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Enzyme Nomenclature
Information on EC 3.1.21.1 - deoxyribonuclease I
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC3.1.21.1
Word Map on EC 3.1.21.1
- 3.1.21.1
-
footprint
-
polymerases
- chromatin
-
single-stranded
- neutrophil
-
double-stranded
- herpes
- lysozyme
-
exonuclease
- inflammatory
- viruses
- phage
- triphosphate
-
transferrin
- glycoprotein
- histone
- inflammation
-
antiviral
- simplex
- bacteriophage
-
duplex
- actin
- thymidine
-
excision
-
fidelity
- nucleosome
- myeloperoxidase
- cytomegalovirus
- infant
- dntp
-
mismatch
- fork
-
protein-dna
-
bactericidal
-
sequence-specific
-
micrococcal
-
endonucleases
-
dna-protein
-
nucleases
- herpesvirus
-
dna-dependent
-
exotoxin
- ganciclovir
-
beta-globin
-
supercoiled
-
whey
-
hbsag
-
epstein-barr
- medicine
- degradation
- analysis
- diagnostics
- lamivudine
-
streptokinase
- molecular biology
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The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
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EC NUMBER 
COMMENTARY 
3.1.21.1
-
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RECOMMENDED NAME
GeneOntology No.
deoxyribonuclease I
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products
endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products
preference for double-stranded DNA. Similar enzymes: streptococcal DNase (streptodornase), T4 endonuclease II, T7 endonuclease II, E. coli endonuclease I, 'nicking' nuclease of calf thymus, colicin E2 and E3, formerly EC 3.1.4.5
-
-
-
endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products
catalytic mechanism, the N-terminal 62 residues and the C-terminal 39 residues have important roles in 3'-exonuclease activity, residues 63-453 are responsible for 5'- and 3'-exonuclease activities, residues 24-492 form a region with 7fold higher catalytic activity than the intact enzyme
-
endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products
Glu128 is required for activity, contains conserved sequence LEDFXR, endonuclease activity
-
endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products
Asp44 is involved in catalysis, while Met118, Gln134, Glu190, and Met236 are not
endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products
preference for double-stranded DNA
-
endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products
preference for double-stranded DNA
endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products
preference for double-stranded DNA
endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products
preference for double-stranded DNA
-
endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products
preference for single-stranded DNA and 3'AMP, guanylic acid preferential endo-exonuclease, mode of action, overview
-
endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products
preference for single-stranded DNA
-
endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products
conserved residues Glu79, His135, Asp213, and His 252 are involved in catalysis
-
endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products
preference for double-stranded DNA
endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products
preference for double-stranded DNA
endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products
preference for double-stranded DNA
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
hydrolysis of phosphoric ester
hydrolysis of phosphoric ester
-
-
-
-
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9003-98-9
-
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
-
134199, 134208, 134210, 134213, 134215, 134219, 134222, 134223, 134227, 134233, 134234, 134236, 134237, 650325, 653799, 665821, 666411, 666854, 695970, 696064, 696291, 696832, 697759, 699637, 700518, 701077, 701089, 715904, 716661, 728955, 729850
-
-
-
134197, 134198, 134200, 134202, 134207, 134214, 134225, 134228, 134230, 649684, 650792, 651445, 664146, 664148, 664612, 664843, 666887, 681215, 695549, 695970, 697387, 697891, 699202, 699637, 701234, 707845, 728956, 729608, 730378
-
-
different enzyme types of the human DNase I family: DNase I, DNase X, DNase lambda, and DNASIL2
SwissProt
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
physiological function
-
in uninduced K-562 cells, several sites within HMIP-2 show sensitivity to DNase I above background levels. When cells are induced to differentiate, the region shows a general increase in DNase I sensitivity: 3 sites refer to here as HBS1L-MYB HS1, HS2, and HS3, in particular, show a marked increase in sensitivity compared with background levels. DNase I sensitivity also increases for betaHS2 and betaHS3 controls. HBS1L-MYB HS1, HS2, and HS3 also show stronger sensitivity to DNase I than the betaHS3 control, thereby reaching a threshold level for hypersensitivity. No difference in DNase I sensitivity for NEFM in uninduced and induced K-562 cells. BetaHS2 is not sensitive to DNase I in Jurkat cells. Jurkat cells show similar background levels and generally, a similar DNase I sensitivity profile to induced K562 cells, but with much less sensitivity at HBS1L-MYB HS1, HS2, and HS3. The strongest sensitivity to DNase I in Jurkat cells coincides with the putative promoter region of the alternative HBS1L exon (exon 1a), which shows a low degree of sensitivity in K-562 cells (both uninduced and induced)
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
3'AMP + H2O
adenosine + phosphate
-
phosphomonoesterase activity
-
?
crab d(A-T) polymer + H2O
5'-hexanucleotides + ?
