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Information on EC 4.4.1.14 - 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase and Organism(s) Arabidopsis thaliana and UniProt Accession Q37001
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4.4.1.14 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthaseIUBMB Comments
A pyridoxal 5'-phosphate protein. The enzyme catalyses an alpha,gamma-elimination.
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Word Map
- 4.4.1.14
- ethylene
- tomato
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ripening
- seedlings
- flower
- auxin
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etiolated
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phytohormone
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climacteric
- hypocotyls
- agriculture
- malus
- lycopersicon
- aminoethoxyvinylglycine
- esculentum
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ripening-related
- 1-methylcyclopropene
- cucumis
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auxin-induced
- dianthus
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aerenchyma
- carnation
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ethephon
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ethylene-forming
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ethylene-induced
- caryophyllus
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ethylene-mediated
- 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylate
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preclimacteric
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iaa-induced
- food industry
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monoecious
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wound-induced
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Arabidopsis thaliana
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Reaction Schemes
Synonyms
acc synthase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase, mdacs1, le-acs2, acs-1, leacs2, le-acs4, le-acs3, ghacs1, 
more
topSYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthetase
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1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase
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1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate synthase
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ACC synthase
ACS4
ACS5
aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
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aminocyclopropanecarboxylate synthase
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aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid synthase
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S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate-forming)
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synthase, 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate
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ACC synthase
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S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
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-, -
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
S-adenosyl-L-methionine S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine-lyase (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate-forming)
A pyridoxal 5'-phosphate protein. The enzyme catalyses an alpha,gamma-elimination.
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
72506-68-4
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
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-
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?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
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?
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
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?
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + methylthioadenosine
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-
-
?
COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
2-(cyclopentylamino)-7,7-dimethyl-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one
inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis at the step of converting S-adenosylmethionine to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by ACC synthase
2-(cyclopentylamino)-7-(4-methylphenyl)-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one
inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis at the step of converting S-adenosylmethionine to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by ACC synthase
7-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(phenylamino)-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one
inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis at the step of converting S-adenosylmethionine to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by ACC synthase
EOL1
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also named ETO1-LIKE 1, directs the degradation of type-2 ACS proteins (ACS4, ACS5 and ACS9) but not of type-1 or type-3 ACSs
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate
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the expression of ACS7 is enhanced by 0.02 mM 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate
3-indole acetic acid
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exogenous treatment with 3-indole acetic acid increases the promoter activity of ACS4
abscisic acid
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exogenous treatment with abscisic acid increases the promoter activity of ACS4
ethylene
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ethylene enhances the promoter activities of ACS4 and ACS7 genes but exhibits no obvious impacts on that of ACS5
jasmonic acid
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exogenous treatment with jasmonic acid increases the promoter activity of ACS4
Ki VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.000015
7-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(phenylamino)-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one
pH 8.0, 25°C
IC50 VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.0079
2-(cyclopentylamino)-7,7-dimethyl-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one
Arabidopsis thaliana
pH 8.0, 25°C
0.0014
2-(cyclopentylamino)-7-(4-methylphenyl)-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one
Arabidopsis thaliana
pH 8.0, 25°C
0.0005
7-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(phenylamino)-7,8-dihydroquinazolin-5(6H)-one
Arabidopsis thaliana
pH 8.0, 25°C
pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
specific ACS isozymes are targets for regulation by protein phosphatase 2A during Arabidopsis thaliana seedling growth and reduced protein phosphatase 2A function causes increased ACS activity in the roots curl in 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid 1 mutant
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
-
14-3-3 proteins interact with multiple 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana, 14-3-3 likely acts on all three classes of enzyme proteins
metabolism
proteolytic turnover of the ACS6 protein is retarded when protein phosphatase 2A activity is reduced. Protein phosphatase 2A and ACS6 proteins associate in seedlings and RCN1-containing protein phosphatase 2A complexes specifically dephosphorylate a C-terminal ACS6 phosphopeptide
metabolism
