HOME
login
history
all enzymes
BRENDA home
History
Enzyme Nomenclature
Information on EC 3.2.1.2 - beta-amylase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC3.2.1.2
Word Map on EC 3.2.1.2
- 3.2.1.2
- starch
- alpha-amylase
- barley
- maltose
- soybean
- potato
-
sweet
- grain
- amylopectin
-
amylolytic
-
amylases
- hordeum
- glucoamylase
- endosperm
-
debranching
- dextrin
- pullulanase
- polymyxa
- amyloglucosidase
- maltopentaose
-
starch-degrading
- maltotriose
-
alpha-1,4
- thermosulfurogenes
- maltotetraose
-
beta-limit
- isoamylase
- nutrition
- industry
-
extrachloroplastic
- brewing
-
sporamin
- alpha-cyclodextrin
Please wait a moment until all data is loaded. This message will disappear when all data is loaded.
Specify your search results
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria, Archaea
topPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
EC NUMBER 
COMMENTARY 
3.2.1.2
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
RECOMMENDED NAME
GeneOntology No.
beta-amylase
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
multichain type mechanism
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
catalytic mechanism
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
catalytic mechanism, reaction mechanism
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
mechanism
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
acts on starch, glycogen and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides producing beta-maltose by an inversion, the term beta relates to the initial anomeric configuration of the free sugar group released and not to the configuration of the linkage hydrolysed
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
mode of action of the exo-amylase
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
mode of action of the exo-amylase
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
mode of action of the exo-amylase
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
mode of action of the exo-amylase
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
mode of action of the exo-amylase
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
mode of action of the exo-amylase
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
mode of action of the exo-amylase
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
mode of action of the exo-amylase
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
mode of action of the exo-amylase
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
mode of action of the exo-amylase
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
mode of action of the exo-amylase
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
mode of action of the exo-amylase
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
mode of action of the exo-amylase
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
mode of action of the exo-amylase
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
Glu367 is important in catalysis, the plant enzyme shows a reaction mechanism different from the bacterial enzyme, overview
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
active site structure, carbohydrate binding subsites, role of a conformational change of the inner loop in the catalytic mechanism, T342 is involved, overview
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
catalytic mechanism
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
roles of Glu186 and Glu380 as general acid and general base catalyst in the catalytic reaction, substrate binding and reaction mechanism
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
general acid-base catalytic reaction mechanism
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
roles of Glu186 and Glu380 as general acid and general base catalyst in the catalytic reaction, reaction mechanism involving residue T342
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
mode of action of the exo-amylase
-
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
acts on starch, glycogen and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides producing beta-maltose by an inversion, the term beta relates to the initial anomeric configuration of the free sugar group released and not to the configuration of the linkage hydrolysed
-
-
Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
-
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
hydrolysis of O-glycosyl bond
-
-
exohydrolysis
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
PATHWAY
BRENDA Link
KEGG Link
MetaCyc Link
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
4-alpha-D-glucan maltohydrolase
Acts on starch, glycogen and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides producing beta-maltose by an inversion. The term 'beta'' relates to the initial anomeric configuration of the free sugar group released and not to the configuration of the linkage hydrolysed.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9000-91-3
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
isolated from soil sample from a salt lake obtained from Yuncheng, China
-
-
Sorghum sp.
gene At3g23920/F14O13_11, isozyme TR-BAMY; contains six extrachloroplastic isozymes, and three plastid-targeted isozymes
SwissProt
gene At4g170990, isozyme CT-BAMY; contains six extrachlorplastic isozymes, and three plastid-targeted isozymes
SwissProt
gene dl4575c or At4g170990, putative beta-amylase; ecotype Columbia, gene dl4575c or At4g170990
SwissProt
strains: ATCC 8145, ATCC 9524, ATCC 9634, ATCC 10876, ATCC 11778, ATCC 11950, ATCC 19637, IP 1010, IP 5227, IP 53137, NRRL 569, PZH 1011
-
-
-
-
-
isolated from soil sample from a salt lake obtained from Yuncheng, China
-
-
-
208595, 208611, 208620, 208626, 208638, 208643, 208647, 664437, 664674, 664793, 665845, 666557, 692736, 703074
-
-
3 allelic forms: Sd1, Sd2H and Sd2L, amino acid differences between the 3 forms, wild barley subsp. spontaneum NPGS PI29689, var. Haruna Nijo, Adorra and Hiproly
-
-
cvs. Morex and Steptoe, 2 isozymes beta-amylase1 and beta-amylase2, i.e. Bmy1 and Bmy2
-
-
fragment; analysis of coding sequence diversity in the Bmy1 gene on chromosome 4H
SwissProt
gene BAC83770, putative beta-amylase, japonica group; var. japonica and indica, different cultivars, 98 backcross inbred lines from japonica x indica, i.e. Nipponbare x Kasalath, cross, overview
SwissProt
gene Bac83773, putative beta-amylase, japonica group; var. japonica and indica, different cultivars, 98 backcross inbred lines from japonica x indica, i.e. Nipponbare x Kasalath, cross, overview
SwissProt
strains: NCIB 4747, NCIB 7575, NCIB 8158, NCIB 8524. The most potential beta-amylase producer is the strain NCIB 8524
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
4-nitrophenyl alpha-D-galactoside + H2O
4-nitrophenol + D-galactose
-
-
-
?