-
unique polymer of alterating A and T contains about 3% G and C residues integrated into its structure
enriched in C and G, sugar specificity may be limited to the nucleotide following the point of cleavage
?
Fc-oligo-SH + H2O
?
-
degradation of a thiolated ferrocenyloligonucleotide, efficiency of DNase I reaction on the electrode is 48, 72, or 73% when treated with 1 microl of 2, 1, or 0.5 micromol ferrocenyloligonucleotide, respectively. DNase I can cleave the oligonucleotide on the gold surface and does not show a nonspecific surface absorption
-
-
?
H2AL2 nucleosome core particle + H2O
?
-
DNase I and hydroxyl radical footprinting as well as micrococcal and exonuclease III digestion show alterations in the structure of the histone variant H2AL2 nucleosome all over the nucleosomal DNA length
-
-
?
HMIP-2 + H2O
?
-
identifies three tissue-specific DNase I hypersensitive sites in the core intergenic interval
-
-
?
NO2-Ph-pdTp-NO2Ph + H2O
p-nitrophenol + NO2-Ph-pdT-3'-phosphate
-
rapidly hydrolyzed at a single bond
-
?
phage M13 DNA + H2O
?
-
endolytically cleavage generating single base nicks
-
?
single-stranded circular DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
preference for single-stranded regions
-
?
single-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
-
-
-
?
supercoiled DNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
in presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ under neutral conditions
production of 3'-OH and 5'-phosphate ends
?
supercoiled pUC18 DNA + H2O
?
-
endolytically cleavage generating single base nicks
-
?
chromatin + H2O
?
recombinant DNase1 degrades chromatin effectively only in cooperation with serine proteases, such as plasmin or thrombin, which remove DNA-bound proteins. Recombinant DNase1/3 degrades chromatin without proteolytic help
-
-
?
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
-
?
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
lamdaDNA, HindIII
-
?
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
degradation of DNA from supernumerary spermatozoa which enter the ovum durig polyspermic fertilisation in birds
-
?
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
-
?
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
preference for native DNA
produces nicks on one strand in preference to scission of both strands, autoretardation causes the continuous formation of products which are poorer substrates than those from which they are derived
?
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
DNAse I converts 100% of 1 microg of supercoiled plasmid DNA to relaxed form in 1 h at 37°C. A 10fold higher concentration of DNAse I converts 98% of 1 microg of supercoiled DNA to linear form and a 100fold higher concentration of the nuclease completely digests the DNA into small fragments
-
-
?
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
degradation of native DNA is 80%, that for denatured DNA 70%
88% of products are longer than tetranecleotides
?
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
degrades native DNA 7fold faster than denatured DNA
products have an avarage chain length of 7 residues
?
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
degrades native DNA 4-5times faster than denatured DNA
mainly nucleotides larger than pentanucleotides
?
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
degrades native DNA 2times faster than denatured DNA
-
?
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
degrades native DNA 2times faster than denatured DNA
-
?
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
complementary DNA S2 allowed to hybridize with S1 forms DNA duplexes (the substrate for DNase I) on gold nanoparticles
-
-
?
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
preference for native DNA, A-T rich DNAs more rapidly degraded, no activity on hydroxymethylcytosine-glycosidilic DNA
almost converted into low molecular weight products
?
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
degrades native DNA 1.5times faster than denatured DNA
half the 5'-termini are deoxythymidinemonophosphate, 90% of the products are larger than pentanucleotides
?
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
after 60 min of enzymatic digestion, the DNA content reaches 57% of the initial amount and 20% after 105 min, until complete digestion is achieved after 2 h
-
-
?
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphotrinucleotides + ?