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the enzyme catalyzes the generally rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the phytohormone ethylene. 14-3-3 proteins exhibit a regulatory function in the pathway by reducing the degradation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase through components of a CULLIN-3 E3 ubiquitin ligase, i.e. ethylene-overproducer 1-like proteins or ETO1/EOLs, that target a subset of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase proteins for rapid degradation by the 26S proteasome. 14-3-3 protein positively regulates type-2 ACS protein stability by both increasing the turnover of the ETO1/EOL BTB E3 ligases that target type-2 ACS proteins and by an ETO1/EOL-independent mechanism. 14-3-3 protein promotes the degradation of ETO1/EOLs, likely via the 26S proteasome pathway
metabolism
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abscisic acid, auxin, gibberellic acid, methyl jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid differentially regulate the stability of ACS proteins, with distinct effects on various isoforms. Heterodimerization between ACS isoforms from distinct subclades results in increased stability of the shorter-lived partner, i.e. isoform ACS7 has a regulatory function to influence the stability of type-1 and type-2 ACS proteins through the formation of heterodimers
physiological function
ethylene overproduction in protein phosphatase 2A-deficient plants requires isoforms ACS2 and ACS6
physiological function
transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing Lycopersicum esculentum gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase exhibit remarkable upregulation of isoforms ACS2, ACS6, and ACO1 at transcript as well as protein levels, while they are downregulated in the GSH-depleted phytoalexin deficient2-1 mutant. Presence of enhanced levels of GSH induce ACS2 and ACS6 transcription in a WRKY33-dependent manner, while ACO1 transcription remains unaffected
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). 1A15_ARATH
470
0
53313
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 2)
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
53800
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
phosphoprotein
RCN1-containing protein phosphatase 2A complexes specifically dephosphorylate a C-terminal ACS6 phosphopeptide
additional information
-
posttranslational regulation of ethylene biosynthesis
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
transformation of Arabidopsis by the floral dip method to yield an AtACS4 and b-glucuronidase construct, characterization of atacs4, atacs8 and atacs4atacs8 knockouts, auxin-resistant 1, axr1-3, and auxin-resistant 2, axr2-1, mutants can not be activated by brassinosteroid
additional information
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a transient expression system in Arabidopsis protoplasts is used to determine if the interaction with 14-3-3 protein increases the half-life of ACS5. Coexpression of HA-14-3-3v increases the half-life of myc-tagged ACS5 protein in this system
GENERAL STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
14-3-3 proteins interact with multiple 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana leading to stabilization of the isozymes
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
coexpression of HA-tagged EOL2, HA-tagged isozyme ACS5, and increasing levels of HA-tagged 14-3-3omega protein in Arabidospis thaliana protoplasts, seedling phenotypes, overview
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APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
agriculture
identification of compounds inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis at the step of converting S-adenosylmethionine to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by ACC synthase
agriculture
agriculture
expression of ACC synthase is the rate limiting step in ethylene biosynthesis and is controlled by a multiple regulatory pathway of auxin, brassinosteroid and light in Arabidopsis seedlings
agriculture
ethylene overproduction in protein phosphatase 2A-deficient plants requires isoforms ACS2 and ACS6
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Abel, S.; Nguyen, M.D.; Chow, W.; Thiologis, A.
ACS4, a primary indoleacetic acid-responsive gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Structural characterization, expression in Escherichia coli, and expression characteristics in response to auxin
J. Biol. Chem.
270
19093-19099
1995
Arabidopsis thaliana
Woeste, K.E.; Ye, C.; Kieber, J.J.
Two Arabidopsis mutants that overproduce ethylene are affected in the posttranscriptional regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase
Plant Physiol.
119
521-529
1999
Arabidopsis thaliana
Jakubowicz, M.
Structure, catalytic activity and evolutionary relationships of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, the key enzyme of ethylene synthesis in higher plants
Acta Biochim. Pol.
49
757-774
2002
Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica oleracea, Citrus sinensis, Cucumis melo, Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita pepo, Lupinus albus, Solanum lycopersicum, Malus domestica, Oryza sativa, Pelargonium x hortorum, Vigna radiata, Solanum tuberosum
Joo, S.; Seo, Y.S.; Kim, S.M.; Hong, D.K.; Park, K.Y.; Kim, W.T.
Brassinosteroid induction of AtACS4 encoding an auxin-responsive 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 4 in Arabidopsis seedlings
Physiol. Plant.
126
592-604
2006
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q06402)
Xu, S.L.; Rahman, A.; Baskin, T.I.; Kieber, J.J.
Two leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases mediate signaling, linking cell wall biosynthesis and ACC synthase in Arabidopsis
Plant Cell
20
3065-3079
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana
Christians, M.J.; Gingerich, D.J.; Hansen, M.; Binder, B.M.; Kieber, J.J.; Vierstra, R.D.
The BTB ubiquitin ligases ETO1, EOL1 and EOL2 act collectively to regulate ethylene biosynthesis in Arabidopsis by controlling type-2 ACC synthase levels
Plant J.
57
332-345
2009
Arabidopsis thaliana
Tang, X.; Chang, L.; Wu, S.; Li, P.; Liu, G.; Wang, N.N.
Auto-regulation of the promoter activities of Arabidopsis 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase genes AtACS4, AtACS5, and AtACS7 in response to different plant hormones
Plant Sci.
175
161-167
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana
Lin, L.C.; Hsu, J.H.; Wang, L.C.
Identification of novel inhibitors of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase by chemical screening in Arabidopsis thaliana
J. Biol. Chem.
285
33445-33456
2010
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q37001), Arabidopsis thaliana
Skottke, K.; Yoon, G.; Kieber, J.; DeLong, A.
Protein phosphatase 2A controls ethylene biosynthesis by differentially regulating the turnover of ACC synthase isoforms
PLoS Genet.
7
e1001370
2011
Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana (Q06402), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9SAR0)
Yoon, G.M.; Kieber, J.J.
14-3-3 regulates 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase protein turnover in Arabidopsis
Plant Cell
25
1016-1028
2013
Arabidopsis thaliana
Datta, R.; Kumar, D.; Sultana, A.; Hazra, S.; Bhattacharyya, D.; Chattopadhyay, S.
Glutathione regulates 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase transcription via WRKY33 and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase by modulating messenger RNA stability to induce ethylene synthesis during stress
Plant Physiol.
169
2963-2981
2015
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q06402), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9SAR0)
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