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Information on EC 3.4.21.68 - t-Plasminogen activator and Organism(s) Mus musculus and UniProt Accession P11214
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3.4.21.68 t-Plasminogen activatorSpecify your search results
Word Map
- 3.4.21.68
- pai-1
- stroke
- inhibitor-1
- artery
-
thrombolysis
-
fibrinolysis
- endothelial
- infarct
-
phorbol
- hemorrhage
- urokinase
- fibrin
- coronary
- clot
- myocardial
- coagulation
- cerebral
- 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
- fibrinogen
- occlusion
- bleeding
- platelet
-
reperfusion
- heparin
- venous
- pkc
-
urokinase-type
- upa
-
13-acetate
-
anticoagulant
- embolism
- thrombus
- intracranial
- willebrand
-
angiography
-
thrombotic
-
recanalization
- streptokinase
-
hemostatic
- prothrombin
-
d-dimers
-
thromboembolic
-
patency
-
endovascular
-
intra-arterial
- antithrombin
-
angioplasty
- thrombomodulin
-
prothrombotic
-
hypercoagulable
- drug development
- diagnostics
- medicine
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Mus musculus
The enzyme appears in selected viruses and cellular organisms
The enzyme appears in selected viruses and cellular organisms
Synonyms
tpa, plasminogen activator, tissue plasminogen activator, rt-pa, tissue-type plasminogen activator, alteplase, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, reteplase, r-tpa, tissue-plasminogen activator, 
more
topSYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
Alteplase
-
-
-
-
BAT-PA
-
-
-
-
DSPA beta
-
-
-
-
DSPA gamma
-
-
-
-
Plasminogen activator, tissue-type
-
-
-
-
Reteplase
-
-
-
-
t-PA
-
-
-
-
t-plasminogen activator
-
-
-
-
Tissue plasminogen activator
Tissue-type plasminogen activator
tPA
Tissue plasminogen activator
-
-
-
-
Tissue plasminogen activator
-
-
Tissue-type plasminogen activator
-
-
-
-
tPA
-
-
-
-
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
hydrolysis of peptide bond
hydrolysis of peptide bond
-
-
-
-
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
139639-23-9
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
Laminin + H2O
?
-
tPA amplifies excitotoxic neuronal death by degrading laminin and disruption of pro-survival cell-matrix signaling
-
-
?
methylsulfonyl-D-Phe-Gly-Arg-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin + H2O
methylsulfonyl-D-Phe-Gly-Arg + 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin
-
-
-
-
?
PAR-1 + H2O
?
-
toxic effects of tPA in stroke can be mediated through activation of PAR-1
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ZIP4 physically interacts with tPA, immunohistochemic analysis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the amidolytic assay can be adapted to accurately detect changes in net tPA activity in mouse brain tissues, examination of differences in net tPA activity in the cerebral cortex, sub-cortical structures and cerebellum in wild-type and tPA knockout mice, and in transgenic T4 mice selectively overexpressing tPA in neurons, overview
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-
?
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
additional information
?
-
-
ZIP4 physically interacts with tPA, immunohistochemic analysis, overview
-
-
?