4-nitrophenyl alpha-maltopyranoside + H2O
4-nitrophenol + alpha-maltopyranose
-
-
-
?
4-nitrophenyl maltopentaose + H2O
4-nitrophenol + maltopentaose
-
-
-
?
amylose + H2O
maltose + ?
catalyzes the release of maltose residues, less good substrate than starch and amylopectin
-
-
?
maltodextrin + H2O
maltose
-
maltodextrins with chain length from 9 to 198 glucose residues
and very small amounts of glucose and maltotriose
?
maltoheptaose + H2O
maltose + D-glucose
-
the exo-type enzyme can catalyze the successive liberation of beta-maltose from the nonreducing ends of alpha-1,4-linked glucopyranosyl polymers. A phenomenon called multiple or repetitive attack is observed where the enzyme releases several maltose molecules in a single enzyme-substrate complex. The multiple attack action needs the force of enzyme sliding on the substrate. In addition, it is important for the multiple attack that the enzyme and substrate have the characteristics of a stable productive substrate-enzyme complex through a hydrogen bond between the nonreducing end of the substrate and the carboxyl residue of the enzyme
-
-
?
maltooligosaccharide + H2O
?
-
beta-amylase hydrolyzes maltooligosaccharides more readily as their degree of polymerization increases, this being strongest for maltooligosaccharides larger than 13 glucose residues and very weakly for maltotriose, exo-hydrolase that releases beta-maltose from the non-reducing end of alpha-1,4-linked poly- and oligoglucans until the first alpha-1,6-branching point along the substrate molecule is encountered
-
-
?
maltopentaose + H2O
2 maltose + D-glucose
the enzyme displays dual hydrolysis activity toward alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages, the catalytic efficiency of 6-O-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin is 16fold higher than that of maltotriose. Compared to the kcat/Km value toward maltotriose, the values for longer substrates such as maltotetraose and maltopentaose are negligible
-
-
?
maltopentaose + H2O
maltose
-
substrate/product binding structure, sugar subsite conformations, overview
-
-
?
maltose + H2O
?
the enzyme is specific for short alpha-glucans. Similar responses to maltose, glycogen, and starch but not to pullulan
-
-
?
p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside + H2O
p-nitrophenol + D-glucose
-
-
-
-
?
p-nitrophenylmaltopentaoside + H2O
p-nitrophenol + maltopentaose
catalyzes the release of p-nitrophenol, specific substrate
-
-
?
amylopectin + H2O
?
from potato, active site structure, Glu-186 and Glu-380 play important roles as general acid and base catalyst
-
-
?
amylopectin + H2O
?
-
114.6% of the activity with amylose, soluble starch, amylose and amylopectin are the most suitable substrates, exo-hydrolase that releases beta-maltose from the non-reducing end of alpha-1,4-linked poly- and oligoglucans until the first alpha-1,6-branching point along the substrate molecule is encountered
-
-
?
amylopectin + H2O
maltose + ?
catalyzes the release of maltose residues, amylopectin and starch are better substrates than amylose
-
-
?
amylopectin + H2O
maltose + ?
the enzyme only releases maltose from polymers such as soluble starch, amylopectin, and glycogen, while maltose is rarely detected from reaction with amylose and pullulan
-
-
?
amylopectin + H2O
maltose + ?
the enzyme only releases maltose from polymers such as soluble starch, amylopectin, and glycogen, while maltose is rarely detected from reaction with amylose and pullulan
-
-
?
amylose + H2O
?
-
EX-I, soluble starch, amylose and amylopectin are the most suitable substrates, exo-hydrolase that releases beta-maltose from the non-reducing end of alpha-1,4-linked poly- and oligoglucans until the first alpha-1,6-branching point along the substrate molecule is encountered
-
-
?
glycogen + H2O
?
the enzyme is specific for short alpha-glucans. Similar responses to maltose, glycogen, and starch but not to pullulan
-
-
?
glycogen + H2O
maltose + ?
the enzyme only releases maltose from polymers such as soluble starch, amylopectin, and glycogen, while maltose is rarely detected from reaction with amylose and pullulan
-
-
?
glycogen + H2O
maltose + ?
the enzyme only releases maltose from polymers such as soluble starch, amylopectin, and glycogen, while maltose is rarely detected from reaction with amylose and pullulan
-
-
?
maltopentaose + H2O
?
