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Information on EC 2.7.12.2 - mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and Organism(s) Arabidopsis thaliana and UniProt Accession Q8RXG3
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2.7.12.2 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinaseIUBMB Comments
This enzyme is a dual-specific protein kinase and requires mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) for activation. It is required for activation of EC 2.7.11.24, mitogen-activated protein kinase. Phosphorylation of MEK1 by Raf involves phosphorylation of two serine residues . Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathways are among the most widespread mechanisms of cellular regulation. Mammalian MAPK pathways can be recruited by a wide variety of stimuli including hormones (e.g. insulin and growth hormone), mitogens (e.g. epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor), vasoactive peptides (e.g. angiotensin-II and endothelin), inflammatory cytokines of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family and environmental stresses such as osmotic shock, ionizing radiation and ischaemic injury.
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- 2.7.12.2
- mapks
- c-jun
- 3-kinase
- endothelial
- phosphatidylinositol
- mek1
- pkc
- necrosis
- agonist
- melanoma
- metastasis
- camp
- sirnas
- egf
- raf-1
- bcl-2
- cyclins
- c-fos
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dominant-negative
- erk2
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stress-activated
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phorbol
- wortmannin
- caspase-3
- nf-kappab
- phosphoinositide
- mtor
- trametinib
- creb
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kinase-dependent
-
platelet-derived
- pertussis
-
mek-erk
-
brafv600e
-
ras-mediated
-
p21ras
- agriculture
- p38alpha
- elk-1
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ras-induced
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dual-specificity
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extracellular-regulated
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signal-related
-
p90rsk
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ras-dependent
- drug development
- rsk
- medicine
- analysis
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braf-mutant
-
egf-induced
- phospho-erk
-
erk-dependent
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Arabidopsis thaliana
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria, Archaea
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria, Archaea
Reaction Schemes
+
a [protein]-(L-serine/L-threonine)
=
+
a [protein]-(L-serine/L-threonine) phosphate
Synonyms
mek/erk, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, map kinase kinase, mapkk, mek-1, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, mapk/erk kinase, map2k4, erk 1, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1, 
more
topSYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
MKK3
MKK9
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (MAPKKK-activated)
This enzyme is a dual-specific protein kinase and requires mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) for activation. It is required for activation of EC 2.7.11.24, mitogen-activated protein kinase. Phosphorylation of MEK1 by Raf involves phosphorylation of two serine residues [5]. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathways are among the most widespread mechanisms of cellular regulation. Mammalian MAPK pathways can be recruited by a wide variety of stimuli including hormones (e.g. insulin and growth hormone), mitogens (e.g. epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor), vasoactive peptides (e.g. angiotensin-II and endothelin), inflammatory cytokines of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family and environmental stresses such as osmotic shock, ionizing radiation and ischaemic injury.
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
142805-58-1
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + myelin basic protein
ADP + phoshorylated myelin basic protein
-
-
-
?
ATP + MAP kinase
ADP + phosphorylated MAP kinase
activation of MAP kinase
-
-
?
ATP + MPK-7
ADP + phospho-MPK-7
-
MKK3 interacts with MPK7 in planta
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MKK1 is implicated in biotic and abiotic stress responses as part of a signaling cascade including MEKK1 and MPK4, MKK1 and MKK2 function upstream of MPK4, overview. The mkk1/2 double mutant is similar to the mpk4 mutant, as both: (1) are dark green dwarves with curled leaves, (2) constitutively overproduce salicylic acid and exhibit enhanced resistance to biotrophic pathogens and insensitivity to JA, and (3) have enhanced basal expression of PR1 and other SA-dependent defense genes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MKK1 is implicated in biotic and abiotic stress responses as part of a signaling cascade including MEKK1 and MPK4, MKK1 and MKK2 function upstream of MPK4, overview. The mkk1/2 double mutant is similar to the mpk4 mutant, as both: (1) are dark green dwarves with curled leaves, (2) constitutively overproduce salicylic acid and exhibit enhanced resistance to biotrophic pathogens and insensitivity to JA, and (3) have enhanced basal expression of PR1 and other SA-dependent defense genes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MKK2 is implicated in biotic and abiotic stress responses as part of a signaling cascade including MEKK1 and MPK4, MKK1 and MKK2 function upstream of MPK4, overview. mkk2 single mutants appear morphologically normal, the mkk1/2 double mutant is similar to the mpk4 mutant, as both: (1) are dark green dwarves with curled leaves, (2) constitutively overproduce salicylic acid and exhibit enhanced resistance to biotrophic pathogens and insensitivity to JA, and (3) have enhanced basal expression of PR1 and other SA-dependent defense genes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MKK2 is implicated in biotic and abiotic stress responses as part of a signaling cascade including MEKK1 and MPK4, MKK1 and MKK2 function upstream of MPK4, overview. mkk2 single mutants appear morphologically normal, the mkk1/2 double mutant is similar to the mpk4 mutant, as both: (1) are dark green dwarves with curled leaves, (2) constitutively overproduce salicylic acid and exhibit enhanced resistance to biotrophic pathogens and insensitivity to JA, and (3) have enhanced basal expression of PR1 and other SA-dependent defense genes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
MKK3 positively regulates PR gene expression and plays a role in defense against Pst DC3000. MKK3 is an upstream activator of the group C MAPKs MPK1, MPK2, MPK7, and MPK14, overview
-
-
?