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
PAI-1
-
ethanol can downregulate the expression of PAI-1, a main inhibitor of tPA in the CNS
-
plasminogen activator inhibitor 1
-
PAI-1, specific endogenous inhibitor, in vivo, administration of mesenchymal stromal cells to mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion significantly increases activation of tPA and downregulates PAI-1 levels in the ischemic boundary zone compared with control PBS treated mice, concurrently with increases of myelinated axons and synaptophysin
transforming growth factor-beta1
-
partially inhibits interleukin-1alpha induced expression of tPA mRNA in a dose-dependent manner, maximal inhibition at 60 ng/ml
-
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
interleukin-1alpha
-
increases mRNA and protein expression of tPA in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Maximal stimulation at 72 h and 100 U/ml
-
additional information
-
in mice subjected to acute restraint stress, tPA activity is rapidly up-regulated in the amygdala
-
additional information
-
in vivo, administration of mesenchymal stromal cells to mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion significantly increases activation of tPA and downregulates PAI-1 levels in the ischemic boundary zone compared with control PBS treated mice, concurrently with increases of myelinated axons and synaptophysin
-
Ki VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.000035
2,7-bis-(4-amidinobenzylidene)-cycloheptanone-(1)dihydrochloride
-
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
-
cerebral tPA activity is decreased during ageing in normal mice and this effect is worsened in mice overproducing amyloid-beta peptide assemblies. These phenomena result from a decrease in tPA expression and from an increase in the production of one of the tPA inhibitors, the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1)
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
tissue-type plasminogen activator is a major protease of the central nervous system
additional information
-
a decreased expression on the protein and on the mRNA level in elderly mice and in mice overproducing amyloid-beta peptide assemblies is shown
additional information
-
real-time PCR quantitative mRNA analysis and activity distribution in control and stimulated brain sections, overview
additional information
-
tPA colocalizes with neuronal marker MAP2, astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein, microglial marker isolectin IB4, or endothelial marker von Willebrand factor, overview
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
malfunction
tPA-deficient ALBPLG1 mice show no difference in survival, bacterial dissemination or the pathology of GAS infection in the absence of tPA in AlbPLG1/tPA-/- mice compared to wild-type AlbPLG1 mice
metabolism
the plasminogen-plasmin (PLG-PLA) system plays a role in thrombolysis, being capable of degrading blood clots. THe system consists of plasminogen, the inactive zymogen produced principally in the liver, its activators (tissue plasminogen activator, tPA and uroquinase plasminogen activator, uPA (EC 3.4.21.73)), their inhibitors (belonging to the serpin gene superfamily, named PAI-1, PAI-2, PAI-3 and protease nexin I), the uPA receptor and, finally, the active enzyme plasmin and its inhibitor, alpha-antiplasmin (alpha-PL). Apart from its fibrinolytic function, the PLG-PLA system is important in degrading the extracellular matrix in multiple tissues contributing to cell migration, angiogenesis, tissue repair and remodelling or tumour invasion
physiological function
malfunction
physiological function
additional information
physiological function
plasmin(ogen) acquisition is critical for invasive disease initiation by Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS), limited role of tissue-type plasminogen activator in a mouse model of Group A streptococcal infection
physiological function
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) of paternal origin is necessary for the success of in vitro but not of in vivo fertilisation in the mouse. The presence of exogenous plasminogen drastically reduces the fertilisation rate under in vitro conditions. When plasminogen is present in combination with inhibitors (e.g. alpha-PL or EACA), the fertilisation rate is partially restored
malfunction
-
decreased serotonin levels associated with behavioral disinhibition in tissue plasminogen activator deficient -/- mice, the tPA-/- mice demonstrate an enhanced tendency to actively explore and engage in behaviors involving more exposure in the open field, O-maze and elevated plus maze
malfunction
-
altered tPA activity levels in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia type-1, SCA1. Decreased tPA activity is detected in the cortex and subcortex of Alzheimer's disease mice, whereas increased tPA activity is found in the cerebellum of SCA1 mice
physiological function
-
serine protease, which converts plasminogen into plasmin, which in turn degrades fibrin and other extracellular matrix components, tPA plays an important role in the processes of learning and memory, demonstrated at the level of behavior and synaptic plasticity, role in neurodegeneration