-
beta-amylase is an exo-enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkage of the substrate liberating beta-maltose from the non-reducing end, Glu-172 and Glu-367 are catalytic residues, binding mode of substrate, substrate recognition mechanism, enzyme structure
-
-
?
maltopentaose + H2O
?
-
beta-amylase is an inverting enzyme that hydrolyzes the alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkage of the substrate liberating beta-maltose from the non-reducing end, catalytic mechanism, Glu-172 acts as general acid, Glu-367 acts as general base
-
-
?
maltopentaose + H2O
?
hydrolyzes the alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkage liberating beta-maltose from the non-reducing end of substrate, good substrate, mode of binding in the active site, catalytic mechanism, enzyme/domain structure
-
-
?
maltopentose + H2O
?
-
40% of the activity with starch, exo-acting enzyme, no production of glucose
-
-
?
maltopentose + H2O
?
-
40% of the activity with starch, exo-acting enzyme, no production of glucose
-
-
?
maltotetraose + H2O
2 maltose
the enzyme displays dual hydrolysis activity toward alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages, the catalytic efficiency of 6-O-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin is 16fold higher than that of maltotriose. Compared to the kcat/Km value toward maltotriose, the values for longer substrates such as maltotetraose and maltopentaose are negligible
-
-
?
maltotetraose + H2O
2 maltose
the enzyme displays dual hydrolysis activity toward alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages, the catalytic efficiency of 6-O-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin is 16fold higher than that of maltotriose. Compared to the kcat/Km value toward maltotriose, the values for longer substrates such as maltotetraose and maltopentaose are negligible
-
-
?
maltotetraose + H2O
?
-
37% of the activity with starch, exo-acting enzyme, no production of glucose
-
-
?
maltotetraose + H2O
?
-
37% of the activity with starch, exo-acting enzyme, no production of glucose
-
-
?
maltotriose + H2O
maltose + D-glucose
the enzyme displays dual hydrolysis activity toward alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages, the catalytic efficiency of 6-O-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin is 16fold higher than that of maltotriose. Compared to the kcat/Km value toward maltotriose, the values for longer substrates such as maltotetraose and maltopentaose are negligible
-
-
?
maltotriose + H2O
maltose + D-glucose
the enzyme displays dual hydrolysis activity toward alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkages, the catalytic efficiency of 6-O-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin is 16fold higher than that of maltotriose. Compared to the kcat/Km value toward maltotriose, the values for longer substrates such as maltotetraose and maltopentaose are negligible
-
-
?
p-nitrophenylmaltopentaoside + H2O
?
catalyzes the release of maltose
-
-
?
p-nitrophenylmaltopentaoside + H2O
?
-
catalyzes the release of maltose
-
-
?
soluble starch + H2O
maltose + ?
the enzyme only releases maltose from polymers such as soluble starch, amylopectin, and glycogen, while maltose is rarely detected from reaction with amylose and pullulan
-
-
?
soluble starch + H2O
maltose + ?
