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Information on EC 4.2.2.13 - exo-(1->4)-alpha-D-glucan lyase
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EC Tree
4.2.2.13 exo-(1->4)-alpha-D-glucan lyaseIUBMB Comments
The enzyme catalyses the sequential degradation of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucans from the non-reducing end with the release of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose. Thus, for an alpha-glucan containing n (1->4)-linked glucose units, the final products are 1 glucose plus (n-1) 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose. Maltose, maltosaccharides and amylose are all completely degraded. It does not degrade (1->6)-alpha-glucosidic bonds and thus the degradation of a branched glucan, such as amylopectin or glycogen, will result in the formation of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose plus a limit dextrin. Other enzymes involved in the anhydrofructose pathway are EC 4.2.1.110 (aldos-2-ulose dehydratase), EC 4.2.1.111 (1,5-anhydro-D-fructose dehydratase) and EC 5.3.2.7 (ascopyrone tautomerase).
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Word Map
- 4.2.2.13
- alpha-1,4-glucans
- gracilariopsis
- gaussia
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video-rate
- lemaneiformis
- maltosaccharides
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charge-coupled
- amylopectin
- luciferin
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mcfadden
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helmets
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glycosyl-enzyme
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
Reaction Schemes
Synonyms
glase, alpha-1,4-glucan lyase, ag111, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
(1,4)-alpha-D-glucan exo-4-lyase (1,5-anhydro-D-fructose-forming)
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alpha-(1,4)-Glucan 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose eliminase
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alpha-1,4-Glucan exo-lyase
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alpha-1,4-Glucan lyase
Dehydratase, alpha-1,4-glucan
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exo-(1,4)-alpha-D-glucan lyase
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Exo-alpha-1,4-glucan lyase
GLase
alpha-1,4-Glucan lyase
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Exo-alpha-1,4-glucan lyase
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
[(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1 = 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
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[(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1 = 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
reaction mechanism occurred by an acid-catalysed formation of a covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate via the nucleophilic aspartic acid residue Asp 553 followed by the E1-like E2 elimination of the enzyme carboxylate to generate 1,5-anhydrofructose
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
C-O-bond cleavage
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elimination
elimination
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
(1->4)-alpha-D-glucan exo-4-lyase (1,5-anhydro-D-fructose-forming)
The enzyme catalyses the sequential degradation of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucans from the non-reducing end with the release of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose. Thus, for an alpha-glucan containing n (1->4)-linked glucose units, the final products are 1 glucose plus (n-1) 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose. Maltose, maltosaccharides and amylose are all completely degraded. It does not degrade (1->6)-alpha-glucosidic bonds and thus the degradation of a branched glucan, such as amylopectin or glycogen, will result in the formation of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose plus a limit dextrin. Other enzymes involved in the anhydrofructose pathway are EC 4.2.1.110 (aldos-2-ulose dehydratase), EC 4.2.1.111 (1,5-anhydro-D-fructose dehydratase) and EC 5.3.2.7 (ascopyrone tautomerase).
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
148710-18-3
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
(1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n
1,5-anhydro-D-fructose + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n-1
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degradation of glycogen and starch in eukaryotes
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?
Glycogen
?
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the enzyme catalyzes the first step of the anhydrofructose pathway
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?
Glycogen
?
Anthracobia melaloma CBS 293.54
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the enzyme catalyzes the first step of the anhydrofructose pathway
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?
maltose
D-glucose + 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose
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the enzyme degrades alpha-maltose and beta-maltose at different rates
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?
starch
?
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the enzyme catalyzes the first step of the anhydrofructose pathway
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?
starch
?
Anthracobia melaloma CBS 293.54
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the enzyme catalyzes the first step of the anhydrofructose pathway
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme is highly specific for alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds found in starch-type substrates and shows low or no activity towards other types of glucosidic bonds and other types of polysaccharides
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of alpha-1,4-glucans via a mechanism involving the formation of a covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate which then undergoes a syn-elimination
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?
additional information
?
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no activity towards glucans with alpha-1,1-linkages, alpha-1,3-linkages or alpha-1,6-linkages
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?
additional information
?
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no activity towards glucans with alpha-1,1-linkages, alpha-1,3-linkages or alpha-1,6-linkages
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?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
(1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n
1,5-anhydro-D-fructose + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n-1
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degradation of glycogen and starch in eukaryotes
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?
Glycogen
?
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the enzyme catalyzes the first step of the anhydrofructose pathway
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?
Glycogen
?
Anthracobia melaloma CBS 293.54
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the enzyme catalyzes the first step of the anhydrofructose pathway
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?
starch
?
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the enzyme catalyzes the first step of the anhydrofructose pathway
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?
starch
?
Anthracobia melaloma CBS 293.54
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the enzyme catalyzes the first step of the anhydrofructose pathway
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?
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
glucose
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with amylopectin as substrate. No effect with glycogen as substrate
additional information
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no effect with 1 mM Mg2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ or Co2+
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Abscess
The use of radioactive silver for the detection of abscesses and tumors; the concentration of Ag111 in spontaneous and experimentally induced abscesses.
Hyperopia
Noncontact thermokeratoplasty to correct hyperopia induced by laser in situ keratomileusis.
Leukemia
Video-Rate Bioluminescence Imaging of Degranulation of Mast Cells Attached to the Extracellular Matrix.
Neoplasms
The use of radioactive silver for the detection of abscesses and tumors; the concentration of Ag111 in spontaneous and experimentally induced abscesses.
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.03
amylopectin
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pH 5.0, 35°C, barley amylopectin or potato amylopectin
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TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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Ki VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
6.5
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pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
3 - 6.5
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pH 3: about 50% of maximal activity, pH 6.5: about 60% of maximal activity
4.5 - 8
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pH 4.5: about 40% of maximal activity, pH 8.0: about 55% of maximal activity
5 - 8
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pH 5.0: about 60% of maximal activity, pH 8.0: about 50% of maximal activity
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
50
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TEMPERATURE RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
25 - 55
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25°C: about 60% of maximal activity, 55°C: about 55% of maximal activity, glycogen as substrate
25 - 60
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25°C: about 40% of maximal activity, 60°C: about 40% of maximal activity, glycogen as substrate
35 - 50
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35°C: about 70% of maximal activity, 50°C: about 70% of maximal activity, activity without addition of any salt
35 - 55
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35°C: about 50% of maximal activity, 55°C: about 80% of maximal activity, optimal activity in presence of 1 mM calcium chloride
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). Q9STC2_GRALE
1092
0
123169
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 3)
Q9STB9_GRALE
180
0
20427
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
Q9STC0_GRALE
1091
0
123255
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 3)
Q9UVY7_9PEZI
163
0
18055
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
Q9STB8_GRALE
571
0
65149
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
Q9UVZ1_9PEZI
1070
0
121924
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 1)
Q9STC1_GRALE
1088
0
122338
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5)
Q9UVZ2_9PEZI
1066
0
121536
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 1)
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PDB
SCOP
CATH
UNIPROT
ORGANISM
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
no glycoprotein
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