,2,2,3-tetracarboxylate
-
S-nitrosoglutathione
GSNO, inhibition of human serine racemase by S-nitrosylation at Cys133, Cys128,and Cys269. The time-course is markedly biphasic, with a fast phase associated with the reaction of Cys113. The inhibition results from a conformational change rather than the direct displacement of ATP. Effect of nitrosylation on the cross-talk between ATP binding site and active site, both ATP and glycine bind to their respective sites with the same affinity regardless of the nitrosylation state
cystamine
-
abolishes the enzyme activity
L-erythro-3-hydroxyaspartate
-
-
2,2-dichloromalonate
-
2,2-dichloromalonate
as malonate, it binds in a small pocket of the active site
malonate
-
additional information
design of high-affinity serine racemase effectors to finely modulate D-serine homeostasis
-
additional information
-
design of high-affinity serine racemase effectors to finely modulate D-serine homeostasis
-
additional information
design, synthesis, and evaluation of inhibitors for wild-type human serine racemase. Serine racemase inhibitors are therapeutic candidates for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and epileptic states. No inhibition by 2-(4-acetamidoanilino)-2-oxoethyl 3-[(3-chlorophenyl)sulfanyl]propanoate, N-[2-(4-acetamidoanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-3-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfanyl]propanamide, N-[2-(4-acetamidoanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-3-[(2-methoxyphenyl)sulfanyl]propanamide, and N-(4-acetamidophenyl)-7-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxoheptanamide
-
additional information
-
design, synthesis, and evaluation of inhibitors for wild-type human serine racemase. Serine racemase inhibitors are therapeutic candidates for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and epileptic states. No inhibition by 2-(4-acetamidoanilino)-2-oxoethyl 3-[(3-chlorophenyl)sulfanyl]propanoate, N-[2-(4-acetamidoanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-3-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfanyl]propanamide, N-[2-(4-acetamidoanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-3-[(2-methoxyphenyl)sulfanyl]propanamide, and N-(4-acetamidophenyl)-7-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxoheptanamide
-
additional information
EDTA has no significant effect on enzyme activity. No inhibition by D-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate
-
additional information
-
EDTA has no significant effect on enzyme activity. No inhibition by D-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate
-
additional information
EDTA impairs only the alpha,beta-elimination reaction, not the racemization. Several dicarboxylic acids are strong, competitive inhibitors of the enzyme
-
additional information
in silico and pharmacological inhibitor screenings, enzyme homology modeling, four active sites of hSR (two malonate-bound and two ligand-free forms) are used in this protein structure-based virtual screening, ligand docking
-
additional information
malonate-based inhibitors of mammalian serine racemase, kinetic characterization and structure-based computational study. Enzyme-inhibitor structure-activity relationship. Ligand docking into the human enzyme active site with three thermodynamically favourable water molecules is able to discern qualitatively between good and weak inhibitors. Further improvement in ranking is obtained using advanced PM6-D3H4X/COSMO semiempirical quantum mechanics-based scoring which distinguishes between the compounds with IC50 better/worse than 2 mM, molecular dynamics, method, overview
-
additional information
-
malonate-based inhibitors of mammalian serine racemase, kinetic characterization and structure-based computational study. Enzyme-inhibitor structure-activity relationship. Ligand docking into the human enzyme active site with three thermodynamically favourable water molecules is able to discern qualitatively between good and weak inhibitors. Further improvement in ranking is obtained using advanced PM6-D3H4X/COSMO semiempirical quantum mechanics-based scoring which distinguishes between the compounds with IC50 better/worse than 2 mM, molecular dynamics, method, overview
-
additional information
no enzyme inhibition by ADP and the oxidized forms NAD+ and NADP+. Molecular modeling. The NADH/NAD+ fragments 1-methyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (MNA-red), 1,4-dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN-red), their oxidized forms 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA-ox) and beta-nicotinamide monucleotide (NMN-ox), the fully reduced form of MNA-ox-1-methyl 3-piperidinecarboxamide (MPCA), ADP and diphosphate are screened at 2 mM concentration using the beta-elimination (EC 4.3.1.17) assay to identify the inhibitory determinant of NADH, inhibition mechanism, overview
-
additional information
-
no enzyme inhibition by ADP and the oxidized forms NAD+ and NADP+. Molecular modeling. The NADH/NAD+ fragments 1-methyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (MNA-red), 1,4-dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN-red), their oxidized forms 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA-ox) and beta-nicotinamide monucleotide (NMN-ox), the fully reduced form of MNA-ox-1-methyl 3-piperidinecarboxamide (MPCA), ADP and diphosphate are screened at 2 mM concentration using the beta-elimination (EC 4.3.1.17) assay to identify the inhibitory determinant of NADH, inhibition mechanism, overview
-
additional information
-
S-nitrosylation or membrane binding inhibit racemase activity
-
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Alzheimer Disease
Induction of serine racemase expression and D-serine release from microglia by amyloid beta-peptide.