the enzyme only releases maltose from polymers such as soluble starch, amylopectin, and glycogen, while maltose is rarely detected from reaction with amylose and pullulan
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
in vitro breakdown of semicrystalline starch particles by beta-amylases increases significantly if they act together with glucan, water dikinase
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran, the enzyme from strain MNU82 utilizes raw and cooked starch
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
beta-amylase hydrolyzes alpha-1,4-linkage, raw starch granules from potato, wheat, rice and corn, with the granules from rice being the best substrate, beta-amylase attacks very slowly on the starch granules, hydrolyzes corn granules efficiently at 45°C
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
beta-amylase is an exo-enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkage of the substrate liberating beta-maltose from the non-reducing end, Glu-172 and Glu-367 are catalytic residues, substrate recognition mechanism, enzyme structure
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
beta-amylase is an inverting enzyme that hydrolyzes the alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkage of the substrate liberating beta-maltose from the non-reducing end, catalytic mechanism, Glu-172 acts as general acid, Glu-367 acts as general base
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkages of soluble starch, and liberates beta-anomeric maltose from the nonreducing ends, exo-acting enzyme, composed of two functional domains, a catalytic domain: domains A and B, and starch-binding domain: domain C, beta-amylase has three carbohydrate-binding sites aside from the active site: two in domain B named Site2 and Site3, one in domain C named Site1, roles of these sites in the catalytic reaction and raw starch-binding, beta-amylase hardly hydrolyzes raw starch from wheat, corn, potato or sweet potato, but binds to it strongly
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
hydrolyzes the alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkage liberating beta-maltose from the non-reducing end of substrate, enzyme/domain structure, starch binding site in domain C, catalytic mechanism
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
active site structure, Glu-186 and Glu-380 play important roles as general acid and base catalyst, catalyzes the liberation of beta-anomeric maltose from the non-reducing ends
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
beta-amylase hydrolyzes alpha-1,4-linkage, raw starch granules from potato, wheat, rice and corn, with the granules from rice being the best substrate, no efficient hydrolysis of raw starch granules, very slow enzymic attack
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
catalyzes the release of maltose from soluble starch, three-dimensional structures of Sd2L and V233A mutant of Sd1
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
from potato, catalyzes the release of maltose from the non-reducing ends of starch, three-dimensional structure of Sd2L
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
beta-amylase should be a key enzyme in starch degradation during the germination of millet seeds, enzyme activity increases during days 1-4 of germination
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
106.9% of the activity with amylose, soluble starch, amylose and amylopectin are the most suitable substrates, some activity against native starch, exo-hydrolase that releases beta-maltose from the non-reducing end of alpha-1,4-linked poly- and oligoglucans until the first alpha-1,6-branching point along the substrate molecule is encountered
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
the enzyme is specific for short alpha-glucans. Similar responses to maltose, glycogen, and starch but not to pullulan
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
highest activity, exo-acting enzyme, no production of glucose
-
-
?
starch + H2O
?
-
highest activity, exo-acting enzyme, no production of glucose
-
-
?
starch + H2O
beta-maltose
-
best substrate, pure and low quality starches, maize starch, tapioca starch
maltose is the major end product, traces of maltooligosaccharides, no glucose as product
-
?
starch + H2O
beta-maltose
-
best substrate, pure and low quality starches, maize starch, tapioca starch
maltose is the major end product, traces of maltooligosaccharides, no glucose as product
-
?
starch + H2O
beta-maltose
-
beta-amylase is involved in starch degradation during mango ripening, which is clearly triggered by detachment from the mother-plant
-
-
?
starch + H2O
maltose
enzyme induction upon a cold shock at 4°C leads to starch-dependent maltose accumulation, which might be required for protection of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and sensitization of PSII during freezing, maltose influences the carbohydrate metabolism, overview
-
-
?
starch + H2O
maltose
-
role of beta-amylase in starch breakdown during temperature stress, product maltose acts as a cryoprotectant and precursor of soluble sugar metabolism, overview
-
-
?
starch + H2O
maltose
the isozyme is involved in leaf starch degradation
-
-
?
starch + H2O
maltose
-
millet starch, gelatinization temperature is 61.1-68.7°C
-
-
?
starch + H2O
maltose
-
in roots during storage, the starch hydrolysis at low temperatures is required for improvement of gustative quality of roots from tuberous-rooted chervil, at higher storage temperature the alpha-amylase activity is increased
-
-
?
starch + H2O
maltose
-
soluble starch, depolymerization, reaction scheme
-
-
?
starch + H2O
maltose
-
degradation of starch granules by the enzyme alone occurs at the equatorial grooves of lecticular granules
-
-
?
starch + H2O
maltose
-
degradation of starch granules by the enzyme alone occurs at the equatorial grooves of lecticular granules
-
-
?
starch + H2O
maltose
Sorghum sp.
-
Sorghum starch, gelatinization temperature is 70-75°C
-
-
?
starch + H2O
maltose + ?