-
no preference for any nucleotide
as the main products
?
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphotrinucleotides + ?
-
no preference for any nucleotide
as the main products
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
preference for double-stranded DNA
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
preference for double-stranded DNA
differences in the composition of digests obtained in the presence of Mn2+ or Mg2+, differences between the early and terminal stages of the reaction, with DNA as substrate early cleavages are directed towards the center of the molecule and are predominantly single-strand nicks, in the latter part of the reaction the purine-p-pyrimidine bond is preferentially cleaved
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
major function is to inflict nicks during early stages of hydrolytic attack on DNA, participation in repair phenomena
differences in the composition of digests obtained in the presence of Mn2+ or Mg2+, differences between the early and terminal stages of the reaction, with DNA as substrate early cleavages are directed towards the center of the molecule and are predominantly single-strand nicks, in the latter part of the reaction the purine-p-pyrimidine bond is preferentially cleaved
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
double-strand scission obtained if affinity for the substrate is at a maximum in the presence of both Ca2+ and Mg2+, single-strand scission and changes in specificity are associated with suboptimal concentrations of Ca2+
in the presence of divalent cations that give less maximum activity consistent yields of long oligonucleotides lacking dA at the 3'-end
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
cutting one of the two strands by a nucleophilic attack on the O-3'-P-bond
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
hydrolysis of both double- and single-stranded DNA
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
immobilized DNase I is used in a bioreactor
-
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
DNase I-DNA interaction alters protein secondary structure, with a major reduction in alpha helix and an increase in beta sheet and random structures, and reveals a partial B-to-A DNA conformational change. No DNA digestion upon protein-DNA complexation
-
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
preference for single-stranded and supercoiled DNA
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
-
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
DNase I hypersensitive sites of chromatin near the 5'-ends of some genes, necessary for transcription by RNA polymerase II
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
cleaves both strands of a double helix at or near the same level, about 400 nucleotides removed at each endonucleolytic scission, causes a "shattering" at the point of cleavage, leading to the libration of small oligonucleotides by an exonucleolytic mode of attack
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
DNase I hypersensitive sites of chromatin near the 5'-ends of some genes, necessary for transcription by RNA polymerase II
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
-
-
-
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
-
-
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
-
double-strand breaks occure more rapidly in the presence of Ca2+
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
predominantly by a single-stranded nicking mechanism in the presence of both Ca2+ and Mg2+
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
hydrolysis of both double- and single-stranded DNA
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
DNase I activity was assayed in serum of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Compared to the control groups the level of DNase I was 2fold higher within 3 hours of the onset of symptoms
-
-
-
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
DNase I acts as a transcription activator of the fas gene by direct binding to its promoter
-
-
-
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
the N-terminal fragment of gelsolin disrupts the actin-DNase I interaction in vitro. Colfilin stabilizes the actin-DNase I complex preventing release of DNaseI from actin by gelosin in vitro
-
-
-
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
involved in seed sprouting
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
DNase I is involved in chromatin disposal in necrotic tissue
-
-
-
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
DNase Y is involved in chromatin disposal in necrotic tissue
-
-
-
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
low activity on plasmid DNA, high activity on nuclear DNA
-
-
-
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
-
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
-
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
preference for double-stranded DNA
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
high activity on plasmid DNA, weak activity on nuclear DNA
-
-
-
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
preference for double-stranded DNA
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
introduces preferentially breaks on the 5' side of dT
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
functionally active during digestion, participation in the repair of damaged DNA
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
involved in DNA degradation during apoptosis
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
different structure-specific DNA substrates representing stem loop structures with different loop length were used as substrate. Slx1 cuts these substrates at th 3' side of double-strand/single-strand junctions
-
-
-
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
-
-
-
?
dsDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
wild-type enzyme and mutant D99A perform double scission on duplex DNA in presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+, not mutant D201A
-
?
dsDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
-
?
dsDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
-
-
?
dsDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
Q90W31
-
-
?
dsDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
-
-
?
dsDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
-
?
dsDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
in presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ under neutral conditions
production of 3'-OH and 5'-phosphate ends
?
dsDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
predominant single-strand nicking in presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+
-
?
dsDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
-
?
dsDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
predominant single-strand nicking in presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+
-
?
dsDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
-
?
heat-denatured DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
-
only in the presence of both Ca2+ and Mg2+
?
heat-denatured DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
-
90% of the products are larger than pentanucleotides
-
linearized plasmid-DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + H2O
-
-
-
?
p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate + H2O
p-nitrophenol + phenylphosphoric acid
-
-
-
?
p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate + H2O
p-nitrophenol + phenylphosphoric acid
-
-
-
?
plasmid DNA + H2O
?