Alzheimer Disease
Neurotoxic astrocytes express the d-serine synthesizing enzyme, serine racemase, in Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer Disease
Recombinant human serine racemase: enzymologic characterization and comparison with its mouse ortholog.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Paradoxical roles of serine racemase and D-serine in the G93A mSOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Ataxia Telangiectasia
Individualized therapy for type 2 diabetes: clinical implications of pharmacogenetic data.
Brain Diseases
The Role of Serine Racemase in the Pathophysiology of Brain Disorders.
Brain Ischemia
Serine racemase deletion protects against cerebral ischemia and excitotoxicity.
Brain Ischemia
Serine racemase expression in mouse cerebral cortex after permanent focal cerebral ischemia.
Brain Ischemia
Serine racemase inhibition induces nitric oxide-mediated neurovascular protection during cerebral ischemia.
Choroidal Neovascularization
Serine racemase deficiency attenuates choroidal neovascularization and reduces nitric oxide and VEGF levels by retinal pigment epithelial cells.
Colorectal Neoplasms
Serine racemase enhances growth of colorectal cancer by producing pyruvate from serine.
Dehydration
Catalytic mechanism of serine racemase from Dictyostelium discoideum.
Dehydration
Crystal structure of a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent aspartate racemase derived from the bivalve mollusc Scapharca broughtonii.
Dehydration
Glutamine 89 is a key residue in the allosteric modulation of human serine racemase activity by ATP.
Dehydration
Serine racemase enhances growth of colorectal cancer by producing pyruvate from serine.
Dehydration
The Energy Landscape of Human Serine Racemase.
Dermatitis, Atopic
Inflammatory cytokine-mediated induction of serine racemase in atopic dermatitis.
Diabetes Mellitus
Serine racemase rs391300 G/A polymorphism influences the therapeutic efficacy of metformin in Chinese patients with diabetes mellitus type 2.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Association of serine racemase gene variants with type 2 diabetes in the Chinese Han population.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Faster progression from MCI to probable AD for carriers of a single-nucleotide polymorphism associated with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetic Retinopathy
Loss-of-function mutation of serine racemase attenuates excitotoxicity by intravitreal injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate.
Diabetic Retinopathy
Loss-of-function mutation of serine racemase attenuates retinal ganglion cell loss in diabetic mice.
Diabetic Retinopathy
Overexpression of D-amino acid oxidase prevents retinal neurovascular pathologies in diabetic rats.
Diabetic Retinopathy
Overexpression of serine racemase in retina and overproduction of D-serine in eyes of streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy.
Diabetic Retinopathy
Serine racemase deletion attenuates neurodegeneration and microvascular damage in diabetic retinopathy.
Epilepsy
Potential roles of D-serine and serine racemase in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy.
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
Potential roles of D-serine and serine racemase in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy.
Glioblastoma
Mutual regulation between serine and nitric oxide metabolism in human glioblastoma cells.
Glioblastoma
Regulation of serine racemase activity by D-serine and nitric oxide in human glioblastoma cells.
Glioma
D-Serine metabolism in C6 glioma cells: Involvement of alanine-serine-cysteine transporter (ASCT2) and serine racemase (SRR) but not D-amino acid oxidase (DAO).
Hyperalgesia
Spinal D-Serine Increases PKC-Dependent GluN1 Phosphorylation Contributing to the Sigma-1 Receptor-Induced Development of Mechanical Allodynia in a Mouse Model of Neuropathic Pain.
Hypertension
Neuroprotective effects of DAAO are mediated via the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in a glaucomatous animal model.
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
Cellular origin and regulation of D- and L-serine in in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia.
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
Serine racemase expression in mouse cerebral cortex after permanent focal cerebral ischemia.
Memory Disorders
Reduced serine racemase expression contributes to age-related deficits in hippocampal cognitive function.
Memory Disorders
Serine racemase as a prime target for age-related memory deficits.
Neoplasms
Moderate-Intensity Exercise Induces Neurogenesis and Improves Cognition in Old Mice by Upregulating Hippocampal Hippocalcin, Otub1, and Spectrin-?.
Neoplasms
Total Flavones of Abelmoschus manihot Remodels Gut Microbiota and Inhibits Microinflammation in Chronic Renal Failure Progression by Targeting Autophagy-Mediated Macrophage Polarization.