catalyzes the release of maltose residues, starch and amylopectin are better substrates than amylose
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
plants mechanism of cold adaptation, enzyme regulation by phytohormones, light, and by abiotic stess, e.g. by osmotic, cold, salt, and drought stress, the enzyme is also regulated by the circadian clock, detailed overview
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
the isozyme TR-BAMY is redox- and thioredoxin-regulated involving residues C470 and C32 forming a disulfide bridge, the precursor enzyme conatining the transit pepetide is inactive
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
the isozyme TR-BAMY is redox- and thioredoxin-regulated involving residues C470 and C32 forming a disulfide bridge, the precursor enzyme conatining the transit pepetide is inactive
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
no hydrolysis of alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkages
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
beta-amylase does not catalyze a transglycosylation reaction
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
not: xylan, pullulan, cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
not: xylan, pullulan, cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
rhizome beta-amylase is a cytoplasmic vegetative storage protein
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
rhizome beta-amylase is a cytoplasmic vegetative storage protein
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
beta-amylase exclusively catalyzes the release of beta-maltose from the non-reducing ends of alpha-1,4-linked oligo- and polyglucans, three-dimensional structure
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
beta-amylase exclusively catalyzes the release of beta-maltose from the non-reducing ends of alpha-1,4-linked oligo- and polyglucans, three-dimensional structure
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
soybean trypsin inhibitor and beta-amylase induce rat alveolar macrophages to release nitrogen oxides
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
maltose is the main product of soluble starch hydrolysis
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
maltose is the main product of soluble starch hydrolysis
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
germination markedly increases the beta-amylase
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
beta-amylase is an exo-enzyme that specifically binds to a double (1-4-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-1-4-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-) unit from the non-reducing ends of polymaltosidic polysaccharides, and sequentially cleaves glucose disaccharidic units until it encounters any structural variation, producing maltose as sole hydrolysis product
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with maltotriose and cycloheptaose
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
moderately branched glucans are better substrates than less branched or non-branched or highly branched glucans
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme does not hydrolyze starch, glycogen, pullulan or large maltooligosaccharides
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
the enzyme does not hydrolyze starch, glycogen, pullulan or large maltooligosaccharides
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
germination markedly increases the beta-amylase
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with pullulan
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
cysteine, tryptophan and serine are essential amino acids for catalysis, not: maltotriose
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
cysteine, tryptophan and serine are essential amino acids for catalysis, not: maltotriose
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
NATURAL SUBSTRATES
NATURAL PRODUCTS
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
starch + H2O
?
-
beta-amylase should be a key enzyme in starch degradation during the germination of millet seeds, enzyme activity increases during days 1-4 of germination
-
-
?
starch + H2O
beta-maltose
-
beta-amylase is involved in starch degradation during mango ripening, which is clearly triggered by detachment from the mother-plant
-
-
?
starch + H2O
maltose
O23553
enzyme induction upon a cold shock at 4°C leads to starch-dependent maltose accumulation, which might be required for protection of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and sensitization of PSII during freezing, maltose influences the carbohydrate metabolism, overview
-
-
?
starch + H2O
maltose
-
role of beta-amylase in starch breakdown during temperature stress, product maltose acts as a cryoprotectant and precursor of soluble sugar metabolism, overview
-
-
?
starch + H2O
maltose
O23553, Q9LIR6
the isozyme is involved in leaf starch degradation
-
-
?
starch + H2O
maltose
-
in roots during storage, the starch hydrolysis at low temperatures is required for improvement of gustative quality of roots from tuberous-rooted chervil, at higher storage temperature the alpha-amylase activity is increased
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
plants mechanism of cold adaptation, enzyme regulation by phytohormones, light, and by abiotic stess, e.g. by osmotic, cold, salt, and drought stress, the enzyme is also regulated by the circadian clock, detailed overview
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
O23553
the isozyme TR-BAMY is redox- and thioredoxin-regulated involving residues C470 and C32 forming a disulfide bridge, the precursor enzyme conatining the transit pepetide is inactive
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
Q9LIR6
the isozyme TR-BAMY is redox- and thioredoxin-regulated involving residues C470 and C32 forming a disulfide bridge, the precursor enzyme conatining the transit pepetide is inactive
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
rhizome beta-amylase is a cytoplasmic vegetative storage protein
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
