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Information on EC 3.2.1.46 - galactosylceramidase and Organism(s) Homo sapiens and UniProt Accession P54803

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EC Tree
IUBMB Comments
cf. EC 3.2.1.62 glycosylceramidase.
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This record set is specific for:
Homo sapiens
UNIPROT: P54803
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Word Map
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Homo sapiens
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Synonyms
galactocerebrosidase, galactosylceramidase, galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase, beta-galactocerebrosidase, galactocerebroside beta-galactosidase, gm1 ganglioside beta-galactosidase, lactosylceramidase i, cerebroside beta-galactosidase, beta-galactosylceramidase, galactosylceramidase i, more
SYNONYM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
beta-galactocerebrosidase
beta-galactosylceramidase
-
-
-
-
ceramidase, galacatosyl-
-
-
-
-
ceramide galactosidase
-
-
-
-
cerebroside beta-galactosidase
-
-
-
-
cerebroside galactosidase
-
-
-
-
galactoceramidase
-
-
-
-
galactocerebrosidase
-
-
-
-
galactocerebroside beta-galactosidase
-
-
-
-
galactocerebroside galactosidase
-
-
-
-
galactocerebroside-beta-D-galactosidase
-
-
-
-
Galactosylceramidase
-
-
-
-
galactosylceramidase I
-
-
-
-
galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase
-
-
-
-
galactosylcerebrosidase
-
-
-
-
galcerase
-
-
-
-
GM1 ganglioside beta-galactosidase
-
similar enzyme, hydrolyzes galactosylceramide in presence of sodium cholate
lactosylceramidase
-
-
-
-
lactosylceramidase I
-
-
-
-
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
hydrolysis of O-glycosyl bond
-
-
-
-
hyrolysis of O-glycosyl bond
-
-
PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine galactohydrolase
cf. EC 3.2.1.62 glycosylceramidase.
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY hide
9027-89-8
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT                       
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
4-methylumbelliferyl beta-galactoside + H2O
methylumbelliferone + beta-D-galactose
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside + H2O
4-methylumbelliferone + beta-D-galactopyranose
show the reaction diagram
-
pH 4.0, 30 min, 37°C
-
-
?
6-hexadecanoylamino-4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside + H2O
6-hexadecanoylamino-4-methylumbelliferone + beta-D-galactopyranose
show the reaction diagram
D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O
?
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O
D-galactose + N-acylsphingosine
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
galactocerebroside + H2O
D-galactose + N-acylceramide
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
galactosylceramide + H2O
D-galactose + N-acylceramide
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
GM1 ganglioside + H2O
D-galactose + N-acylceramide
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
lactosylsphingosine + H2O
lactose + sphingosine
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
psychosine + H2O
D-galactose + sphingosine
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O
?
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
6-hexadecanoylamino-4-methylbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
-
competitive
D-galactose
-
-
galactonyl hydrazide
-
-
lactose
-
-
N-(6-aminohexyl)-D-galactonamide
-
-
taurocholate
-
high concentrations, above 0.3% w/v
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Activator protein
-
purified from normal spleen
-
cholate
-
-
phosphatidylcholine
-
from 0.02 mg to 0.1 mg
phosphatidylinositol
-
from 0.02 mg to 0.05 mg
phosphatidylserine
taurocholate
Triton X-100
-
-
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.47
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
-
-
0.017 - 0.045
6-hexadecanoylamino-4-methylbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
0.005 - 0.025
galactocerebroside
0.02 - 0.2
galactosylceramide
0.11 - 0.67
galactosylsphingosine
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
0.12
-
-
additional information
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
3.75
-
without taurocholate
4
-
37°C
4.2
-
taurocholate activated
4.5
-
taurocholate and oleic acid activated
4.6
-
galactocerebroside, cholate system
4.7
-
phosphatidylserine activated
5.2
-
6-hexadecanoylamino-4-methylbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, cholate system
5.4
-
with taurocholate
pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
2.5 - 5.5
-
-
3.5 - 5.3
-
pH 3.5: about 10% of maximal activity, pH 5.3: about 40% of maximal activity
3.5 - 6
-
-
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
-
SwissProt
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
SOURCE
from patients bearing nonsense mutations
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
level of activity in umbilical cord blood is comparable ro that in adult blood
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
precursor cell
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
malfunction
physiological function
-
lysosomal galactocerebrosidase GALC, which is defective in globoid cell leukodystrophy, is involved in the maintenance of a functional hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell niche by contributing to the control of the intracellular content of key sphingolipids. Both insufficient and supraphysiologic GALC activity by inherited genetic deficiency or forced gene expression in patients' cells and in the disease model induce alterations of the intracellular content of the bioactive GALC downstream products ceramide and sphingosine, and thus affect hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell survival and function and the functionality of the stem cell niche
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION?