physiological function
-
despite its pro-fibrinolytic activity, tPA is a serine protease known to influence a number of physiological and pathological functions in the central nervous system. Accordingly, tPA mediates some of its functions in the central nervous system through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, or annexin II. tPA can mediate proteolysis and subsequent delocalization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, nNOS, thereby reducing endogenous neuronal nitric oxide release, independent of NMDA receptors, calpains, and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins. tPA promotes proteolysis of nNOS through a plasmin-dependent mechanism, which is prevented in the presence of aprotinin and alpha2-antiplasmin, two blockers of the proteolytic activity of plasmin, overview
physiological function
-
ethanol exposure during developmental synaptogenesis can lead to brain defects referred to as fetal alcohol syndrome, which can include mental health problems such as cognitive deficits and mental retardation. Tissue plasminogen activator is implicated in neurodegeneration and is a critical signaling component in FAS. In wild-type mice, ethanol elicits caspase-3 activation, significant forebrain neurodegeneration, and decreases contextual fear conditioning in adults. However, tPA-deficient mice are protected from these neurotoxicities, and this protection can be abrogated by exogenous tPA. The effects of tPA are mediated by the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor, but tPA catalytic activity Is not required to promote ethanol-induced neurodegenration
physiological function
-
mechanism of action of tPA on oligodendrocyte survival and on the extent of white matter lesions in stroke, overview. tPA protects oligodendrocytes from apoptosis through an unexpected cytokine-like effect by the virtue of its epidermal growth factor-like domain, and tPA protects white matter from stroke-induced lesions. Aging differentially influences gray and white matter susceptibility to stroke. tPA, via extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt intracellular pathways, regulates the balance between proand antiapoptotic factors and reduces the activity of caspase 3
physiological function
-
tissue plasminogen activator is a secreted serine protease and is also proepileptic and excitotoxic. Wild-type tPA and S481A catalytically inactive tPA mutant mediate zinc uptake via the zinc influx transporter, ZIP4, overview. ZIP4 is upregulated after excitotoxin stimulation of the mouse, male and female, hippocampus. ZIP4 physically interacts with tPA, correlating with an increased intracellular zinc influx and lysosomal sequestration. This sequestration might result in neuroprotection. tPA mutants with deletion of the second kringle domain, DELTAK2, or deletion of the growth factor domain, DELTAGF, are less effective
physiological function
-
tissue plasminogen activator, tPA, and its inhibitors contribute to neurite outgrowth in the central nervous system after treatment of stroke with multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Critical role of tPA in facilitating neurite outgrowth. Bone marrow stromal cells modulate endogenous tPA level and activity in the ischemic boundary zone, IBZ
physiological function
-
tissue plasminogen activator, tPA, is the primary source of plasminogen activator in the brain, and is a member of the fibrinolytic system and a serine protease that converts the zymogen plasminogen into the active protease plasmin, and thus cleaves fibrin and dissolves newly formed clots. Bone marrow stromal cells significantly improve functional recovery from stroke dependent on tPA function, overview. In tPA knockout mice, no bone marrow stromal cell effect is observed on functional recovery
physiological function
-
tissue type plasminogen activator regulates myeloid-cell dependent neoangiogenesis during tissue regeneration. Serpin-resistant form of tPA expands the myeloid cell pool and mobilizes CD45+ CD11b+ proangiogenic, myeloid cells, by activating the extracellular proteases matrix metalloproteinase-9 and plasmin, a process dependent on vascular endothelial growth factor-A and Kit ligand signaling. tPA improves the incorporation of CD11b+ cells into ischemic tissues and increases expression of neoangiogenesis-related genes, including VEGF-A, kinetics and mechanism, overview. tPA can induce cell migration by binding to CD11b and degrading fibrin. Batroxobin, a drug that reduces circulating fibrinogen, prevents the tPA-mediated WBC and CD11b+ cell increase. Inhibition of VEGF signaling suppresses tPA-induced neovascularization in a model of hind limb ischemia
physiological function
-
tPA is an initiator of intravascular fibrinolysis and is a complex mediator of brain function and dysfunction. tPA participates in various forms of chronic neurodegeneration, and plays a functional role following morphine administration, epileptic seizures, traumatic brain injury and ischaemic stroke-neurological settings
physiological function