Q9FQ07
rhizome beta-amylase is a cytoplasmic vegetative storage protein
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
maltose is the main product of soluble starch hydrolysis
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
maltose is the main product of soluble starch hydrolysis
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
germination markedly increases the beta-amylase
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
germination markedly increases the beta-amylase
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Ca2+
K+
NaCl
additional information
NaCl
-
activates, best at 10-12% activity drops off dramatically at low NaCl concentrations
additional information
-
the presence or absence of various divalent cations or EDTA had a minimal effect on enzyme activity
additional information
the presence or absence of various divalent cations or EDTA had a minimal effect on enzyme activity
additional information
-
no requirement for metal ions
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
INHIBITORS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
2,3-epoxypropyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
-
affinity-labeling reagent, mode of binding, covalently bound to the catalytic residue Glu-172, inactivation mechanism
3,4-epoxybutyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
-
affinity-labeling reagent, mode of binding, covalently bound to the catalytic residue Glu-172
4-chloromercuribenzoate
-
inactivation, the enzyme can be reactivated by L-cysteine
5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
-
chemical modification of the exposed sulfhydryl groups in beta-amylase from unmalted seeds with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) results in loss of activity. In the beta-amylase from malted seed the 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) chemical modification results in the increase in the KM from 2.81 to 4.14 mg/ml
D-mannose
125 mM, 6% inhibition, p-nitrophenylmaltopentaoside hydrolysis
maltitol
-
behaves as a mixed-type or competitive inhibitor depending on the chain length of the substrate, inhibition mechanism, binds to Site2 in domain B and forms an abortive ESI complex when amylose is used as substrate
O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl(1-4)O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl(1-4)D-xylopyranose
-
mode of binding in the active site cleft
O-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl(1-4)O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl(1-4)O-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
-
mixed-type inhibition, two molecules bind to enzyme
potassium ferricyanide
-
oxidation of the sulfhydryl groups of the enzyme from malted seed in presence of urea results in formation of a dimeric enzyme. The oxidative dimerization leads to inactivation of the enzyme
Ag+
-
1 mM, almost complete inhibition of mutant enzyme M185L/S295A/I297V/S350P/S351P/Q352D/A376S
beta-amylase-inhibitor
-
several strains of Streptomyces produce a beta-amylase inhibitor when grown on a medium containing starch and deoxynojirimycin
-
beta-amylase-inhibitor
-
several strains of Streptomyces produce a beta-amylase inhibitor when grown on a medium containing starch and deoxynojirimycin
-
beta-amylase-inhibitor
-
several strains of Streptomyces produce a beta-amylase inhibitor when grown on a medium containing starch and deoxynojirimycin
-
beta-amylase-inhibitor
-
several strains of Streptomyces produce a beta-amylase inhibitor when grown on a medium containing starch and deoxynojirimycin
-
beta-amylase-inhibitor
-
several strains of Streptomyces produce a beta-amylase inhibitor when grown on a medium containing starch and deoxynojirimycin
-
Cd2+
-
1 mM, almost complete inhibition of barley enzyme and recombinant enzyme, less inhibitory towards mutant enzyme M185L/S295A/I297V/S350P/S351P/Q352D/A376S
Cu2+
-
1 mM, almost complete inhibition of mutant enzyme M185L/S295A/I297V/S350P/S351P/Q352D/A376S
D-glucose
p-nitrophenylmaltopentaoside hydrolysis: 125 mM, 87.5% inhibition, iodine staining method: mixed-type, weak inhibition compared with maltose and cyclohexaamylose
Hg2+
-
1 mM, almost complete inhibition of mutant enzyme M185L/S295A/I297V/S350P/S351P/Q352D/A376S
maltose
p-nitrophenylmaltopentaoside hydrolysis: 125 mM, 87.5% inhibition, iodine staining method: competitive inhibition
p-chloromercuribenzoate
-
1 mM, 97% inhibition, exogenous thiols like dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol or cysteine HCl reactivate
PCMB
-
0.5 mM, 75% loss of activity after 30 min at 22°C, cysteine reactivates
PCMB
-
0.1 mM, complete inhibition of mutant enzyme M185L/S295A/I297V/S350P/S351P/Q352D/A376S
PCMB
-
0.001-0.1 mM, inactivation is partly reversed by adding 10fold to 20fold excess of glutathione or 1,2-dithiopropanol
Zn2+
-
1 mM, almost complete inhibition of barley enzyme and recombinant enzyme, less inhibitory towards mutant enzyme M185L/S295A/I297V/S350P/S351P/Q352D/A376S
additional information
the 41 amino acid transit peptide inhibits isozyme TR-BAMY
-
additional information
the 41 amino acid transit peptide inhibits isozyme TR-BAMY
-
additional information
-
PMSF and 2-mercaptoethanol have no significant effect on the amylase activity
-
additional information
-
no inhibition by 4-chloromercuribenzoate, heavy metal ions, nor Schardinger dextrins
-
additional information
-
the synthesis of beta-amylase is repressed by glucose, fructose or sucrose as carbon source, not inhibited by EDTA
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
polyethylene glycol 1000
-
1500 Da PEG, increases the enzyme activity by 60% at 0.02% w/v
polyethylene glycol 1500
-
1500 Da PEG, increases the enzyme activity by 77% at 0.02% w/v
-
polyethylene glycol 2000
-
1500 Da PEG, increases the enzyme activity by 58% at 0.02% w/v
polyethylene glycol 400
-
1500 Da PEG, increases the enzyme activity by 7% at 0.02% w/v
-
polyethylene glycol 4600
-
1500 Da PEG, increases the enzyme activity by 74% at 0.02% w/v
polyethylene glycol 600
-