GALC_HUMAN
685
0
77063
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 3)
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
121000
-
gel filtration, monomer
125000
30000
-
gel filtration, SDS-PAGE, N-terminal sequencing
50000
-
urine, gel filtration, SDS-PAGE, N-terminal sequencing
640000
-
gel filtration chromatography
70000
-
gel filtration, SDS-PAGE, N-terminal sequencing
750000
-
gel filtration, SDS-PAGE, mutant and normal protein
760000
-
gel filtration, hexamer
77000
-
amino acid analysis
80000
90000
-
gel filtration, SDS-PAGE, N-terminal sequencing
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
dimer
-
2 * 125000, aggregation from monomer to dimer, from dimer to tetramer or hexamer, SDS-PAGE
hexamer
-
6 * 125000, active form in vivo, SDS-PAGE
monomer
-
1 * 125000, aggregation from monomer to dimer, from dimer to tetramer or hexamer, SDS-PAGE
tetramer
-
4 * 125000, aggregation from monomer to dimer, from dimer to tetramer or hexamer, SDS-PAGE
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
glycoprotein
-
-
TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
54
-
10 min, 45% inactivation
GENERAL STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
bovine serum albumin for stabilization
-
urea, 50% loss of activity of the mutant enzyme at 1.3 M urea, 50% loss of activity of the normal enzyme at 5.6 M urea
-
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
partially
-
to homogeneity, Krabbe disease
-
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
a specific neurologically relevant murine cell-line (145M-Twi) is modified to express common human hGALC-G270D mutant
Newborn screening for Krabbe's disease, several variants in confirmed patients are identified. In some cases, polymorphisms is seen in cis with these variants. These variants are expressed in COS1 cells
expression in CHO cells
-
expression in lentiviral GALC vectors
-
nonsense mutation in Krabbe disease
-
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
diagnostics
an assay is developed that can measure small amounts of residual galactosylcerebrosidase activity in leukocytes with high accuracy and can contribute, along with genotyping, biomarker analysis, and neurological imaging, a better plan for post-newborn screening follow-up for Krabbe disease
drug development
enhancers of beta-galactocerebrosidase are identified as potential small molecules therapies for Krabbe's disease
medicine
medicine
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Goda, S.; Kobayashi, T.; Goto, I.
Hydrolysis of galactosylsphingosine and lactosylsphingosine by beta-galactosidases in human brain and cultured fibroblasts
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
920
259-265
1987
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Kobayashi, T.; Shinnoh, N.; Kuroiwa, Y.
Metabolism of galactosylceramide in the twitcher mouse, an animal model of human globoid cell leukodystrophy
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
879
215-220
1986
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Kobayashi, T.; Shinnoh, N.; Goto, I.; Kuroiwa, Y.
Hydrolysis of galactosylceramide is catalyzed by two genetically distinct acid beta-galactosidases
J. Biol. Chem.
260
14982-14987
1985
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Kato, T.; Suzuki, Y.
Enzymatic determination of galactosylceramide galactosidase in tissues by NAD cycling
Anal. Biochem.
126
44-51
1982
Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Ben-Yoseph, Y.; Hungerford, M.; Nadler, H.L.
The interrelations between high- and low-molecular weight forms of normal and mutant (Krabbe-disease) galactocerebrosidase
Biochem. J.
189
9-15
1980
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Hanada, E.; Suzuki, K.
Activation of human brain galactosylceramidase by phosphatidylserine
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
575
410-420
1979
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Ben-Yoseph, Y.; Hungerford, M.; Nadler, H.L.
Galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase in Krabbe disease: partial purification and characterization of the mutant enzyme
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
196
93-101
1979
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Rushton, A.R.; Dawson, G.
Glycosphinoglipid beta-galactosidases of cultured mammalian cells. Characterization of the enzymes from mouse cell line lmtk and human Lesch-Nyhan fibroblasts
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
388
92-105
1975
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Besley, G.T.N.
Isoelectric focusing of galactosylceramide beta-galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase in cultured skin fibroblasts of patients with Krabbes globoid-cell leucodystrophy
Biochem. Soc. Trans.
3
241-244
1975
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Chiao, Y.B.; Moffitt, K.; Smallwood, Y.; Glew, R.H.
