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Information on EC 4.2.1.9 - dihydroxy-acid dehydratase
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EC Tree
4.2.1.9 dihydroxy-acid dehydrataseSpecify your search results
Word Map
- 4.2.1.9
-
branched-chain
-
dhads
- fe-s
- acetolactate
-
isomeroreductase
- isobutanol
- 2-ketoisovalerate
- reductoisomerase
- 2,3-butanediol
-
bcaas
-
ketol-acid
-
ilvbncd
- drug development
- analysis
- synthesis
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
Synonyms
dihydroxy-acid dehydratase, dihydroxyacid dehydratase, dihydroxy acid dehydratase, afilv3a, ssdhad, 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate dehydratase, dihydroxy acid dehydrase, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
2,3-dihydroxy acid hydrolyase
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-
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2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate dehydratase
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-
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acetohydroxyacid dehydratase
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-
-
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alpha,beta-dihydroxy acid dehydratase
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-
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alpha,beta-dihydroxyisovalerate dehydratase
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-
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DAD
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-
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dehydratase, dihydroxy acid
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-
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DHAD
dihydroxy acid dehydrase
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-
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dihydroxy acid dehydratase
dihydroxyacid dehydratase
IlvD
SsDHAD
VEG110
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-
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Vegetative protein 110
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DHAD
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-
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dihydroxy acid dehydratase
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dihydroxyacid dehydratase
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-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
stereochemistry, elimination and protonation steps are stereospecific, enol-keto conversion takes place with proton addition at C-3 to the same face of the enol as that of the departing hydroxy-group
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2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
polar but concerted elimination mechanism which should proceed through an anti transition state
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2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
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-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
elimination
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-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
KEGG
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate hydro-lyase (3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate-forming)
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9024-32-2
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
(+)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-ethylpentanoate
?
-
20% of the activity with 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate
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-
?
(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
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-
-
-
?
(2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
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-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylvalerate
3-methyl-2-oxovalerate + H2O
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-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate
2-oxovalerate + H2O
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IlvD, an iron-sulfur enzyme, catalyses the conversion from 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to 2-keto-isovalerate and is essential for the branchend-chain amino acid biosynthesis
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-
?
threo-2,3-dihydroxybutanoate
?
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at 45% of the activity with 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate
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-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
2-oxoisovalerate + H2O
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-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
2-oxoisovalerate + H2O
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-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
2-oxoisovalerate + H2O
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-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
2-oxoisovalerate + H2O
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no activity with 2S-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
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?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
2-oxoisovalerate + H2O
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2R-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
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?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
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i.e. 2-ketoisovalerate
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?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
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-
i.e. 2-ketoisovalerate
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
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i.e. alpha-ketoisovalerate
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
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i.e. 2-ketoisovalerate, i.e. alpha-ketoisovalerate
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
the enzyme is implicated in latex metabolism
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-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
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-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
biosynthesis pathway of the branched chain amino acids valine and isoleucine
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
biosynthesis pathway of the branched chain amino acids valine and isoleucine
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-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
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-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
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-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
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-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
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?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
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-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
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-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
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-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
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-
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?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
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-
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?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
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-
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?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
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-
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?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
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-
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?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
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-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
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-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
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2R,3R-(2,3)-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate, at 45% of the activity with 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
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2R,3R-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate, 2R,3S-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate, no activity with isomers with 2S configuration
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?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + H2O
-
2R,3S-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate, 2R,3R-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
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-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
?
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2R,3R-(2,3)-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
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-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
?
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involved in synthesis of Ile
-
-
?
D-glycerate
pyruvate + H2O
the enzyme catalyzes the non-natural dehydration of D-glycerate to pyruvate
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-
?
D-glycerate
pyruvate + H2O
the enzyme catalyzes the non-natural dehydration of D-glycerate to pyruvate
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-
?
additional information
?
-
reaction product determination by formation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone from the keto acid product resulting in 2-ketoisovalerate-dinitrophenylhydrazone
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-
?
additional information
?
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reaction product determination by formation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone from the keto acid product resulting in 2-ketoisovalerate-dinitrophenylhydrazone
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
reaction product determination by formation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone from the keto acid product resulting in 2-ketoisovalerate-dinitrophenylhydrazone
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
dihydroxy-acid dehydratase is one of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of the branched chain amino acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
dihydroxy-acid dehydratase is one of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of the branched chain amino acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
dihydroxy-acid dehydratase is one of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of the branched chain amino acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
third enzyme in the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylvalerate
3-methyl-2-oxovalerate + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate
2-oxovalerate + H2O
-
IlvD, an iron-sulfur enzyme, catalyses the conversion from 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to 2-keto-isovalerate and is essential for the branchend-chain amino acid biosynthesis
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
-
i.e. 2-ketoisovalerate
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
-
-
i.e. 2-ketoisovalerate
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
-
i.e. 2-ketoisovalerate
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
the enzyme is implicated in latex metabolism
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
biosynthesis pathway of the branched chain amino acids valine and isoleucine
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O
biosynthesis pathway of the branched chain amino acids valine and isoleucine
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
?
-
2R,3R-(2,3)-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoate
?
-
involved in synthesis of Ile
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
dihydroxy-acid dehydratase is one of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of the branched chain amino acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
dihydroxy-acid dehydratase is one of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of the branched chain amino acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
dihydroxy-acid dehydratase is one of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of the branched chain amino acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
third enzyme in the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
[2Fe-2S]-center
DHAD can accommodate [Fe2S2] and [Fe4S4] clusters. Only the [Fe2S2] cluster-bound form is catalytically active. The [Fe2S2] cluster is coordinated by at least one non-cysteinyl ligand, which can be replaced by the thiol group(s) of dithiothreitol. [Fe2S2] cluster-containing NFU2 protein is likely the physiological cluster donor for in vivo maturation of DHAD
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Co2+
Fe2+
Iron
Mg2+
Mn2+
Ni2+
-
divalent cation required. Mg2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Fe2+ are nearly equally effective
Co2+
-
divalent cation required. Mg2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Fe2+ are nearly equally effective
Fe2+
-
divalent cation required. Mg2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Fe2+ are nearly equally effective
Iron
-
contains a [4Fe-4S]2+,+ cluster which is essential for catalysis and unstable in the presence of O2 and O2-