-
depending on metal ions, duplex DNA is hydrolyzed by DNase I in a single or double scission mode
-
-
?
relaxed circular plasmid DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
-
-
?
relaxed circular plasmid DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
-
-
?
relaxed circular plasmid DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
acts more rapidly on circular duplex DNA than on supercoiled DNA
-
?
salmon sperm DNA + H2O
?
-
only linear, double-stranded DNA is a substrate for SsnA
-
-
?
ssDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
-
-
?
ssDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
preferred substrate
-
?
ssDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
-
-
?
supercoiled plasmid DNA + H2O
linear DNA + ?
-
-
superhelical form converted to circular-relaxed and linear forms
?
supercoiled plasmid DNA + H2O
linear DNA + ?
-
-
superhelical form converted to circular-relaxed and linear forms
?
supercoiled plasmid DNA + H2O
linear DNA + ?
-
-
formation of a relaxed circle that subsequently converts to linear DNA if it is nicked on the other strand at the same position
?
supercoiled plasmid DNA + H2O
linear DNA + ?
-
-
formation of a relaxed circle that subsequently converts to linear DNA if it is nicked on the other strand at the same position
?
supercoiled plasmid DNA + H2O
linear DNA + ?
-
-
superhelical form converted to circular-relaxed and linear forms
?
supercoiled plasmid DNA + H2O
linear DNA + ?
-
-
formation of a relaxed circle that subsequently converts to linear DNA if it is nicked on the other strand at the same position
?
supercoiled plasmid DNA + H2O
linear DNA + ?
-
-
formation of a relaxed circle that subsequently converts to linear DNA if it is nicked on the other strand at the same position
?
supercoiled plasmid DNA + H2O
linear DNA + ?
-
-
superhelical form converted to circular-relaxed and linear forms
?
supercoiled plasmid DNA + H2O
linear DNA + ?
-
-
superhelical form converted to circular-relaxed and linear forms
?
Xenopus laevis DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
degrades chromosomal DNA with the characteristic DNA ladders and induces apoptosis of Xenopus embryos
-
-
?
Xenopus laevis DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
degrades chromosomal DNA with the characteristic DNA ladders and induces apoptosis of Xenopus embryos
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
OmpA is a potential virulence factor involved in the induction of host cell death. Acinetobacter baumannii can secrete OmpA during colonization and infection. The pathogenic strategy is that OmpA translocates into the nuclei of host cells and degrades chromosomal DNA by DNAse I-like enzymatic activity
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
OmpA is a potential virulence factor involved in the induction of host cell death. Acinetobacter baumannii can secrete OmpA during colonization and infection. The pathogenic strategy is that OmpA translocates into the nuclei of host cells and degrades chromosomal DNA by DNAse I-like enzymatic activity
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
presence of DNase I hypersensitve sites at the 5' and/or 3' ends of most genes irrespective of their expression levels. Hypersensitive sites occur near cis-regulatory elements in the promoters of these genes and participate in the translational regulation by enhancing the access of chromatin remodeling factors and/or transcription factors to their target sites
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
substrate specificity, 5'-AMP, bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate, and 4-nitrophenyl phosphate are no substrates, preferential liberation of 5'-deoxy-GMP, no cleavage of C-linkages, (dC)10 is no substrate, no liberation of 5'-deoxy-CMP
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
immunization of healthy rabbits with bovine DNase I produces IgGs with intrinsic DNase and RNase activities
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
interaction of DNase I with yeast transfer RNA alters protein secondary structure with major reduction of the alpha-helix, and increases the random coil, beta-anti and turn structures, while tRNA remains in the A-conformation. No digestion of tRNA by DNase I in the protein-tRNA complexes
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
genome-wide mapping of DNase I hypersensitive sites in the multicellular model organism Caenorhabditis elegans by a high-resolution tiling array. Distribution of DNase I hypersensitive sites is strongly associated with functional elements in the genome
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
genome-wide mapping of DNase I hypersensitive sites in the multicellular model organism Caenorhabditis elegans by a high-resolution tiling array. Distribution of DNase I hypersensitive sites is strongly associated with functional elements in the genome
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with homo-oligomers of dA, dC, dG and annealed homo-oligomers of dA/dT, no activity with RNA
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is an integral component of the larval digestive system, enzyme plays an important role in the conversion of the insecticidal crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis to the active DNA-free toxin in the larval gut, purified enzyme acts synergistically with the toxin
-
?