1500 Da PEG, increases the enzyme activity by 19% at 0.02% w/v
polyethylene glycol 8000
-
1500 Da PEG, increases the enzyme activity by 68% at 0.02% w/v
polyvinyl alcohol
-
10 kDa: increases the enzyme activity by 36% at 0.02% w/v, 50 kDa: increases the enzyme activity by 21% at 0.02% w/v
thioredoxin
thioredocins f1, m1, and y1, the isozyme TR-BAMY is positively thioredoxin-regulated
additional information
-
cold stress activates the chloroplastic isozyme by 5fold at 3°C
-
additional information
the enzyme is induced during low temperature stress at 4°C
-
additional information
the enzyme requires reducing conditions for full activity
-
additional information
the enzyme requires reducing conditions for full activity
-
additional information
-
phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride does not show any effect on enzyme activity
-
additional information
-
low temperature of 4°C rapidly induces the enzyme activity
-
additional information
-
rapid induction of type II beta-amylase by nitric oxide, from sodium nitroprusside, but not by gibberellin in seeds during the early stage of germination, sodium nitroprusside also directly induces the release of the enzyme from glutenin
-
additional information
-
the synthesis of beta-amylase is induced by starch and maltose
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.491
amylose
-
DP = 17, mutant enzyme M185L/S295A/I297V/S350P/S351P/Q352D/A376S
0.0083
starch
-
pH 5, 40°C, soluble starch, wild-type Sd2H and V233A/L347S double mutant of Sd2L
additional information
additional information
-
Km: 1.67 mg/ml for soluble starch
-
additional information
additional information
-
Km: 2.29 mg/ml for soluble starch at 60°C, 1.68 mg/ml for soluble starch at 75°C
-
additional information
additional information
-
Km: 1.25 mg/ml for starch
-
additional information
additional information
-
Km for soluble starch is 0.4%
-
additional information
additional information
-
5.9 mg/ml for soluble starch, light amylase. 6.8 mg/ml for soluble starch for soluble starch, heavy amylase
-
additional information
additional information
-
Km: 2.25 mg/ml for amylopectin for isoenzyme 2, Km: 1.65 mg/ml for amylopectin, isoenzyme 6
-
additional information
additional information
-
Km: 3 mg/ml for soluble starch
-
additional information
additional information
-
the Km-value for linear maltodextrins decreases with chain-lengths up to about 50 glucose units and with longer chain lengths it remains constant at about 0.14 mM
-
additional information
additional information
-
Km for starch is 4.34 mg/ml at 60°C
-
additional information
additional information
beta-amylase from germinated barley has a higher substrate binding affinity for starch than enzyme from mature grain, removal of the four C-terminal glycine-rich repeats enhances the substrate binding affinity, kinetic parameters for several deletion mutants
-
additional information
additional information
-
binding parameters of wild-type and mutant enzymes to raw corn starch
-
additional information
additional information
-
kinetic parameters for wild-type and mutant SBA
-
additional information
additional information
-
the 3 allelic forms of beta-amylase Sd1, Sd2H and Sd2L exhibit different kinetic properties, an R115C mutation is responsible for this difference
-
additional information
additional information
kinetics, recombinant wild-type andmutant enzymes
-
additional information
additional information
-
kinetics, isothermal titration microcalorimetric method
-
additional information
additional information
-
13.6 mg/l, starch as substrate
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
308
starch
-
pH 5, 40°C, soluble starch, wild-type Sd2H and V233A/L347S double mutant of Sd2L
additional information
additional information
kinetic parameters for several deletion mutants
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs-1]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Ki VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.45
O-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl(1-4)O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl(1-4)O-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
-
pH 7, 25°C, wild-type enzyme, amylose as substrate
5.7
maltitol
-
pH 7, 25°C, S235A/Y249A/W449F/W495F quadruple mutant, amylose as substrate
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
45.95
Sorghum sp.
-
96 h germination, the enzyme activity increases progressively during seed germination, overview
additional information
additional information
-
BAM-2 specific activity is 25fold lower than that of BAM-3 and 50fold lower than that of BAM-1. No activity is detectable for recombinant BAM-4 protein
additional information
-
the enzyme activity increases progressively during seed germination, different cultivars, activity in phoshate buffer extracts, the activity is decreased in hot water extracts, and highly decreased in cold water extracts, overview the hot water extracts show higher activity due to gelatinization of the starch grains
additional information
-
catalytic activity of the enzyme at different pressure/temperature conditions, up to 700 mPa, 20-70°C, overview
additional information
very low activity in different cultivars of varieties japonica and japonica x indica, i.e. Nipponbare x Kasalath, the Nipponbare allele highly suppresses the enzyme, quantitative activity and expression analysis; very low activity in different cultivars of varieties japonica and japonica x indica, i.e. Nipponbare x Kasalath, the Nipponbare allele highly suppresses the enzyme, quantitative activity and expression analysis
additional information
very low activity in different cultivars of varieties japonica and japonica x indica, i.e. Nipponbare x Kasalath, the Nipponbare allele highly suppresses the enzyme, quantitative activity and expression analysis; very low activity in different cultivars of varieties japonica and japonica x indica, i.e. Nipponbare x Kasalath, the Nipponbare allele highly suppresses the enzyme, quantitative activity and expression analysis
additional information
Sorghum sp.