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + MAP kinase
ADP + phosphorylated MAP kinase
activation of MAP kinase
-
-
?
ATP + MPK-7
ADP + phospho-MPK-7
-
MKK3 interacts with MPK7 in planta
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MKK1 is implicated in biotic and abiotic stress responses as part of a signaling cascade including MEKK1 and MPK4, MKK1 and MKK2 function upstream of MPK4, overview. The mkk1/2 double mutant is similar to the mpk4 mutant, as both: (1) are dark green dwarves with curled leaves, (2) constitutively overproduce salicylic acid and exhibit enhanced resistance to biotrophic pathogens and insensitivity to JA, and (3) have enhanced basal expression of PR1 and other SA-dependent defense genes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MKK1 is implicated in biotic and abiotic stress responses as part of a signaling cascade including MEKK1 and MPK4, MKK1 and MKK2 function upstream of MPK4, overview. The mkk1/2 double mutant is similar to the mpk4 mutant, as both: (1) are dark green dwarves with curled leaves, (2) constitutively overproduce salicylic acid and exhibit enhanced resistance to biotrophic pathogens and insensitivity to JA, and (3) have enhanced basal expression of PR1 and other SA-dependent defense genes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MKK2 is implicated in biotic and abiotic stress responses as part of a signaling cascade including MEKK1 and MPK4, MKK1 and MKK2 function upstream of MPK4, overview. mkk2 single mutants appear morphologically normal, the mkk1/2 double mutant is similar to the mpk4 mutant, as both: (1) are dark green dwarves with curled leaves, (2) constitutively overproduce salicylic acid and exhibit enhanced resistance to biotrophic pathogens and insensitivity to JA, and (3) have enhanced basal expression of PR1 and other SA-dependent defense genes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MKK2 is implicated in biotic and abiotic stress responses as part of a signaling cascade including MEKK1 and MPK4, MKK1 and MKK2 function upstream of MPK4, overview. mkk2 single mutants appear morphologically normal, the mkk1/2 double mutant is similar to the mpk4 mutant, as both: (1) are dark green dwarves with curled leaves, (2) constitutively overproduce salicylic acid and exhibit enhanced resistance to biotrophic pathogens and insensitivity to JA, and (3) have enhanced basal expression of PR1 and other SA-dependent defense genes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
MKK3 positively regulates PR gene expression and plays a role in defense against Pst DC3000. MKK3 is an upstream activator of the group C MAPKs MPK1, MPK2, MPK7, and MPK14, overview
-
-
?
COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
NaCl
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5, MKK5, is activated in response to salt stress
Mg2+
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
-
MKK3 expression is induced upon Pseudomonas syringae infection
-
additional information
light signals activate the MAP kinase via phosphorylation through MAP kinase kinase
-
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
transgenic ProMKK3:GUS lines show basal expression that is strongly induced by Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 infection but not by abiotic stresses
additional information
under normal conditions, kinases MKKK20, MKK3 and MPK20 are weakly expressed in all tissues
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
malfunction
expression of iron superoxide dismutases FSD2 and FSD3 is significantly increased in Arabidopsis in response to NaCl treatment but blocked in transgenic MKK5-RNAi plant, mkk5. Overexpression of MKK5 in wild-type plants enhances their tolerance to salt treatments, while the mkk5 mutant exhibits hypersensitivity to salt stress in germination on salt-containing media. The kinase activity of MPK6 is totally turned off in mkk5, whereas the activity of MPK3 is only partially blocked. MKK5-overexpressing plants exhibit salt tolerance phenotypes
metabolism
te enzyme MKK5 is part of the MAP kinase cascade, including MEKK1, MKK5, and MPK6, that mediates the salt-induced expression of iron superoxide dismutases. MKK5 interactes with the MEKK1 protein that is also involved in the salt-induced FSD signalling pathway. Salt-induced iron superoxide dismutases FSD2 and FSD3 expressions are influenced by MEKK1 via MKK5-MPK6-coupled signalling. MPK6 is also involved in the MKK5-mediated iron superoxide dismutase signalling pathway in salt stress. The MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 pathway is similar to the flagellin-induced MAPK signalling pathway, MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6
physiological function
the enzyme plays a role in MAPK signalling cascades involved in salt stress responses
malfunction
metabolism
the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade usually functions as an important signaling network involved in physiological and developmental processes in eukaryotes. The MAPK cascade is usually composed of sequential activations of three classes of Ser/Thr protein kinases: MAPK (MPK), MAPK kinase (MKK), and MAPK kinase kinase (MKKK). The MAPK kinase (MKK) gene family has relatively few members in canonical MAPK cascade gene families, which are classified into four groups (A to D) based on the sequence similarities
physiological function
additional information
malfunction
an mkk3 mutant shows both a hypersensitive response in plant hormone gibberellin and a less sensitive response in red light signaling. Light-induced MAPK activation in wild-type seedlings and constitutive MAPK phosphorylation in dark-grown mkk3 mutant seedlings are found, respectively. The mkk3-1 mutant displays a gibberellic acid-hypersensitive phenotype in hypocotyl elongation, with an additiona long petiole phenotype
malfunction
-
D-domain mutant CAMKK7DELTAD is inactive toward MPK6 but the activity toward MPK3 is maintained, and the CAMKK7DELTAD mutant loses stomatal cluster-promoting activity
malfunction
-
in both CAMKK4 and CAMKK5, removal of the entire N terminus (CAMKK4/5DELTANextDNint) renders the kinases incapable of inhibiting development during the SPCH and MUTE stages. As with CAMKK4/5 variants lacking D-domains, CAMKK7/9DD variants are generally unable to inhibit stomatal development in the SPCH and MUTE stages
physiological function
-
isozymes MKK4/5/7/9 affect stomatal development, the D-domains of MKK7/9 are important in regulating subcellular localization of the kinases and this localization is necessary for stomatal promoting activity, overview. Additional regions of MKK4/5 function as MKK specificity determinants in vivo. A 14-3-3 binding site in the D-domain of MKK4 contributes to MKK4 function. When rendered constitutively active, four MAPK kinases (MKKs), MKK4/5/7/9, are capable of perturbing stomatal development, the kinases comprise two pairs, MKK4/5 and MKK7/9, with both overlapping and divergent functions. The behavior of MKK4 mirrors that of MKK5 and MKK7 mirrors that of MKK9 in the stomatal lineage
physiological function
-
isozymes MKK4/5/7/9 affect stomatal development, the D-domains of MKK7/9 are important in regulating subcellular localization of the kinases and this localization is necessary for stomatal promoting activity, overview. Additional regions of MKK4/5 function as MKK specificity determinants in vivo. When rendered constitutively active, four MAPK kinases (MKKs), MKK4/5/7/9, are capable of perturbing stomatal development, the kinases comprise two pairs, MKK4/5 and MKK7/9, with both overlapping and divergent functions. The behavior of MKK4 mirrors that of MKK5 and MKK7 mirrors that of MKK9 in the stomatal lineage
physiological function
-
isozymes MKK4/5/7/9 affect stomatal development, the D-domains of MKK7/9 are important in regulating subcellular localization of the kinases and this localization is necessary for stomatal promoting activity, overview. When rendered constitutively active, four MAPK kinases (MKKs), MKK4/5/7/9, are capable of perturbing stomatal development, the kinases comprise two pairs, MKK4/5 and MKK7/9, with both overlapping and divergent functions. The behavior of MKK4 mirrors that of MKK5 and MKK7 mirrors that of MKK9 in the stomatal lineage
physiological function
MKK3 acts in negative regulation in darkness and in light-induced MAPK activation during darklight transition
physiological function