-
tPA potentiates excitotoxicity by interacting with and cleaving the N-terminal end of the NR1 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, leading to an increased calcium influx, Erk1/2 activation, and neurotoxicity, mechanism, overview
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). TPA_MOUSE
559
0
63097
Swiss-Prot
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 2)
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
S481A
additional information
additional information
tPA-deficient ALBPLG1 mice show no difference in survival, bacterial dissemination or the pathology of GAS infection in the absence of tPA in AlbPLG1/tPA-/- mice compared to wild-type AlbPLG1 mice
additional information
-
tPA-deficient ALBPLG1 mice show no difference in survival, bacterial dissemination or the pathology of GAS infection in the absence of tPA in AlbPLG1/tPA-/- mice compared to wild-type AlbPLG1 mice
additional information
-
mice double deficient for urokinase-type (uPA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) show a substantial delay in wound healing compared to mice single deficient in either uPA or tPA
additional information
-
compared with wild-type, apoptosis of interstitial myofibroblasts is increased in tPA-/- mice after obstructive injury
additional information
-
mice in which the tPA gene has been disrupted do not show anxiety after repeated stress
additional information
-
tPA knockout mice are protected against kainic acid-induced hippocampal damage and are resistant to focal cerebral ischemic injury. Exogenous tPA exacerbates ischemic injury in both wild-type and tPA-null mice
additional information
-
construction of tPA knockout mice, and of transgenic T4 mice selectively overexpressing tPA in neurons
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
for hemostatic function of endothelial cells, tissue plasminogen activator secretion by Puro-selected endothelial cells are measured with or without shear stress exposure. Tissue plasminogen activator, which has fibrinolytic function, is known to increase with exposure to shear stress. Free tissue plasminogen activator level is increased in Tie1- and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule promoter-driven Puro-selected cells, but Flk1 and vascular endothelial-cadherin promoter-driven cells show the opposite trend. The levels of free tissue plasminogen activator in embryonic stem cell-derived cells are much higher than that of EOMA cells in general. plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 secretion by these cells can be estimated by comparing the ratio between free and total tissue plasminogen activator because total tissue plasminogen activator reflects plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 bound as well as free tissue plasminogen activator. Abnormally high plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 secretion indicates by high bound tissue plasminogen activator in EOMA cells can result from in vitro culture conditions of EOMA in its proliferative state, because quiescent endothelial cells have very low plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Higher free/total tissue plasminogen activator ratio in embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells indicates lower plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 level in these cells, and thus these cells may be closer to quiescence
-
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
diagnostics
-
alterations in tPA activity levels can be used as a biomarker for perturbations in brain homeostasis
medicine
medicine
-
it is shown that exogenous tPA or tPA/plasminogen promotes axonal regeneration, remyelination, and functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury in the mouse, probably through removal of fibrin deposition and activation of MMP-9-positive macrophages, which may be responsible for myelin debris clearance and preventing collagen scar formation. Therefore, tPA may be useful for treatment of peripheral nerve injury
medicine
-
the present data support a model in which amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease induces a decrease in tPA activity through the overproduction of PAI-1 by activated glial cells
medicine
-
tPA generation in wound epidermis is at least partially controlled by changes in local interleukin-1alpha activity
medicine
-
tPA-plasmin pathway dysfunction may play a role in the link between major depressive disorder and cardiovascular disease. Agents that modulate tPA-plasminogen activity may be potential drugs for the treatment of patients with both major depressive disorder and cardiovascular disease
medicine
-
putative interaction and cleavage of NR1 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by a tPA-dependent mechanism can be a relevant therapeutic target for stroke treatment in humans
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Nulkar, M.W.; Darad, R.; Subramanian, M.; Pawse, A.R.
Plasminogen activator: isolation and purification from lymphosarcoma of ascites bearing mice
J. Biosci.
16
223-233
1991
Mus musculus
-
Fredriksson, L.; Li, H.; Fieber, C.; Li, X.; Eriksson, U.
