Any feedback?
Information on EC 2.7.9.4 - alpha-glucan, water dikinase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC2.7.9.4Please wait a moment until all data is loaded. This message will disappear when all data is loaded.
EC Tree
2.7.9.4 alpha-glucan, water dikinaseIUBMB Comments
Requires Mg2+. ATP appears to be the only phosphate donor. No activity could be detected using GTP, UTP, phosphoenolpyruvate or diphosphate . The protein phosphorylates glucans exclusively on O-6 of glucosyl residues . The protein phosphorylates itself with the beta-phosphate of ATP, which is then transferred to the glucan .
Specify your search results
Word Map
- 2.7.9.4
- glucans
- ribonucleotide
- deoxyribonucleotides
- alpha-glucans
- phosphoglucans
- amylopectin
- beta-amylase
-
allomorph
-
spirodela
-
beta-phosphate
- turions
-
starch-binding
- polyrhiza
- food industry
- biotechnology
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Synonyms
r1 protein, glucan water dikinase, alpha-glucan water dikinase, atgwd3, atgwd2, glucan water dikinase 2, glucan water dikinase 3, starch-related r1 protein, starch-related alpha-glucan/water dikinase, 
more
topPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
alpha-glucan water dikinase
alpha-glucan water dikinase 1
alpha-glucan, water dikinase
alpha-glucan, water dikinase, GWD
-
-
-
-
At1g10760
At4g24450
AtGWD2
AtGWD3
glucan water dikinase
glucan, water dikinase
GWD
GWD1
GWD2
R1
SEX1
starch-related R1 protein
-
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O = AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
ping-pong reaction mechanism
-
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O = AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
-
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
methyl group transfer
-
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
ATP:alpha-glucan, water phosphotransferase
Requires Mg2+. ATP appears to be the only phosphate donor. No activity could be detected using GTP, UTP, phosphoenolpyruvate or diphosphate [1]. The protein phosphorylates glucans exclusively on O-6 of glucosyl residues [2]. The protein phosphorylates itself with the beta-phosphate of ATP, which is then transferred to the glucan [1].
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + 6-O-alpha-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin + H2O
AMP + phospho-6-O-alpha-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-cyclodextrin + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-cyclodextrin + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + amylopectin + H2O
?
-
phosphorylation at the C3 position of glucose residues in amylopectin
-
-
?
ATP + amylose 18 + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated amylose 18 + phosphate
-
very poor substrate
-
?
ATP + amylose 24 + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated amylose 24 + phosphate
-
very poor substrate
-
?
ATP + amylose 53 + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated amylose 53 + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + amylose 85 + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated amylose 85 + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + beta-cyclodextrin + H2O
AMP + phospho-beta-cyclodextrin + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + crystalline maltodextrin + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucosyl-maltodextrin + phosphate
crystalline maltodextrin (MDcryst) is used as a model substrate for glucan phosphorylating enzyme activity that mimics features of native starches, such as allomorph and crystallinity but omitted branching. MDcryst has a higher degree of crystallinity and, therefore, recombinant GWD phosphorylates MDcryst with much higher rates than any other native starches tested so far. The incorporation of phosphate esters results in the release of phosphorylated (single, double, and triple phosphorylated glucan chains) as well as neutral maltodextrins from the water-insoluble MDcryst, indicating that the action of GWD disrupts the ordered arrangement of maltodextrins at the particle surface
-
-
?
ATP + crystalline maltodextrin + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated crystalline maltodextrin + phosphate
ATP + elongated glucogen + H2O
AMP + elongated phosphoglucogen + phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + granular potato starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated granular potato starch + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + maltodextrin + H2O
?
-
crystallized maltodextrins, A- and B-type allomorphs
-
-
?
ATP + postelongated glycogen + H2O
AMP + postelongated phospho-glycogen + phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + potato amylopektin + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated potato amylopektin + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + potato amylose + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated potato amylose + phosphate
-
-
-
?
amylopectin + ATP + H2O
AMP + phospho-amylopectin + phosphate
-
essential step within starch metabolism. In Arabidopsis leaves starch turnover requires a close collaboration of alpha-glucan, water dikinase and phosphoglucan, water dikinase
-
-
?
amylopectin + ATP + H2O
AMP + phospho-amylopectin + phosphate
-
the endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica stimulates the expression of glucan-water dikinase Arabidopsis roots through a homeodomain transcription factor that binds to a conserved motif in the promoter
-
-
?
amylopectin + ATP + H2O
AMP + phospho-amylopectin + phosphate
-
the enzyme is involved in the cold-induced development of freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis
-
-
?
amylopectin + ATP + H2O
AMP + phospho-amylopectin + phosphate
-
the endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica stimulates the expression of glucan-water dikinase in Nicotiana tabacum roots through a homeodomain transcription factor that binds to a conserved motif in the promoter
-
-
?