Neuralgia
Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 Side-Chain Cleavage Attenuates the Development of Mechanical Allodynia by Reducing Spinal D-Serine Production in a Murine Model of Neuropathic Pain.
Neurobehavioral Manifestations
D-amino Acid oxidase inhibitors as a novel class of drugs for schizophrenia therapy.
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel inhibitors for wild-type human serine racemase.
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurobiology through the looking-glass: D-serine as a new glial-derived transmitter.
Seizures
D-Serine Contributes to Seizure Development via ERK Signaling.
Seizures
Decreased susceptibility to seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole in serine racemase knockout mice.
serine racemase deficiency
Serine racemase deficiency attenuates choroidal neovascularization and reduces nitric oxide and VEGF levels by retinal pigment epithelial cells.
Stroke
Neurobiology through the looking-glass: D-serine as a new glial-derived transmitter.
Stroke
Peripheral Biomarker for Vascular Disorders.
Stroke
Recombinant human serine racemase: enzymologic characterization and comparison with its mouse ortholog.
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physiological function
free D-serine (D-Ser) plays a crucial role in regulating brain function in mammals. In the brain, D-Ser is synthesized by Ser racemase, the enzyme produces D-Ser from L-Ser in a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent manner. D-Ser binds to the glycine-binding site of the NMDA receptor and potentiates glutamatergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Astroglia and/or neuron-derived D-Ser regulates NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation and/or depression in hypothalamic and hippocampal excitatory synapses. Ser racemase also exhibits dehydratase activity toward several hydroxyamino acids
physiological function
human serine racemase catalyzes both the synthesis and the degradation of D-serine, an obligatory co-agonist of the glutamatergic NMDA receptors. It is allosterically controlled by ATP, which increases its activity around 7fold through a cooperative binding mechanism. Serine racemase is allosterically inhibited by NADH and reduced nicotinamide derivatives suggesting a physiological regulation of hSR activity by the glycolytic flux in neurons. NADH binding counteracts ATP activation of the enzyme with a complete loss of cooperativity
physiological function
most of the endogenous free D-serine (about 90%) in the brain is produced by serine racemase. D-Serine in the brain is involved in neurodegenerative disorders and epileptic states as an endogenous co-agonist of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor
physiological function
serine racemase (SerR) is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme catalyzing the racemization of L-Ser to D-Ser. In mammals, D-Ser is an endogenous coagonist required for the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs)
physiological function
serine racemase is a key player in apoptosis and necrosis, physiological regulation of serine racemase, overview. NMDAR-mediated Ca2+ influx at postsynaptic neurons involves Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent activation of neuronal NO synthase. The NO produced here diffuses into adjacent astrocytes or neurons to nitrosylate and inhibit the serine racemase and activate D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO). Cys113, identified as the target residue of serine racemase nitrosylation, is in close proximity to the ATP-binding region and thus nitrosylation might displace ATP from its binding site and inactivate the enzyme. ATP and NO reciprocally activate and inhibit the enzyme by acting at the same protein site. Synthesis of both neuronal and astrocytic D-serine in the brain is dependent on 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that occurs mainly in astrocytes and which catalyzes the first step in L-serine biosynthesis: L-serine shuttles from astrocytes into neurons where it is transformed by neuronal SR to D-serine. Serine racemase D-serine-related pathway in neuronal apoptosis, D-serine and the enzyme are involved in controlling the extent of NMDAR activation and neurotoxic insults observed in many central nervous disorders, like Alzheimer's disease, amylothrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and epilepsy, and also stroke and ischemia, detailed overview
physiological function
serine racemase is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent enzyme responsible for the synthesis of D-serine, a neuromodulator of the NMDA receptors. Its activity is modulated by several ligands, including ATP, divalent cations and protein interactors. The enzyme is negatively regulated by reversible S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues, C113, C128, and C269, overview
malfunction
-
increased levels of enzyme-mediated D-serine production are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease
malfunction
-
serine racemase is associated with schizophrenia susceptibility in humans, abnormal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia
malfunction
-
serine racemase is implicated with NMDA receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia
physiological function
-
the enzyme is responsible for D-serine production in the central nervous system, where D-serine acts as a co-agonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ion channels