additional information
?
-
DNase I is not involved in aopoptosis, but DNase lambda is
-
?
additional information
?
-
DNase1 and DNase1/3 may substitute or cooperate with each other during DNA degradation, providing effective clearance after exposure or release from dying cells
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
postnatal spermatogonia show higher sensitivity to DNase-I digestion than isolated Sertoli cells or MSC-1 Sertoli cell line
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
exogenous DNA transferred to the oocyte by spermatozoa during sperm mediated gene transfer in vitro fertilisation protocol is protected from DNase I degradation and persists in the ooplasm till 6 h
-
-
-
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NATURAL SUBSTRATES
NATURAL PRODUCTS
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
DNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
degradation of DNA from supernumerary spermatozoa which enter the ovum durig polyspermic fertilisation in birds
-
?
ssDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
-
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
preference for double-stranded DNA
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
preference for double-stranded DNA
differences in the composition of digests obtained in the presence of Mn2+ or Mg2+, differences between the early and terminal stages of the reaction, with DNA as substrate early cleavages are directed towards the center of the molecule and are predominantly single-strand nicks, in the latter part of the reaction the purine-p-pyrimidine bond is preferentially cleaved
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
major function is to inflict nicks during early stages of hydrolytic attack on DNA, participation in repair phenomena
differences in the composition of digests obtained in the presence of Mn2+ or Mg2+, differences between the early and terminal stages of the reaction, with DNA as substrate early cleavages are directed towards the center of the molecule and are predominantly single-strand nicks, in the latter part of the reaction the purine-p-pyrimidine bond is preferentially cleaved
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
double-strand scission obtained if affinity for the substrate is at a maximum in the presence of both Ca2+ and Mg2+, single-strand scission and changes in specificity are associated with suboptimal concentrations of Ca2+
in the presence of divalent cations that give less maximum activity consistent yields of long oligonucleotides lacking dA at the 3'-end
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
cutting one of the two strands by a nucleophilic attack on the O-3'-P-bond
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
hydrolysis of both double- and single-stranded DNA
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
preference for single-stranded and supercoiled DNA
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
-
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
DNase I hypersensitive sites of chromatin near the 5'-ends of some genes, necessary for transcription by RNA polymerase II
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
cleaves both strands of a double helix at or near the same level, about 400 nucleotides removed at each endonucleolytic scission, causes a "shattering" at the point of cleavage, leading to the libration of small oligonucleotides by an exonucleolytic mode of attack
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
DNase I hypersensitive sites of chromatin near the 5'-ends of some genes, necessary for transcription by RNA polymerase II
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
-
double-strand breaks occure more rapidly in the presence of Ca2+
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
predominantly by a single-stranded nicking mechanism in the presence of both Ca2+ and Mg2+
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
hydrolysis of both double- and single-stranded DNA
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
involved in seed sprouting
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
-
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
-
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
preference for double-stranded DNA
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
preference for double-stranded DNA
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
introduces preferentially breaks on the 5' side of dT
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
functionally active during digestion, participation in the repair of damaged DNA
-
?
double-stranded DNA + H2O
5'-phosphooligonucleotides + ?
