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ATP + 11-cis-retinal-rhodopsin
ADP + 11-cis-retinal-phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + 13-cis-retinal-rhodopsin
ADP + 13-cis-retinal-phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + 338-SKTETSQVAPA-348
?
ATP + 9-cis-retinal-rhodopsin
ADP + 9-cis-retinal-phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + a protein
ADP + a phosphoprotein
ATP + Ac-RRRAAAAASAAA-NH2
ADP + Ac-RRRAAAAApSAAA-NH2
-
synthetic peptide substrate
-
-
?
ATP + arrestin
ADP + phospho-arrestin
ATP + arrestin
ADP + phosphoarrestin
ATP + beta-adrenergic receptor
ADP + phospho-beta-adrenergic receptor
-
phosphorylates rhodopsin better than betaAR
-
-
?
ATP + cone opsin
ADP + phosphorylated cone opsin
light-dependent phosporylation
-
-
?
ATP + DDEASTTVSKTETSQVARRR
?
-
synthetic peptide C, very poor substrate
-
-
?
ATP + M cone opsin
ADP + phosphorylated M cone opsin
ATP + M opsin
ADP + phosphorylated m opsin
ATP + opsin
ADP + phosphoopsin
ATP + peptide
ADP + phosphopeptide
ATP + protein
ADP + phosphoprotein
autophosphorylation
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phospho-rhodopsin
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
ATP + rhodopsin 1
ADP + phosphorhodopsin 1
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin TM5
ADP + phosphorhodopsin TM5
-
-
-
?
ATP + RRREEEEESAAA
ADP + RRREEEEE-(P)SAAA
-
synthetic peptide substrate
-
-
?
ATP + S cone opsin
ADP + phosphorylated S cone opsin
ATP + S opsin
ADP + phosphorylated S opsin
ATPgammaS + rhodopsin
?
-
ATPgammaS is a good substrate, 2-3 mol phosphate/mol rhodopsin
-
-
?
GTP + rhodopsin
GDP + phosphorhodopsin
additional information
?
-
ATP + 338-SKTETSQVAPA-348

?
-
peptide containing the last 11 amino acids of the C-terminal of bovine rhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + 338-SKTETSQVAPA-348
?
-
phosphorylated at Ser-343, about 11% of the rate with rhodopsin, photoactivated rhodopsin-dependent, soluble active kinase catalyzes photoactivated rhodopsin-independent peptide phosphorylation
-
-
?
ATP + 338-SKTETSQVAPA-348
?
-
peptide containing the last 11 amino acids of the C-terminal of bovine rhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + 338-SKTETSQVAPA-348
?
-
only in the presence of photoactivated rhodopsin, which activates RK for peptide phosphorylation, also activated by metarhodopsin III, but not by opsin, up to 60% of the rate with photoactivated rhodopsin, light-dependent phosphorylation
-
-
?
ATP + a protein

ADP + a phosphoprotein
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + a protein
ADP + a phosphoprotein
-
the phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates proteins and proteolytic fragments thereof, phosphorylation of multiple residues in the substrate sequence
-
-
?
ATP + arrestin

ADP + phospho-arrestin
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + arrestin
ADP + phospho-arrestin
-
the enzyme interacts with the squid visual arrestin, arrestin binding to photoactivated rhodopsin is a key mechanism of desensitization, overview
-
-
?
ATP + arrestin

ADP + phosphoarrestin
-
phosphorylation of arrestin in the presence of Ca2+, Ca2+ may facilitate arrestin-binding to RK
-
-
?
ATP + arrestin
ADP + phosphoarrestin
-
phosphorylation of arrestin in the presence of Ca2+, occurs only after photoactivation in vivo, dual role of RK in the inactivation of the squid visual system
-
-
?
ATP + M cone opsin

ADP + phosphorylated M cone opsin
-
light-dependent, multi-site phosporylation
-
-
?
ATP + M cone opsin
ADP + phosphorylated M cone opsin
-
light-dependent, multi-site phosporylation
-
-
?
ATP + M opsin

ADP + phosphorylated m opsin
-
M opsin binds to cone arrestin during cone phototransduction in the retina
-
-
?
ATP + M opsin
ADP + phosphorylated m opsin
-
M opsin binds to cone arrestin during cone phototransduction in the retina
-
-
?
ATP + opsin

ADP + phosphoopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + opsin
ADP + phosphoopsin
the enzyme is involved in the opsin deactivation process, GRK subtypes play a role in phosphorylating non-visual opsins in the particular extraretinal tissues
-
-
?
ATP + peptide

ADP + phosphopeptide
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + peptide
ADP + phosphopeptide
-
corresponding to the C-terminus and loop 5-6 of opsin, poor substrates, phosphorylates serine and threonine residues in each peptide
-
-
?
ATP + peptide
ADP + phosphopeptide
-
acid-rich peptides, RK prefers acid residues localized to the C-terminal side of the serine
-
-
?
ATP + peptide
ADP + phosphopeptide
-
acidic peptides, stimulated by photolyzed rhodopsin, K-491 of RK participates in substrate binding
-
-
?
ATP + peptide
ADP + phosphopeptide
-
containing sites phosphorylated in rhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + peptide
ADP + phosphopeptide
-
monophosphorylated
-
-
?
ATP + peptide
ADP + phosphopeptide
-
less amount of phosphoryl group incorporation than of rhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + peptide
ADP + phosphopeptide
low catalytic efficiency of RK toward a peptide containing its major autophosphorylation site
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin

ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
the autophosphorylation region of RK is involved in binding of ATP to the catalytic site and may regulate selectivity of the site of phosphorylation
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
regulation of GRK1
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
domain structure, catalytic domain of 270 amino acids in the center of the sequence
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates multiple serine and threonine residues in the C-terminal region of opsin peptide in the sequence 334-343, incorporation of up to 7 phosphates, rate of incorporation of the first phosphates is slower than the rate of formation of more highly phosphorylated species
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates rhodopsin in the disc-membrane
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates rhodopsin in the disc-membrane
-
ir
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
highly specific for rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
highly specific for rhodopsin
-
ir
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
highly specific for rhodopsin
-
ir
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
specificity of ATP-binding site
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
specificity of ATP-binding site
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
recombinant RK expressed in SF9 cells catalyzes high-gain phosphorylation in which photoactivation of one rhodopsin molecule causes incorporation of up to several hundred phosphates into the total rhodopsin pool
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
recombinant RK expressed in SF9 cells catalyzes high-gain phosphorylation in which photoactivation of one rhodopsin molecule causes incorporation of up to several hundred phosphates into the total rhodopsin pool
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
the interaction of RK-ATP complex with photoactivated rhodopsin leads to the formation, presumably due to the reorganization of the protein structure, of a soluble active kinase species which reverts to the inactive resting state in a time-dependent fashion, the active kinase catalyzes a photoactivated rhodopsin-independent peptide phosphorylation and dark-phosphorylation of rhodopsin, two-step model for enzyme activation and catalysis
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
fully bleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
catalyzes multisite phosphorylation of purified rhodopsin in phospholipid vesicles
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
incorporation of 1.8 mol phosphate/mol of RK
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
only phosphorylates C-terminal sites of rhodopsin, role of the cytoplasmic loops and C-terminal region of rhodopsin in binding and activating enzyme, V-VI loop is crucial for kinase binding, truncated forms of rhodopsin as substrates
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
light-dependent phosphorylation
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
light-dependent phosphorylation
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
light-dependent phosphorylation
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
light-dependent phosphorylation
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
light-dependent phosphorylation
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
light-dependent phosphorylation
-
ir
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
light-dependent phosphorylation
-
ir
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
preferred substrate: ATP
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
preferred substrate: ATP
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
preferred substrate: ATP
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
preferred substrate: ATP
-
ir
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates bovine rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates bovine rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates bovine rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates bovine rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates bovine rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates bovine rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates bovine rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates bovine rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates bovine rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates bovine rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates bovine rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates bovine rhodopsin
-
ir
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates bovine rhodopsin
-
ir
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates rhodopsin solubilized in dodecyl maltoside
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
preferred substrate: photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
preferred substrate: photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
preferred substrate: light-activated form of rhodopsin, i.e. metarhodopsin II
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
preferred substrate: light-activated form of rhodopsin, i.e. metarhodopsin II
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
preferred substrate: light-activated form of rhodopsin, i.e. metarhodopsin II
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
preferred substrate: light-activated form of rhodopsin, i.e. metarhodopsin II
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
RK normally exists in an inactive resting state and is only activated following interaction with photoactivated rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
RK normally exists in an inactive resting state and is only activated following interaction with photoactivated rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
blocking of SH- and amino-groups of rhodopsin by chemical modification does not affect phosphorylation, except for succinylated rhodopsin, the binding or recognition site of enzyme contains multiple regions of rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
5-6 mol phosphate/mol rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
RK binds to the cytoplasmic loops of photolyzed rhodopsin, forming a stable complex, and then phosphorylating it at the C-terminus, phosphorylation at different sites, including Ser-334, Ser-338 and Ser342, may play different roles in phototransduction
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
incorporation of 5-7 phosphate groups/mol rhodopsin
-
ir
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates rhodopsin from cattle, rabbit, pig, alligator, best substrate: bovine rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylation sites of photolyzed rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylation sites of photolyzed rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
rhodopsin with multiphosphorylation sites
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
rhodopsin with multiphosphorylation sites
-
ir
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
effect of bovine rhodopsin mutants with disulfide cross-links between different cytoplasmic regions on the possibility to serve as substrate, only substrate is a rhodopsin mutant containing a disulfide cross-link between Cys-65 and Cys-316
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
substrates: R135K, R135Q, R135A and R135L mutants of bovine rhodopsin, R135A is phosphorylated even in the absence of 11-cis-retinal
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
catalyzes the transfer of the terminal gamma phosphate group of ATP to the opsin protein
-
ir
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
high-gain phosphorylation of rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
high-gain phosphorylation of rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
high-gain phosphorylation of rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
high-gain phosphorylation of rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
high-gain phosphorylation of rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
high-gain phosphorylation of rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
phosphorylates serine and threonine residues in the carboxy-terminal region of opsin peptide
