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Information on EC 4.2.3.32 - levopimaradiene synthase and Organism(s) Ginkgo biloba and UniProt Accession Q947C4
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4.2.3.32 levopimaradiene synthaseIUBMB Comments
In Ginkgo, the enzyme catalyses the initial cyclization step in the biosynthesis of ginkgolides, a structurally unique family of diterpenoids that are highly specific platelet-activating-factor receptor antagonists . Levopimaradiene is widely distributed in higher plants. In some species the enzyme also forms abietadiene, palustradiene, and neoabietadiene .
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The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Ginkgo biloba
The enzyme appears in selected viruses and cellular organisms
The enzyme appears in selected viruses and cellular organisms
Synonyms
levopimaradiene/abietadiene synthase, levopimaradiene synthase, lp synthase, 
more
topSYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
(+)-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [abieta-8(14),12-diene-forming]
In Ginkgo, the enzyme catalyses the initial cyclization step in the biosynthesis of ginkgolides, a structurally unique family of diterpenoids that are highly specific platelet-activating-factor receptor antagonists [1]. Levopimaradiene is widely distributed in higher plants. In some species the enzyme also forms abietadiene, palustradiene, and neoabietadiene [2].
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
369596-13-4
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
(+)-copalyl-diphosphate
levopimaradiene + diphosphate
reaction intermediate is labdadienyl diphosphate
-
-
?
(+)-copalyl diphosphate
abieta-8(14),12-diene + diphosphate
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-
products are levopimaradiene, abieta-7,13-diene, and sandaracopimaradiene
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?
additional information
?
-
catalyzes an intermediate step in synthesis of ginkgolide A
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-
?
additional information
?
-
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catalyzes an intermediate step in synthesis of ginkgolide A
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-
?
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
additional information
?
-
catalyzes an intermediate step in synthesis of ginkgolide A
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
catalyzes an intermediate step in synthesis of ginkgolide A
-
-
?
METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
dithiothreitol
optimal activity in the presence of 5 mM DTT and 5% glycerol
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
sequence includes a putative N-terminal plastid transit peptide
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
physiological function
levopimaradiene synthase promoter-driven expression of beta-glucuronidase in Arabidopsis shows beta-glucuronidase accumulation mainly in the epidermis of leaves, phloem of the shoots, ovaries and stamens of flowers, and vasculature of roots. Treatment of methyl jasmonate on the transformant leads to significant upregulation of the reporter gene in the roots with little change in leaves and flowers. Findings support biosynthesis of ginkgolide in the roots of Ginkgo plant and suggest translocation occurs through the phloem
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). TPSD1_GINBI
873
0
100290
Swiss-Prot
Chloroplast (Reliability: 2)
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
sequence includes a putative N-terminal plastid transit peptide and three aspartate-rich regions
additional information
-
sequence includes a putative N-terminal plastid transit peptide and three aspartate-rich regions
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
M593I/Y700F
the mutant shows 23fold increased activity compared to the wild type enzyme
A620T
-
130% of wild-type productivity. Products are 87% levopimaradiene, 11% abieta-7,13-diene, and 2% sandaracopimaradiene
C618N
-
20% of wild-type productivity. Products are 91% levopimaradiene, 9% abieta-7,13-diene, and traces of sandaracopimaradiene
G854T
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140% of wild-type productivity. Products are 79% levopimaradiene, 14% abieta-7,13-diene, and 7% sandaracopimaradiene
I855L
-
70% of wild-type productivity. Products are 90% levopimaradiene, 7% abieta-7,13-diene, and 3% sandaracopimaradiene
K723S
-
180% of wild-type productivity. Products are 90% levopimaradiene, 7% abieta-7,13-diene, and 3% sandaracopimaradiene
L619F
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150% of wild-type productivity. Products are 94% levopimaradiene, 6% abieta-7,13-diene, and traces of sandaracopimaradiene
L696Q
-
160% of wild-type productivity. Products are 86% levopimaradiene, 7% abieta-7,13-diene, and 7% sandaracopimaradiene
M593I
-
370% of wild-type productivity. Products are 83% levopimaradiene, 12% abieta-7,13-diene, and 5% sandaracopimaradiene
N838E
-
220% of wild-type productivity. Products are 92% levopimaradiene, 6% abieta-7,13-diene, and 2% sandaracopimaradiene
Y700F
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500% of wild-type productivity. Products are 80% levopimaradiene, 15% abieta-7,13-diene, and 5% sandaracopimaradiene
Y700H
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40% of wild-type productivity. Products are 71% levopimaradiene, traces of abieta-7,13-diene, and 29% sandaracopimaradiene
Y700M
-
500% of wild-type productivity. Products are 80% levopimaradiene, 13% abieta-7,13-diene, and 7% sandaracopimaradiene
Y700W
-
400% of wild-type productivity. Products are 85% levopimaradiene, 7% abieta-7,13-diene, and 8% sandaracopimaradiene
additional information
additional information
removal of 60 or 79 N-terminal residues increases levopimaradiene production, deletion of 128 N-terminal residues results in loss of catalytic activity
additional information
-
removal of 60 or 79 N-terminal residues increases levopimaradiene production, deletion of 128 N-terminal residues results in loss of catalytic activity
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
synthesis
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increase of levopimaradiene synthesis in Escherichia coli by amplification of the flux toward isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate precursors and reprogramming the rate-limiting downstream pathway by generating combinatorial mutations in geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase and levopimaradiene synthase. The most productive pathway, combining precursor flux amplification and mutant synthases, confers approximately 2600fold increase in levopimaradiene levels. A maximum titer of approximately 700 mg/l is obtained by cultivation in a benchscale bioreactor
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Schepmann, H.G.; Pang, J.; Matsuda, S.P.T.
Cloning and characterization of Ginkgo biloba levopimaradiene synthase, which catalyzes the first committed step in ginkgolide biosynthesis
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
392
263-269
2001
Ginkgo biloba (Q947C4), Ginkgo biloba
Leonard, E.; Ajikumar, P.K.; Thayer, K.; Xiao, W.H.; Mo, J.D.; Tidor, B.; Stephanopoulos, G.; Prather, K.L.
Combining metabolic and protein engineering of a terpenoid biosynthetic pathway for overproduction and selectivity control
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
107
13654-13659
2010
Ginkgo biloba
Kim, J.H.; Lee, K.I.; Chang, Y.J.; Kim, S.U.
Developmental pattern of Ginkgo biloba levopimaradiene synthase (GbLPS) as probed by promoter analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana
Plant Cell Rep.
31
1119-1127
2012
Ginkgo biloba (Q947C4), Ginkgo biloba
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