-
involved in DNA degradation during apoptosis
-
?
dsDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
Q90WM0
-
-
?
dsDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
-
-
?
dsDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
Q90W31
-
-
?
dsDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
-
-
-
?
dsDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
P24855
-
-
?
dsDNA + H2O
5'-phosphodinucleotide + 5'-phosphooligonucleotide
Q90WM1
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
OmpA is a potential virulence factor involved in the induction of host cell death. Acinetobacter baumannii can secrete OmpA during colonization and infection. The pathogenic strategy is that OmpA translocates into the nuclei of host cells and degrades chromosomal DNA by DNAse I-like enzymatic activity
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
OmpA is a potential virulence factor involved in the induction of host cell death. Acinetobacter baumannii can secrete OmpA during colonization and infection. The pathogenic strategy is that OmpA translocates into the nuclei of host cells and degrades chromosomal DNA by DNAse I-like enzymatic activity
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
presence of DNase I hypersensitve sites at the 5' and/or 3' ends of most genes irrespective of their expression levels. Hypersensitive sites occur near cis-regulatory elements in the promoters of these genes and participate in the translational regulation by enhancing the access of chromatin remodeling factors and/or transcription factors to their target sites
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is an integral component of the larval digestive system, enzyme plays an important role in the conversion of the insecticidal crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis to the active DNA-free toxin in the larval gut, purified enzyme acts synergistically with the toxin
-
?
additional information
?
-
P24855
DNase I is not involved in aopoptosis, but DNase lambda is
-
?
additional information
?
-
O55070
DNase1 and DNase1/3 may substitute or cooperate with each other during DNA degradation, providing effective clearance after exposure or release from dying cells
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
exogenous DNA transferred to the oocyte by spermatozoa during sperm mediated gene transfer in vitro fertilisation protocol is protected from DNase I degradation and persists in the ooplasm till 6 h
-
-
-
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Ba2+
Ca2+
Co2+
Mg2+
Mn2+
NaCl
Sr2+
Zn2+
additional information
Ca2+
-
addition of Ca2+ stabilizes the enzyme, facilitates second cut in double-stranded DNA
Ca2+
-
activation synergistic with Mg2+; resistance to proteolysis conveyed by Ca2+
Ca2+
-
Ca2+-binding causes a conformational change that maintains a more active structure of the enzyme
Ca2+
-
no lag phase in the reaction obtained, if only Ca2+ is present or both Mg2+ and Ca2+ are present, double strand digestion preferred
Ca2+
-
dependent on, D201 and D99 are involved in binding, conformation, protects wild-type and mutant D99A enzymes against trypsin inactivation, not mutant D201A
Ca2+
-
in the absence of Ca2+, but with Mg2+ the DNase cleaved the substrate DNA in a single nicking mode
Ca2+
-
two Ca2+ ions that stabilize surface loops as well as an additional metal ion binding site at the active site
Ca2+
-
in the presence of Ca2+, native (0.2 U) and inactivated DNase I of 5fold greater enzyme units applied (1.0 U) hydrolyze the Mg2+-DNA substrate forming some linear duplex DNA in addition to the relaxed open-circular DNA, indicating double scission, while 0.2 U of 2-nitro-5-thiosulfobenzoic acid-treated DNase I can only cleave the Mg2+-DNA substrate in a single nicking mode
Ca2+
-
4 ion-binding pockets, two of them strongly bind Ca2+ while the other two sites coordinate Mg2+
Ca2+
-
activates, transition state metal ions also activate, but are less effective
Ca2+
Q90W31
essential, binding site characterization; essential, binding site characterization
Co2+
-
reaction performs mainly double strand scissions, Co2+ is a better activator than other divalent metals
Mg2+
-
enzyme about 99.5% inactive if Ca2+ contamination is reduced to a minimum, must bind to the substrate, whereas Ca2+ must bind to the enzyme
Mg2+
-
only single strand cleavage occurs during the lag period of the reaction if only Mg2+ is present
Mg2+
-
in the absence of Ca2+, only native DNase I cleaves the Mg2+-DNA substrate in a single nicking mode with the formation of only the relaxed open-circular DNA, while the 2-nitro-5-thiosulfobenzoic acid-treated DNase I fails to cleave the plasmid DNA substrate