Tissue plasminogen activator is a potent activator of PDGF-CC
EMBO J.
23
3793-3802
2004
Mus musculus (P11214), Mus musculus
Medina, M.G.; Ledesma, M.D.; Dominguez, J.E.; Medina, M.; Zafra, D.; Alameda, F.; Dotti, C.G.; Navarro, P.
Tissue plasminogen activator mediates amyloid-induced neurotoxicity via Erk1/2 activation
EMBO J.
24
1706-1716
2005
Mus musculus (P11214), Rattus norvegicus (P19637)
Hu, K.; Yang, J.; Tanaka, S.; Gonias, S.L.; Mars, W.M.; Liu, Y.
Tissue-type plasminogen activator acts as a cytokine that triggers intracellular signal transduction and induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene expression
J. Biol. Chem.
281
2120-2127
2006
Mus musculus (P11214), Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus (P19637)
Lund, L.R.; Green, K.A.; Stoop, A.A.; Ploug, M.; Almholt, K.; Lilla, J.; Nielsen, B.S.; Christensen, I.J.; Craik, C.S.; Werb, Z.; Dan?, K.; R?mer, J.
Plasminogen activation independent of uPA and tPA maintains wound healing in gene-deficient mice
EMBO J.
25
2686-2697
2006
Mus musculus
Zou, T.; Ling, C.; Xiao, Y.; Tao, X.; Ma, D.; Chen, Z.L.; Strickland, S.; Song, H.
Exogenous tissue plasminogen activator enhances peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery after injury in mice
J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol.
65
78-86
2006
Mus musculus
Cacquevel, M.; Launay, S.; Castel, H.; Benchenane, K.; Cheenne, S.; Buee, L.; Moons, L.; Delacourte, A.; Carmeliet, P.; Vivien, D.
Ageing and amyloid-beta peptide deposition contribute to an impaired brain tissue plasminogen activator activity by different mechanisms
Neurobiol. Dis.
27
164-173
2007
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
Lian, X.; Yang, L.; Gao, Q.; Yang, T.
IL-1alpha is a potent stimulator of keratinocyte tissue plasminogen activator expression and regulated by TGF-beta1
Arch. Dermatol. Res.
300
185-193
2008
Mus musculus
Adibhatla, R.M.; Hatcher, J.F.
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of stroke: therapeutic strategies
CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets
7
243-253
2008
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Desmodus rotundus
Hu, K.; Lin, L.; Tan, X.; Yang, J.; Bu, G.; Mars, W.M.; Liu, Y.
tPA protects renal interstitial fibroblasts and myofibroblasts from apoptosis
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
19
503-514
2008
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
Hou, S.J.; Yen, F.C.; Tsai, S.J.
Is dysfunction of the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-plasmin pathway a link between major depression and cardiovascular disease?
Med. Hypotheses
72
166-168
2009
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
Pothakos, K.; Robinson, J.K.; Gravanis, I.; Marsteller, D.A.; Dewey, S.L.; Tsirka, S.E.
Decreased serotonin levels associated with behavioral disinhibition in tissue plasminogen activator deficient (tPA-/-) mice
Brain Res.
1326
135-142
2010
Mus musculus
Kim, S.; von Recum, H.A.
Endothelial progenitor populations in differentiating embryonic stem cells. II. Drug selection and functional characterization
Tissue Eng. Part A
16
1065-1074
2010
Mus musculus
Baron, A.; Hommet, Y.; Casse, F.; Vivien, D.
Tissue-type plasminogen activator induces plasmin-dependent proteolysis of intracellular neuronal nitric oxide synthase
Biol. Cell
102
539-547
2010
Mus musculus
Ohki, M.; Ohki, Y.; Ishihara, M.; Nishida, C.; Tashiro, Y.; Akiyama, H.; Komiyama, H.; Lund, L.R.; Nitta, A.; Yamada, K.; Zhu, Z.; Ogawa, H.; Yagita, H.; Okumura, K.; Nakauchi, H.; Werb, Z.; Heissig, B.; Hattori, K.
