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Information on EC 4.2.1.1 - carbonic anhydrase
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4.2.1.1 carbonic anhydraseIUBMB Comments
The enzyme catalyses the reversible hydration of gaseous CO2 to carbonic acid, which dissociates to give hydrogencarbonate above neutral pH. It is widespread and found in archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Three distinct classes exist, and appear to have evolved independently. Contains zinc.
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- 4.2.1.1
- acetazolamide
- bicarbonate
- isozymes
- sulfonamide
- hypoxia
- glaucoma
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intraocular
- acidosis
- epithelium
- endothelial
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acidification
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hypoxia-inducible
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ocular
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- na+
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histochemical
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acid-base
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metalloenzyme
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tumor-associated
- duct
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basolateral
- prostaglandin
- gill
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diuretic
- osteoclast
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reabsorption
- calcification
- rubisco
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cotransporter
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electrolyte
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microelectrodes
- hif-1alpha
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antiepileptic
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branchial
- h+-atpase
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anticonvulsant
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acuity
- furosemide
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hypercapnia
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glut-1
- amiloride
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hypotensive
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open-angle
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beta-blockers
- alkalosis
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thiazide
- drug development
- analysis
- environmental protection
- pharmacology
- medicine
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glaucomatous
- hydrochlorothiazide
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biomineralization
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cystoid
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria, Archaea
Synonyms
(CA) XIV, AaCA1, alkalistable alpha-carbonic anhydrase, alpha carbonic anhydrase, alpha class carbonic anhydrase, alpha-CA, alpha-carbonic anhydrase, alpha-carbonic anhydrase isozyme II, alpha-class carbonic anhydrase, alpha-type CA, 
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topREACTION 
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
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H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
carbonic anhydrase III is limited in rate by a step occuring outside the actual interconversion of CO2 and HCO3- and involving a change in bonding to hydrogen exchangeable with solvent water
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H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
zinc-hydroxide mechanism, rate-determining H+ transfer step in catalytic mechanism
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H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the rate limiting step in catalysis of bicarbonate dehydration by HCA II is an intramolecular proton transfer from His64 to the zinc-bound hydroxide
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H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
reaction mechanism, model of the active site designed on the basis of the X-ray crystal structure, proposed for both metal ions similar reaction pathways consisting in the nucleophilic attack by the metal bound hydroxide to the carbon dioxide with bicarbonate formation, in a next internal rotation of this last fragment, and then in the formation of a species ready for the product removal, overview
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H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
reaction mechanism, model of the active site designed on the basis of the X-ray crystal structure, proposed for both metal ions similar reaction pathways consisting in the nucleophilic attack by the metal bound hydroxide to the carbon dioxide with bicarbonate formation, in a next internal rotation of this last fragment, and then in the formation of a species ready for the product removal, overview
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H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
interconversion of CO2 and water to bicarbonate and a proton. The general catalysis of CA is a metal-hydroxide ping-pong mechanism composed of two independent steps. The first step of catalysis is initiated by nucleophilic attack on the carbon of CO2 by the metal-bound hydroxide to yield bicarbonate, which is subsequently displaced by a water molecule. The second step is the removal of a proton from the now metal-bound water via an ordered water network and a residue acting as a weak base, which is typically a His at the opening of the active site
H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
reaction mechanism, analysis of the restoring step of the carbonic anhydrase catalytic cycle for natural and promiscuous substrates, natural HCO3-x02and promiscuous H2NCOHN- products, catalytic reaction mechanism, NPT molecular dynamics simulations, overview
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H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
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H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
A6DAW8
H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
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H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
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H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
D9PU79
H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
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H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
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H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
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H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough / ATCC 29579 / DSM 644 / NCIMB 8303
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H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
interconversion of CO2 and water to bicarbonate and a proton. The general catalysis of CA is a metal-hydroxide ping-pong mechanism composed of two independent steps. The first step of catalysis is initiated by nucleophilic attack on the carbon of CO2 by the metal-bound hydroxide to yield bicarbonate, which is subsequently displaced by a water molecule. The second step is the removal of a proton from the now metal-bound water via an ordered water network and a residue acting as a weak base, which is typically a His at the opening of the active site
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H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus ATCC BAA-927 / DSM 2133 / JCM 14651 / NBRC 100331 / OCM 82 / Marburg
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H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
Persephonella marina DSM 14350 / EX-H1
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H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
the catalytic mechanism for the CO2 hydration reaction consists of two steps. In the first step a zinc-bound hydroxide leads the nucleophilic attack on a CO2 molecule with formation of bicarbonate bound to the zinc ion, which is then substituted by a water molecule. The second step, the rate limiting one, consists of the regeneration of the enzyme reactive species, the zinc-bound hydroxide, via a proton transfer reaction, which occurs from the zinc-bound water molecule to the external buffer. This process is generally assisted by an enzyme residue which acts as proton shuttle
Thermovibrio ammonificans DSM 15698 / JCM 12110 / HB-1
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
BRENDA
KEGG
MetaCyc
3-hydroxypropanoate cycle, 3-hydroxypropanoate/4-hydroxybutanate cycle, C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type, C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NADP-ME type, C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, PEPCK type, CO2 fixation into oxaloacetate (anaplerotic), cyanate degradation, gluconeogenesis II (Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum), glyoxylate assimilation