physiological function
-
D-serine, synthesized by the enzyme, is an important coagonist at the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor class of glutamate receptors
physiological function
-
serine racemase activity is regulated by several physiological pathways. D-Serine binds to the coagonist site of the NMDA receptors and enhances neurotransmission
physiological function
-
serine racemase is a key player in neuron activity and in neuropathologies. D-serine is the essential co-agonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, that mediates neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, cell migration and long term potentiation. High and low D-serine levels have been associated with distinct neuropathologies, aging-related deficits and psychiatric disorders due to either hyper- or hypo-activation of the receptor. Serine racemase dual activity is regulated by ATP, divalent cations, cysteine nitrosylation, post-translational modifications, and interactions with proteins that bind either at the N- or C-terminus. Molecular basis of catalysis, regulation and conformational plasticity, overview
physiological function
-
through cross-talk between allosteric and active sites, intracellular ATP and glycine control D-serine homeostasis, and, indirectly, NMDA receptor activity. The N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a key role in excitatory neurotransmission, and control learning, memory and synaptic plasticity. Their activity is modulated by the agonist glutamate and by the co-agonists D-serine and glycine
additional information
a A65S hSDH mutant of serine dehydratase, EC 4.2.1.13, acquires an additional function of using D-serine as a substrate
additional information
-
a A65S hSDH mutant of serine dehydratase, EC 4.2.1.13, acquires an additional function of using D-serine as a substrate
additional information
enzyme activity site structure, docking and modeling, overview
additional information
-
enzyme activity site structure, docking and modeling, overview
additional information
homology modeling of the ligand-free form of the human enzyme, in which the X-ray crystal structure of ligand-free rat enzyme, PDB ID 3HMK, is used as a template
additional information
-
roles of quaternary structure and cysteine residues in the activity of human serine racemase, structure-function relationships of the recombinant enzyme, overview
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Xia, M.; Liu, Y.; Figueroa, D.J.; Chiu, C.S.; Wei, N.; Lawlor, A.M.; Lu, P.; Sur, C.; Koblan, K.S.; Connolly, T.M.
Characterization and localization of a human serine racemase
Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res.
125
96-104
2004
Homo sapiens (Q9GZT4), Homo sapiens
brenda
De Miranda, J.; Santoro, A.; Engelender, S.; Wolosker, H.
Human serine racemase: molecular cloning, genomic organization and functional analysis
Gene
256
183-188
2000
Homo sapiens (Q9GZT4), Homo sapiens
brenda
Shoji, K.; Mariotto, S.; Ciampa, A.R.; Suzuki, H.
Regulation of serine racemase activity by D-serine and nitric oxide in human glioblastoma cells
Neurosci. Lett.
392
75-78
2006
Homo sapiens
brenda
Nagayoshi, C.; Ishibashi, M.; Kita, Y.; Matsuoka, M.; Nishimoto, I.; Tokunaga, M.
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2005
Homo sapiens
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Wu, S.; Basile, A.S.; Barger, S.W.
Induction of serine racemase expression and D-serine release from microglia by secreted amyloid precursor protein (sAPP)
Curr. Alzheimer Res.
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Rattus norvegicus, Homo sapiens (Q9GZT4)
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Verrall, L.; Walker, M.; Rawlings, N.; Benzel, I.; Kew, J.N.; Harrison, P.J.; Burnet, P.W.
D-Amino acid oxidase and serine racemase in human brain: normal distribution and altered expression in schizophrenia
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2007
Homo sapiens
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Steffek, A.E.; Haroutunian, V.; Meador-Woodruff, J.H.
Serine racemase protein expression in cortex and hippocampus in schizophrenia
NeuroReport
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2006
Homo sapiens
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Hoffman, H.E.; Jiraskova, J.; Ingr, M.; Zvelebil, M.; Konvalinka, J.
Recombinant human serine racemase: enzymologic characterization and comparison with its mouse ortholog
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Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
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Hoffman, H.; Jiraskova, J.; Zvelebil, M.; Konvalinka, J.
Random mutagenesis of human serine racemase reveals residues important for the enzymatic activity
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2010
Homo sapiens
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Labrie, V.; Fukumura, R.; Rastogi, A.; Fick, L.J.; Wang, W.; Boutros, P.C.; Kennedy, J.L.; Semeralul, M.O.; Lee, F.H.; Baker, G.B.; Belsham, D.D.; Barger, S.W.; Gondo, Y.; Wong, A.H.; Roder, J.C.
Serine racemase is associated with schizophrenia susceptibility in humans and in a mouse model
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Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Mus musculus C57BL/6JJcl
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Smith, M.A.; Mack, V.; Ebneth, A.; Moraes, I.; Felicetti, B.; Wood, M.; Schonfeld, D.; Mather, O.; Cesura, A.; Barker, J.