Mg2+
-
in the presence of Mg2+ only, the wild-type cleaves the Mg2+-DNA substrate in a single nicking mode with the formation of only the relaxed open-circular DNA
Mg2+
-
4 ion-binding pockets, two of them strongly bind Ca2+ while the other two sites coordinate Mg2+
Mg2+
-
best activator, transition state metal ions also activate, but are less effective
Mg2+
-
absolute requirement for activity, highest activity if both Mg2+ and Ca2+ are present
Mg2+
-
DNA fragmentation by digestion with DNase I in the presence of Mg2+ followed by blunting with the Klenow fragment improves the yield of small DNA fragments by 4fold as compared to the reaction with DNase I in the presence of Mn2+. In the case of using Mg2+ as a cofactor, DNase I attacks each strand of dsDNA independently
Mg2+
-
highest activity at 10 mM, doubled activity upon addition of 1 mM Ca2+
Mn2+
-
in the presence of Mn2+, native and 2-nitro-5-thiosulfobenzoic acid-treated DNase I of two different enzyme units used are all able to hydrolyze the plasmid DNA substrate in a double scission mode
Mn2+
-
in the presence of Mn2+, the wild-type is able to hydrolyze the Mn2+-substrate forming-linear duplex DNA in addition to the relaxed open-circular DNA, indicating double scission
Mn2+
-
DNA fragmentation by digestion with DNase I in the presence of Mn2+ followed by blunting with T4 DNA polymerase is 4fold less effective than the reaction with DNase I in the presence of Mg2+. In the reaction with DNase I in the presence of Mn2+, one molecule of DNA is completely cleaved to produce two molecules of DNA
Mn2+
activity of recombinant DNase1 in the presence of Mn2+ is increased only slightly, whereas recombinant DNase1/3 displays strongly enhanced nucleolysis
Mn2+
-
highest activity at 1 mM, addition of Ca2+ doesn't change activity
additional information
-
metalloprotein, enzyme has no obligate requirement for metal ions to be active, nor is its activity stimulated by addition of metal ions
additional information
-
metal binding and influence on activity, wild-type and mutant enzymes, overview
additional information
-
divalent cations are absolutely required for activity
additional information
divalent cations are absolutely required for activity
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INHIBITORS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
2-(4-amidinophenyl)-6-indolecarbamidine
-
significantly inhibits DNase I activity
aurintricarboxylic acid
i.e ATA, a general inhibitor of nucleases, weak inhibition
calf spleen inhibitor protein II
-
molecular weight: 59000 Da, forms an inhibitory uni-uni molecular complex with DNase I, maximum stability at pH 7
-
calf thymus inhibitor protein
-
molecular weight: 49000 Da, maximum stability at pH 6
-
Cholesterol sulfate
-
from human gastric fluid, the sulfate group and the hydrophobic side chain of cholesterol sulfate are indispensable for the inhibitory effect, irreversible, dependent on bile acids, a ratio of 342:1 of bile acids to cholesterol sulfate is required for complete inhibition
Cu-iodoacetate
-
at 0.1 M iodoacetate and 4 mM Cu2+ 50% inhibition in 16 min
plasmin
directly inhibits recombinant DNase1/3, but does not inactivate recombinant DNase1
-
protein Im9
-
an Escherichia coli protein that binds to E9 DNase in the cytosol to protect the cell
-
RNA
-
enhanced activity by pretreatment with ribonuclease, variety of RNA's including tRNA
Somatostatin
2 enzyme forms: a somatostatin-sensitive and a somatostatin-resistant, controls the enzyme level in the lower gut, in vivo transient down-regulation of gene expression of the sensitive enzyme form
Tris
increasing concentrations of Tris (approximately half activity in the presence of 80 mM Tris) have a greater inhibitory influence on rmDNase1/3 than on rmDNase1 (no inhibitory influence of Tris)
2-mercaptoethanol
-
inactivation, reversal by the addition of 4 mM CaCl2, no inactivation if CaCl2 is present during the reducing reaction
2-Nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid
-
inactivation by cleavage of peptide chain at positions 14, 40, 72 and 135
2-nitro-5-thiosulfobenzoic acid
-
the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+ at pH 7.5 results in 80% inactivation without fragmentation of the enzyme. In the absence of metal ions it retains 80% of its activity. It binds DNase I through covalent modification, since dialysis and gel filtration can not reverse the inactivation reaction. After dilution into an acid buffer of pH 4.7, the inactivated enzyme regains about 40% of its initial activity. The inhibitor fails to inactivate other enzymes, suggesting that the inhibition is unique to DNase I