amylopectin + ATP + H2O
AMP + phospho-amylopectin + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
exclusive phosphorylation of C-6 position, in vitro
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
-
phosphorylation at C-6 position, crystallized maltodextrin, natural starch from maize, potato, Arabidopsis, A- and B-allomorph type
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
dikinases use ATP as a dual phosphate donor and transfer the beta- and gamma-phosphate groups to two distinct acceptor molecules, a glucan and water
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
dikinases use ATP as a dual phosphate donor and transfer the beta- and gamma-phosphate groups to two distinct acceptor molecules, a glucan and water. A conserved histidine residue within this domain is capable of accepting the beta-phosphate group of ATP followingnucleotide binding and hydrolysis
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
GWD phosphorylates the hydroxyl group at carbon atoms 6
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
GWD phosphorylates the hydroxyl group at carbon atom 6, the gamma-phosphate group of ATP is transferred to water and the beta-phosphate group to an autocatalytical histidine residue via a phosphoramidate bond
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
GWD phosphorylates the hydroxyl group at carbon atoms 6 and 3, the gamma-phosphate group of ATP is transferred to water and the beta-phosphate group to an autocatalytical histidine residue via a phosphoramidate bond. The phosphoramidate bond is acid labile, but rather stable under alkaline conditions. The gamma-phosphate group is transferred to water. GWD-dependent incorporation of starch phosphate monoesters is higher after removing these surface-exposed glucans by amylolytic enzymes
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
phosphorylation at C6
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
activity required for pollen tube germination
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
activity required for pollen tube germination in male tomato plants the impairment of which is linked to starch accumulation and reduction in level of soluble sugars
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
4.5fold accumulation of starch and 1.8fold reduction in level of soluble sugars in absence of functional GWD
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
rescue of pollen germination in GWD-deficient mutant tomato plant
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
-
enzyme catalyzes the phophorylation of both C-6 and C-3 position of the glucose residues
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
-
room temperature, over night, agitating, pH 7.5, stimulated by beta-amylase activity, substrate: starch granules from Arabidopsis thaliana sex1-3 leaves
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
dikinases use ATP as a dual phosphate donor and transfer the beta- and gamma-phosphate groups to two distinct acceptor molecules, a glucan and water. A conserved histidine residue within this domain is capable of accepting the beta-phosphate group of ATP following nucleotide binding and hydrolysis
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
levels of starch phosphorylation at the C6 and C3 positions of the glucosyl residues are determined by mass spectrometry of hydrolyzed starch from tubers
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
GWD phosphorylates the hydroxyl group at carbon atoms 6 and 3, the gamma-phosphate group of ATP is transferred to water and the beta-phosphate group to an autocatalytical histidine residue via a phosphoramidate bond
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
the starch-binding R1 protein from potato catalyzes the glucan phosphorylation in a dikinase reaction type. Dikinases use ATP as a dual phosphate donor and transfer the beta- and gamma-phosphate groups to two distinct acceptor molecules, a glucan and water. A conserved histidine residue within this domain is capable of accepting the beta-phosphate group of ATP following nucleotide binding and hydrolysis
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
-
light-induced GWD phosphorylation and subsequent starch breakdown only in presence of sufficient amount of nitrogen to ensure utilisation of released carbohydrate
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
-
light-induced GWD phosphorylation and subsequent starch breakdown only in presence of sufficient amount of nitrogen to ensure utilisation of released carbohydrate
-
-
?
ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O
AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate
-
GWD phosphorylates the hydroxyl group at carbon atoms 6 and 3
-
-
?
ATP + amylopectin + H2O
AMP + phospho-amylopectin + phosphate
1 h, 30°C, pH 7, in presence of 10 mM NH4Cl, 10 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM dithiothreitol, 0.2 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, substrates: waxy maize amylopectin (unmodified (glycogen), elongated by phosphorylase a, pre-phosphorylated by potato glucan, water dikinase (GWD), or elongated and pre-phosphorylated) or soluble potato starch
reaction stop by boiling
-
?
ATP + crystalline maltodextrin + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated crystalline maltodextrin + phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + crystalline maltodextrin + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated crystalline maltodextrin + phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
XM_015787980.2
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
XP_015579774.1
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
-
-
-
?
ATP + starch + H2O
AMP + phosphorylated starch + phosphate
the enzyme is active in the wheat endosperm and contributes to the phosphorylation of wheat starch at the C-6 position
-
-
?
phospho-amylopectin + ATP + H2O
AMP + phospho-amylopectin + phosphate
-
the enzyme is involved in degradation of transistory starch
-
-
?
phospho-amylopectin + ATP + H2O
AMP + phospho-amylopectin + phosphate
-
AtGWD3 primarily catalyzes phosphorylation at the C-3 position of the glucose unit of preferably pre-phosphorylated amylopectin substrate with lon side chains
-
-
?
starch + ATP + H2O
AMP + phospho-starch + phosphate
-
starch phosphorylation upon irradiation of dormant turions (1-2 days, 25°C) dependent on presence of nitrate (8 mM KNO3 and 1 mM Ca(NO3)2) or 10 mM NH4Cl (as nitrogen source) in nutrient medium
-
-
?
starch + ATP + H2O
AMP + phospho-starch + phosphate
-
starch phosphorylation upon irradiation of dormant turions (1-2 days, 25°C) dependent on presence of nitrate (8 mM KNO3 and 1 mM Ca(NO3)2) or 10 mM NH4Cl (as nitrogen source) in nutrient medium
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
alpha-glucan phosphorylation enhances beta-amylolytic starch degradation and vice versa: effective starch mobilization dependent on simultaneous action of GDW and beta-amylase
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
not involved in transient starch degradation, plants lacking AtGWD show similar starch and sugar content as wild-type plants
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not involved in transient starch degradation, plants lacking AtGWD show similar starch and sugar content as wild-type plants
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
phosphorylation by GWD mediates phase transition from highly ordered to hydrated state glucans
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
phosphorylation of crystalline maltodextrin initiates solubilisation of both phosphorylated and neutral glucans
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
substrate-specificity defined by physical arrangements of alpha glucans and by molecular order of glucan helices
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
activity is independent of pre-phosphorylation of glucan substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
activity is independent of pre-phosphorylation of glucan substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-