-
different increase in activities during seed germination in the different Sorghum sp. varieties, overview
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
4.8
5.4
5.5 - 6
5.5
5.6
6.2
6.5
6.9
7.5
additional information
5.4
-
hydrolysis of potato amylopectin, at 37°C, the reduced pKa-value of Glu-380 is stabilized by the hydrogen bond network and is responsible for the lower pH-optimum of soybean beta-amylase compared with that of Bacillus cereus, pH 6.7
additional information
the isozyme TR-BAMY shifts between an active and an inactive form dependent on the pH
additional information
the isozyme TR-BAMY shifts between an active and an inactive form dependent on the pH
additional information
comparison of pH-dependency/pH-profiles of recombinant wild-type and mutant enzymes
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
2 - 8
-
pH 2.0: about 35% of maximal activity, pH 8.0: about 30% of maximal activity
3 - 7.2
-
50% of maximal activity at pH 3.0 and pH 7.2, degradation of glycogen
3 - 8
3 - 9
-
pH 3.0: about 50% of maximal activity, pH 9.0: about 40% of maximal activity
3 - 8
-
pH 3.0: about 70% of maximal activity, pH 8.0: about 60% of maximal activity
3 - 8.5
-
pH 3.0: about 30% of maximal activity, pH 8.5: about 40% of maximal activity
3 - 9
-
pH 3.0: about 70% of maximal activity, pH 9.0: about 15% of maximal activity
4 - 7
Dioscorea batatus
-
pH 4.0: about 25% of maximal activity, pH 7.0: about 50% of maximal activity
4 - 8
-
pH 4.0: about 65% of maximal activity, pH 8.0: about 55% of maximal activity
4 - 6
pH 4.0: about 85% of maximal activity, pH 6.0: about 60% of maximal activity, alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkage hydrolysis of maltotriose
4 - 8
pH 4.0: about 50% of maximal activity, pH 8.0: about 70% of maximal activity, alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkage hydrolysis of 6-O-maltotetraosyl-beta-cyclodextrin
4.5 - 8.5
-
pH 4.5: about 40% of maximal activity, pH 8.5: about 60% of maximal activity
5 - 8
-
pH 5.0: about 55% of maximal activity, pH 8.0: about 60% of maximal activity
5 - 6
-
more than 80% of maximal activity at pH 5.0 and at pH 6.0
5.5 - 10
-
pH 5.5.: about 50% of maximal activity, pH 10.0: about 40% of maximal activity
3 - 8
-
pH 3.0: about 35% of maximal activity, pH 8.0: about 70% of maximal activity
3 - 8
-
pH 3.0: about 50% of maximal activity, pH 8.0: about 55% of maximal activity
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
25
35
37
40
45
50
55
60
75
60
-
temperature optimum, but enzyme loses activity when exposed to 60°C, irreversible thermodenaturation
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
TEMPERATURE RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
20 - 70
-
at different pressure/temperature conditions, up to 700 mPa, overview
28 - 61
-
28°C: about 40% of maximal activity, 61°C: about 30% of maximal activity
30 - 60
-
30°C: about 25% of maximal activity, 60°C: about 20% of maximal activity, hyrolysis of raw corn starch
40 - 60
Dioscorea batatus
-
40°C: about 30% of maximal activity, 60°C: about 50% of maximal activity
45
50 - 70
50 - 80
-
50°C: about 55% of maximal activity, 80°C: about 65% of maximal activity
50 - 85
-
50°C: about 45% of maximal activity, 85°C: about 25% of maximal activity
60 - 95
60°C; about 50% of maximal activity, 60°C: about 60% of maximal activity, alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkage hydrolysis of maltotriose
80 - 98
activity at 80°C is about 50% compared to the activity at 98°C, alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkage hydrolysis of 6-O-maltotetraosyl-beta-cyclodextrin
85 - 90
-
85°C: 83% of maximal activity, 90°C: 32.8% of maximal activity
additional information
freezing tolerance of recombinant plants, overview
45
-
beta-amylase hydrolyzes corn starch granules efficiently at 45°C, 60% more active than soybean beta-amylase at 45°C
45
-
at 45°C beta-amylase is 60% less active in hydrolysis of corn starch granules than enzyme from Bacillus cereus
50 - 70
-
50°C: about 55% of maximal activity, 70°C: about 70% of maximal activity
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
4.45 - 6.5
-
detailed isoelectric focusing analysis of pI of different isozymes from 17 Hordeum species, some with several suspecies, four pattern groups, overview