2-nitro-5-thiosulfobenzoic acid
-
is a novel inhibitor specific for DNase I
actin
-
inhibition of DNase I activity by increasing concentrations of actin dimer. At equimolar actin subunit to DNase I concentration its DNA degrading is inhibited to only about 50%, whereas full inhibition is obtained when the dimer concentration is that of DNase I, i.e., at double monomer concentration, suggesting that only one monomer of the actin dimer is able to inhibit the DNase I activity, although both appear to be able to bind DNase I. Gelsolin segment 1 bound to the dimer inhibits DNase I more effectively than uncomplexed dimer and has a higher affinity to DNase I than dimer alone
actin
inhibition of enzyme by actin may serve as a self-protection mechanism against premature DNA degradtion during cell damage
EDTA
-
current peaks of the Fc-oligo-SH-immobilized electrode are relatively stable within error before and after treatment of DNase I solution with EDTA or RNaseA solution, suggesting that this electrode can be used for the detection of DNase I activity specifically
G-actin
-
DNase I causes depolymerization of F-actin to form a stable complex of 1 mol DNase I with 1 mol G-actin, this complex inhibits DNase I activity
-
G-actin
-
heat labile inhibitor of DNase 1, released from white blood cells and platelets. Binds to and almost completely inhibits the nucleolytic activity of DNase 1. Inhibition of DNase 1 by actin (about 95% inhibition at equimolar ratio) requires ATP and leads both to the inhibition of DNase 1 and the depolymerization of the actin
-
iodoacetate
-
formation of a 3-carboxymethyl histidine per molecule, in the presence of 0.1 M Mn2+ gradual inactivation
iodoacetate
-
50% inhibition at 0.1 M in presence of 4 mM CuCl2 after 15 min
mannitol
-
inhibition of enzyme activity during the entire growth period of seedlings
mannitol
-
induces reduction in height and dry weight in seedlings due to increased enzyme activity in the initial growth stages followed by a decrease in subsequent days
N-bromosuccinimide
-
modification of Trp19, Trp155 and Trp 178, Trp155 most cruical for activity
NaCl
-
50% inhibition at 60 mM, mutated enzyme less sensitive against increased salt concentrations
NaCl
increasing concentrations of NaCl (approximately half activity in the presence of 50 mM NaCl) have a greater inhibitory influence on rmDNase1/3 than on rmDNase1 (approximately half activity in the presence of 150 mM NaCl)
Trypsin
-
is less resistant to trypsin than human DNase I, DNase I activity decreases gradually
-
Trypsin
-
is less resistant to trypsin than human DNase I, DNase I activity decreases gradually
-
additional information
-
the phosphate residue is responsible for the inhibitory effect of guanosine 5'-nucleotides
-
additional information
-
no inhibition by sulfatides and membrane lipids, galactose ceramide, no inhibition by steroid sulfates such as estrone sulfate, pregnenolone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, no inhibition by DMSO, Tween 20, sodium cholate, and sodium taurocholate
-
additional information
-
thermal stress substantially perturbs the secondary structure of DNase I. Accordingly, heating of solid DNase I samples to temperatures below or above the apparent denaturation temperatures of the solid protein degrades and hence denatures the protein. For denatured DNase I samples, the residual biological activities after heating to 125°C are 37% and the activities after heating to 210°C are ca. 8%. Thermal denaturation of DNase I in high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry is not reversible upon cooling of thermally denatured proteins (in contrast to lysozyme). Lyophilised lysozyme better refolds than spray-dried DNase I
-
additional information
-
DTNB or Na2SO3 alone do not inactivate DNase I, even in the presence of divalent cations
-
additional information
-
no inhibition by G-actin; no inhibition by G-actin
-
additional information
Q90W31
no inhibition by G-actin; no inhibition by G-actin
-
additional information
resistant to trypsin inactivation in absence of Ca2+
-
additional information
-
G-actin has no effect on the ability of CdtB/DNAse I chimera to convert supercoiled DNA to relaxed and linear forms
-
additional information
-
efficiency of cleavage of DNA duplex on gold nanoparticles by DNase I is about 82% whereas the cleavage efficiency in solution phase at the same conditions is nearly 100%. Cleavage efficiencies using Pb2+-mediated DNA enzyme on gold nanopartic