Glyconamides as inhibitors of human beta-glucosidases and beta-galactosidases
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
192
1-9
1979
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Wiederschain, G.; Raghavan, S.; Kolodny, E.
Characterization of 6-hexadecanoylamino-4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside as fluorogenic substrate of galactocerebrosidase for the diagnosis of Krabbe disease
Clin. Chim. Acta
205
87-96
1992
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Chen, Y.Q.; Wenger, D.A.
Galactocerebrosidase from human urine: purification and partial characterization
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1170
53-61
1993
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Sakai, N.; Inui, K.; Midorikawa, M.; Okuno, Y.; Ueda, S.; Iwamatsu, A.; Okada, S.
Purification and characterization of galactocerebrosidase from human lymphocytes
J. Biochem.
116
615-620
1994
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Sakai, N.; Inui, K.; Fujii, N.; Fukushima, H.; Nishimoto, J.; Yanagihara, I.; Isegawa, Y.; Iwamatsu, A.; Okada, S.
Krabbe disease: isolation and characterization of a full-length cDNA for human galactocerebrosidase
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
198
485-491
1994
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Nagano, S.; Yamada, T.; Shinnoh, N.; Furuya, H.; Taniwaki, T.; Kira, J.
Expression and processing of recombinant human galactosylceramidase
Clin. Chim. Acta
276
53-61
1998
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
deGasperi, R.; Raghavan, S.S.; Sosa, M.G.; Kolodny, E.H.; Carrier, C.; Rubenstein, P.; Peters, C.; Wagner, J.; Kurtzberg, J.; Krivit, W.
Measurements from normal umbilical cord blood of four lysosomal enzymatic activities: alpha-L-iduronidase (Hurler), galactocerebrosidase (globoid cell leukodystrophy), arylsulfatase A (metachromatic leukodystrophy), arylsulfatase B (Maroteaux-Lamy)
Bone Marrow Transplant.
25
541-544
2000
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Zhou, X.; Turecek, F.; Scott, C.R.; Gelb, M.H.
Quantification of cellular acid sphingomyelinase and galactocerebroside beta-galactosidase activities by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Clin. Chem.
47
874-881
2001
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Martino, S.; Tiribuzi, R.; Tortori, A.; Conti, D.; Visigalli, I.; Lattanzi, A.; Biffi, A.; Gritti, A.; Orlacchio, A.
Specific determination of beta-galactocerebrosidase activity via competitive inhibition of beta-galactosidase
Clin. Chem.
55
541-548
2009
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Visigalli, I.; Ungari, S.; Martino, S.; Park, H.; Cesani, M.; Gentner, B.; Sergi Sergi, L.; Orlacchio, A.; Naldini, L.; Biffi, A.
The galactocerebrosidase enzyme contributes to the maintenance of a functional hematopoietic stem cell niche
Blood
116
1857-1866
2010
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Liao, H.C.; Spacil, Z.; Ghomashchi, F.; Escolar, M.L.; Kurtzberg, J.; Orsini, J.J.; Turecek, F.; Scott, C.R.; Gelb, M.H.
Lymphocyte galactocerebrosidase activity by LC-MS/MS for post-newborn screening evaluation of Krabbe disease
Clin. Chem.
63
1363-1369
2017
Homo sapiens (P54803)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Saavedra-Matiz, C.A.; Luzi, P.; Nichols, M.; Orsini, J.J.; Caggana, M.; Wenger, D.A.
Expression of individual mutations and haplotypes in the galactocerebrosidase gene identified by the newborn screening program in New York State and in confirmed cases of Krabbes disease
J. Neurosci. Res.
94
1076-1083
2016
Homo sapiens (P54803), Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Jang, D.S.; Ye, W.; Guimei, T.; Solomon, M.; Southall, N.; Hu, X.; Marugan, J.; Ferrer, M.; Maegawa, G.H.
Cell-based high-throughput screening identifies galactocerebrosidase enhancers as potential small-molecule therapies for Krabbes disease
J. Neurosci. Res.
94
1231-1245
2016
Homo sapiens (P54803), Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Luddi, A.; Crifasi, L.; Capaldo, A.; Piomboni, P.; Costantino-Ceccarini, E.
Suppression of galactocerebrosidase premature termination codon and rescue of galactocerebrosidase activity in twitcher cells
J. Neurosci. Res.
94
1273-1283
2016
Homo sapiens (P54803), Homo sapiens, Mus musculus (P54818), Mus musculus
Manually annotated by BRENDA team