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MKK9 is involved in plant N responses by regulating production of anthocyanins and the ability of N acquisition under low N conditions. Transgenic plants that express a constitutively active version of MKK9 show decreased accumulation of anthocynanins and reduced expression of key anthocyanin biosynthetic genes under low N condition compared to the plants expressing the inactive form of MKK9. Plants with constitutively active version of MKK9 accumulate more N and have higher expression of N acquisition-related genes under low N condition as compared with the inactive MKK9 plants
physiological function
MKK6 is involved in the negative regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Elevated anthocyanin levels are observed in MKK6 knockout mutant plants. The expression level of MYB75 (Myb transcription factor 75), a key positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis, is upregulated in MK6 mutant plants. Suppression of high sucrose-induced anthocyanin production by pathogen associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity is also dependent on MKK6
physiological function
MKKK20 phosphorylates both mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MKK3 and MPK18. When all three kinases are combined, no synergistic effect is observed on MPK18 phosphorylation. MKKK20 acts upstream of MPK18 and MKK3. MKKK20 and MKK3 mutants are sensitive to microtubule-disrupting drugs
additional information
-
installation of a cell type-specific expression system, unique in that it allows activation of MKK signaling in cells exhibiting important generalizable behaviors (e.g., cell division and fate acquisition) without the induction of cell death or additional deleterious phenotypes commonly associated with broad activation of MKKs. Determination of influence of functional docking domains of MKKs on MAPK signal output, overview
additional information
-
installation of a cell type-specific expression system, unique in that it allows activation of MKK signaling in cells exhibiting important generalizable behaviors (e.g., cell division and fate acquisition) without the induction of cell death or additional deleterious phenotypes commonly associated with broad activation of MKKs. Determination of influence of functional docking domains of MKKs on MAPK signal output, overview. The D-domains of MKK7 regulate the subcellular localization of the kinase, overview
additional information
-
installation of a cell type-specific expression system, unique in that it allows activation of MKK signaling in cells exhibiting important generalizable behaviors (e.g., cell division and fate acquisition) without the induction of cell death or additional deleterious phenotypes commonly associated with broad activation of MKKs. Determination of influence of functional docking domains of MKKs on MAPK signal output, overview. The D-domains of MKK9 regulate the subcellular localization of the kinase, overview
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). M2K5_ARATH
348
0
38329
Swiss-Prot
Chloroplast (Reliability: 3)
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
-
the D-domain of MKK4 is preceded by a conserved 14-amino acid extension and followed by a 10-amino acid insertion before the about 30-amino acid stretch
additional information
-
the D-domain of MKK5 is preceded by a conserved 14-amino acid extension and followed by a 10-amino acid insertion before the about 30-amino acid stretch
additional information
-
the D-domain of MKK7 is located near the N terminus of the protein and is separated from the canonical kinase domain by about 30 amino acids
additional information
-
the D-domain of MKK9 is located near the N terminus of the protein and is separated from the canonical kinase domain by about 30 amino acids
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
S235E/T241E
-
constitutively active kinase, MKK3-overexpressing plants, show significantly less Pseudomonas syringae growth compared with wild-type plants at 48 and 72 h after inoculation
additional information
additional information
-
mkk3 knockout plants, growth of virulent Pseudomonas syringae is increased
additional information
mkk1 single mutant appears similar to the wild-type, basal levels of MPK4 activity are not impaired in them, and MKK1 is in part functionally redundant in unchallenged plants, overview, the mkk1/2 double mutant is severely dwarfed, phenotypes of mkk1/2 are due to loss-of-function of both MKK1 and MKK2, overview. Hormone levels and growth phenotypes of mkk1/2/sid2 and mkk1/2/ein2 triple mutants, overview
additional information
mkk1 single mutant appears similar to the wild-type, basal levels of MPK4 activity are not impaired in them, and MKK1 is in part functionally redundant in unchallenged plants, overview, the mkk1/2 double mutant is severely dwarfed, phenotypes of mkk1/2 are due to loss-of-function of both MKK1 and MKK2, overview. Hormone levels and growth phenotypes of mkk1/2/sid2 and mkk1/2/ein2 triple mutants, overview
additional information
mkk2 single mutant appears similar to the wild-type, basal levels of MPK4 activity are not impaired in them, and MKK2 is in part functionally redundant in unchallenged plants, overview, the mkk1/2 double mutant is severely dwarfed, phenotypes of mkk1/2 are due to loss-of-function of both MKK1 and MKK2, overview. Hormone levels and growth phenotypes of mkk1/2/sid2 and mkk1/2/ein2 triple mutants, overview
additional information
mkk2 single mutant appears similar to the wild-type, basal levels of MPK4 activity are not impaired in them, and MKK2 is in part functionally redundant in unchallenged plants, overview, the mkk1/2 double mutant is severely dwarfed, phenotypes of mkk1/2 are due to loss-of-function of both MKK1 and MKK2, overview. Hormone levels and growth phenotypes of mkk1/2/sid2 and mkk1/2/ein2 triple mutants, overview