Tissue type plasminogen activator regulates myeloid-cell dependent neoangiogenesis during tissue regeneration
Blood
115
4302-4312
2010
Mus musculus, Mus musculus C57BL/6
Correa, F.; Gauberti, M.; Parcq, J.; Macrez, R.; Hommet, Y.; Obiang, P.; Hernangomez, M.; Montagne, A.; Liot, G.; Guaza, C.; Maubert, E.; Ali, C.; Vivien, D.; Docagne, F.
Tissue plasminogen activator prevents white matter damage following stroke
J. Exp. Med.
208
1229-1242
2011
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Mus musculus C57/BL6
Emmetsberger, J.; Mirrione, M.M.; Zhou, C.; Fernandez-Monreal, M.; Siddiq, M.M.; Ji, K.; Tsirka, S.E.
Tissue plasminogen activator alters intracellular sequestration of zinc through interaction with the transporter ZIP4
J. Neurosci.
30
6538-6547
2010
Mus musculus, Mus musculus C57BL/6
Sashindranath, M.; Samson, A.L.; Downes, C.E.; Crack, P.J.; Lawrence, A.J.; Li, Q.X.; Ng, A.Q.; Jones, N.C.; Farrugia, J.J.; Abdella, E.; Vassalli, J.D.; Madani, R.; Medcalf, R.L.
Compartment- and context-specific changes in tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) activity following brain injury and pharmacological stimulation
Lab. Invest.
91
1079-1091
2011
Mus musculus, Mus musculus C57/BL6J
Xin, H.; Li, Y.; Shen, L.H.; Liu, X.; Wang, X
Zhang, J.; Pourabdollah-Nejad, S.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, L.; Jiang, H.; Zhang, Z.G.; Chopp, M.: Increasing tPA activity in astrocytes induced by multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells facilitate neurite outgrowth after stroke in the mouse
PLoS ONE
5
e9027
2010
Mus musculus
Noel, M.; Norris, E.H.; Strickland, S.
Tissue plasminogen activator is required for the development of fetal alcohol syndrome in mice
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
108
5069-5074
2011
Mus musculus
Macrez, R.; Bezin, L.; Le Mauff, B.; Ali, C.; Vivien, D.
Functional occurrence of the interaction of tissue plasminogen activator with the NR1 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors during stroke
Stroke
41
2950-2955
2010
Mus musculus, Mus musculus Swiss
Shen, L.H.; Xin, H.; Li, Y.; Zhang, R.L.; Cui, Y.; Zhang, L.; Lu, M.; Zhang, Z.G.; Chopp, M.
Endogenous tissue plasminogen activator mediates bone marrow stromal cell-induced neurite remodeling after stroke in mice
Stroke
42
459-464
2011
Mus musculus, Mus musculus C57BL/6
Ly, D.; Donahue, D.; Walker, M.J.; Ploplis, V.A.; McArthur, J.D.; Ranson, M.; Castellino, F.J.; Sanderson-Smith, M.L.
Characterizing the role of tissue-type plasminogen activator in a mouse model of Group A streptococcal infection
Microbes Infect.
21
412-417
2019
Mus musculus (P11214), Mus musculus
Garcia-Vazquez, F.A.; Soriano-Ubeda, C.; Laguna-Barraza, R.; Izquierdo-Rico, M.J.; Navarrete, F.A.; Visconti, P.E.; Gutierrez-Adan, A.; Coy, P.
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) of paternal origin is necessary for the success of in vitro but not of in vivo fertilisation in the mouse
Reprod. Fertil. Dev.
31
433-442
2019
Mus musculus (P11214), Mus musculus, Mus musculus CD-1 (P11214)
EXTERNAL LINKS (specific for EC-Number 3.4.21.68)
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