The structure of mammalian serine racemase: evidence for conformational changes upon inhibitor binding
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Rattus norvegicus, Homo sapiens (Q9GZT4), Homo sapiens
brenda
Nagayoshi, C.; Ishibashi, M.; Tokunaga, M.
Purification and characterization of human brain serine racemase expressed in moderately halophilic bacteria
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2009
Homo sapiens
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Wang, W.; Barger, S.W.
Roles of quaternary structure and cysteine residues in the activity of human serine racemase
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63
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Homo sapiens
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Balu, D.T.; Takagi, S.; Puhl, M.D.; Benneyworth, M.A.; Coyle, J.T.
D-Serine and serine racemase are localized to neurons in the adult mouse and human forebrain
Cell. Mol. Neurobiol.
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2014
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
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Marchetti, M.; Bruno, S.; Campanini, B.; Peracchi, A.; Mai, N.; Mozzarelli, A.
ATP binding to human serine racemase is cooperative and modulated by glycine
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Homo sapiens
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Campanini, B.; Spyrakis, F.; Peracchi, A.; Mozzarelli, A.
Serine racemase: a key player in neuron activity and in neuropathologies
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Homo sapiens
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Ohide, H.; Miyoshi, Y.; Maruyama, R.; Hamase, K.; Konno, R.
D-Amino acid metabolism in mammals: biosynthesis, degradation and analytical aspects of the metabolic study
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2011
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Wang, C.Y.; Ku, S.C.; Lee, C.C.; Wang, A.H.
Modulating the function of human serine racemase and human serine dehydratase by protein engineering
Protein Eng. Des. Sel.
25
741-749
2012
Homo sapiens (Q9GZT4), Homo sapiens
brenda
Bruno, S.; Marchesani, F.; Dellafiora, L.; Margiotta, M.; Faggiano, S.; Campanini, B.; Mozzarelli, A.
Human serine racemase is allosterically modulated by NADH and reduced nicotinamide derivatives
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2016
Homo sapiens (Q9GZT4), Homo sapiens
brenda
Nitoker, N.; Major, D.T.
Understanding the reaction mechanism and intermediate stabilization in mammalian serine racemase using multiscale quantum-classical simulations
Biochemistry
54
516-527
2015
Rattus norvegicus (Q76EQ0), Homo sapiens (Q9GZT4), Homo sapiens
brenda
Marchesani, F.; Bruno, S.; Paredi, G.; Raboni, S.; Campanini, B.; Mozzarelli, A.
Human serine racemase is nitrosylated at multiple sites
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1866
813-821
2018
Homo sapiens (Q9GZT4), Homo sapiens
brenda
Mori, H.; Wada, R.; Li, J.; Ishimoto, T.; Mizuguchi, M.; Obita, T.; Gouda, H.; Hirono, S.; Toyooka, N.
In silico and pharmacological screenings identify novel serine racemase inhibitors
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2014
Homo sapiens (Q9GZT4)
brenda
Takahara, S.; Nakagawa, K.; Uchiyama, T.; Yoshida, T.; Matsumoto, K.; Kawasumi, Y.; Mizuguchi, M.; Obita, T.; Watanabe, Y.; Hayakawa, D.; Gouda, H.; Mori, H.; Toyooka, N.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel inhibitors for wild-type human serine racemase
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441-445
2017
Homo sapiens (Q9GZT4), Homo sapiens
brenda
Vorlova, B.; Nachtigallova, D.; Jiraskova-Vanickova, J.; Ajani, H.; Jansa, P.; Rezac, J.; Fanfrlik, J.; Otyepka, M.; Hobza, P.; Konvalinka, J.; Lepsik, M.
Malonate-based inhibitors of mammalian serine racemase kinetic characterization and structure-based computational study
Eur. J. Med. Chem.
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2015
Homo sapiens (Q9GZT4), Homo sapiens
brenda
Canu, N.; Ciotti, M.T.; Pollegioni, L.
Serine racemase a key player in apoptosis and necrosis
Front. Synaptic Neurosci.
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9
2014
Homo sapiens (Q9GZT4), Mus musculus (Q9QZX7)
brenda
Katane, M.; Saitoh, Y.; Uchiyama, K.; Nakayama, K.; Saitoh, Y.; Miyamoto, T.; Sekine, M.; Uda, K.; Homma, H.
Characterization of a homologue of mammalian serine racemase from Caenorhabditis elegans the enzyme is not critical for the metabolism of serine invivo
Genes Cells
21
966-977
2016
Caenorhabditis elegans (Q93968), Caenorhabditis elegans, Homo sapiens (Q9GZT4), Homo sapiens, Caenorhabditis elegans N2 (Q93968)
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