additional information
-
transgenic ProMKK3:GUS lines show basal expression in vascular tissues that is strongly induced by Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 infection but not by abiotic stresses. The growth of virulent Pst DC3000 is increased in mkk3 knockout plants and decreased in MKK3-overexpressing plants, MKK3 overexpression lines show increased expression of several PR genes, phenotypes, overview
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
gene At3g21220, semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR expression analysis, cloning and expression of the GST-fusion enzyme MKK5 in Escherichia coli strain BL21 codon plus. Recombinant overexpression of DHA-tagged MKK5 under control of the CaMV 35S promoter in either Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 wild-type plants or mkk5 plants
construction of a 35S:MKK3-WT:myc expression cassette, either myc epitope-tagged wild-type MKK3 or constitutively active MKK3 are transiently expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts, co-overexpression of MKK3 with MKK7 in ProPR1:GUS transgenic cell line, interaction analysis of MKK3 with group C MAPK kinases by yeast two-hybrid system, MKK3 and MPK7 induce the PR1 promoter, overview
-
gene MKK4, recombinant expression using a cell type-specific expression system is unique in that it allows activation of MKK signaling in cells exhibiting important generalizable behaviors (e.g., cell division and fate acquisition) without the induction of cell death or additional deleterious phenotypes commonly associated with broad activation of MKKs
-
gene MKK5, recombinant expression using a cell type-specific expression system is unique in that it allows activation of MKK signaling in cells exhibiting important generalizable behaviors (e.g., cell division and fate acquisition) without the induction of cell death or additional deleterious phenotypes commonly associated with broad activation of MKKs
-
gene MKK7, recombinant expression using a cell type-specific expression system is unique in that it allows activation of MKK signaling in cells exhibiting important generalizable behaviors (e.g., cell division and fate acquisition) without the induction of cell death or additional deleterious phenotypes commonly associated with broad activation of MKKs
-
gene MKK9, recombinant expression using a cell type-specific expression system is unique in that it allows activation of MKK signaling in cells exhibiting important generalizable behaviors (e.g., cell division and fate acquisition) without the induction of cell death or additional deleterious phenotypes commonly associated with broad activation of MKKs
-
open reading frames of MKK3 cloned into the plant expression vector pRT100 and fused at their C-terminal end to a c-myc epitope. Arabidopsis protoplast transient expression
-
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
-
MKK3 pathway plays a role in pathogen defense, MKK3 is an upstream activator of the group C MAPKs MPK1, MPK2, MPK7, and MPK14. MKK3 shows the strongest interaction with MPK7, it phosphorylates MPK7. H2O2, but not flg22, activates MPK7 in an MKK3-mediated manner, MKK3 and MPK7 are part of a signaling pathway that regulates PR1 expression
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Doczi, R.; Brader, G.; Pettko-Szandtner, A.; Rajh, I.; Djamei, A.; Pitzschke, A.; Teige, M.; Hirt, H.
The Arabidopsis mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MKK3 is upstream of group C mitogen-activated protein kinases and participates in pathogen signaling
Plant Cell
19
3266-3279
2007
Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0
Qiu, J.L.; Zhou, L.; Yun, B.W.; Nielsen, H.B.; Fiil, B.K.; Petersen, K.; Mackinlay, J.; Loake, G.J.; Mundy, J.; Morris, P.C.
Arabidopsis mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases MKK1 and MKK2 have overlapping functions in defense signaling mediated by MEKK1, MPK4, and MKS1
Plant Physiol.
148
212-222
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q94A06), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9S7U9)
Xing, Y.; Chen, W.H.; Jia, W.; Zhang, J.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 (MKK5)-mediated signalling cascade regulates expression of iron superoxide dismutase gene in Arabidopsis under salinity stress
J. Exp. Bot.
66
5971-5981
2015
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q8RXG3)
Lee, H.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 is required for regulation during dark-light transition
Mol. Cells
38
651-656
2015
Arabidopsis thaliana (O80396)
Lampard, G.R.; Wengier, D.L.; Bergmann, D.C.
Manipulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase signaling in the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage reveals motifs that contribute to protein localization and signaling specificity
Plant Cell
26
3358-3371
2014
Arabidopsis thaliana
Luo, J.; Wang, X.; Feng, L.; Li, Y.; He, J.X.
The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 9 (MKK9) modulates nitrogen acquisition and anthocyanin accumulation under nitrogen-limiting condition in Arabidopsis
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
487
539-544
2017
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9FX43)
Benhamman, R.; Bai, F.; Drory, S.; Loubert-Hudon, A.; Ellis, B.; Matton, D.
The Arabidopsis mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 20 (MKKK20) acts upstream of MKK3 and MPK18 in two separate signaling pathways involved in root microtubule functions
Front. Plant Sci.
8
1352
2017
Arabidopsis thaliana (O80396)
EXTERNAL LINKS (specific for EC-Number 2.7.12.2)
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