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates serine and threonine residues in the carboxy-terminal region of opsin peptide
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates serine and threonine residues in the carboxy-terminal region of opsin peptide
-
ir
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
domain structure
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
domain structure
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
domain structure
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
domain structure
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylation of enzyme may represent one of the control mechanisms for rhodopsin phosphorylation
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
specific and Ca2+-dependent recoverin/RK interaction may play an important role in photoreceptor light adaptation
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
RK partially terminates the biochemical events that follow photon absorption
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
deactivation of photoexcited rhodopsin by its phosphorylation by RK, in vivo, since ATP is present, RK exists in an autophosphorylated state
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
major regulatory mechanism for the control of photorhodopsin transduction pathway
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
light-dependent initiating of deactivation of rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
involved in a mechanism for quenching or terminating the visual signal involving the interaction of metarhodopsin II with RK and arrestin, phosphorylation of light-activated rhodopsin by RK is the key step in the signal-termination reaction
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
involved in a mechanism for quenching or terminating the visual signal involving the interaction of metarhodopsin II with RK and arrestin, phosphorylation of light-activated rhodopsin by RK is the key step in the signal-termination reaction
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
second messenger-independent protein kinase, involved in the deactivation of photolyzed rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
involved in quenching of the excitational pathway of phototransduction
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
enzyme in vivo is probably inactive in the dark, but is almost fully activated in the light
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylation of rhodopsin may control passive permeability to certain ions in rod outer segments, so mediating the responsiveness to a light impulse
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
rhodopsin in rod outer segment membranes
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
conformational flexibility of GRK1 is reduced in the presence of either Mg2+-ATP or rhodopsin, with Mg2+ATP having the greatest effect
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
rhodopsin of rhabdomeric membranes
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
dual role of RK in the inactivation of the squid visual system
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
substrates: octopus rhodopsin, rhodopsin-containing phospholipid vesicles
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
light-dependent phosphorylation
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
phosphorylates bovine rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
important enzyme of phototransduction
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
important enzyme of phototransduction
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
light-dependent initiating of deactivation of rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
light-dependent initiating of deactivation of rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
C-terminus is required for phosphorylation of photo-activated rhodopsin and may be involved in interaction with it
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
specific for photoactivated rhodopsin, time-dependent phosphorylation, light-dependent translocation, i.e. association of the kinase with photoactivated rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates bovine rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
preferred substrate: photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
substrate of pineal RK: pineal rod opsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
natural substrate is photoactivated rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
important enzyme of phototransduction
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
important enzyme of phototransduction
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
light-dependent initiating of deactivation of rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
involved in the inactivation of light-sensitive opsins in pineal, which contains a functional photoreceptive system
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
GRK1 and GRK7
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
bovine retina rhodopsin, GRK1 and GRK7
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
GRK1 is a visual pigment kinase in rods and is essential for inactivation of light-activated rhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates rhodopsin in the disc-membrane
-
ir
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
highly specific for rhodopsin
-
ir
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
enzyme in vivo is probably inactive in the dark, but is almost fully activated in the light
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
light-dependent phosphorylation
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
light-dependent phosphorylation
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylation sites of bleached rhodopsin, hierarchical order
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylation sites of photolyzed rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates serine and threonine residues in the carboxy-terminal region of opsin peptide
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
the deactivation of photoexcited rhodopsin requires multiple phosphorylations
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
initiation of deactivation of photoexcited visual pigments in rod and cone photoreceptors, recoverin is a Ca2+-dependent negative regulator of RK in vertebrate phototransduction
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
differential spatial and temporal phosphorylation of the visual receptor rhodopsin at the primary phosphorylation sites Ser334 and Ser338 in mice exposed to light, phosphorylation of rhodopsin critically controls the visual transduction cascade by uncoupling it from the G-protein transducin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
the enzyme phosphorylates activated rhodopsin, light causes phosphorylation of nonactivated rhodopsin in intact rod photoreceptor cells
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
light-activated or dark-adapted rhodopsin isolated from bovine retina, phosphorylation of rhodopsin in mice exposed to light at Ser334 and Ser338
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
rhodopsin is converted to the physiologically active Meta II (R*) state, which triggers the rod light response. Meta II is rapidly inactivated by the phosphorylation of C-terminal serine and threonine residues by G-protein receptor kinase
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
the enzyme sequentially phosphorylates a cluster of six to seven serine/threonine residues located near the C terminus of rhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
light-dependent phosphorylation
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylates rhodopsin from Musca domestica, Lucilia cuprina and Drosophila melanogaster
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
preferred substrate: light-activated form of rhodopsin, i.e. metarhodopsin II
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
binds tightly to its substrate metarhodopsin and partially dissociates from rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
localization of enzyme enables it to quench immediately the activated form of the photopigment
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
4 mol phosphate/mol rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
substrates: metarhodopsin II and III
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
light-dependent phosphorylation
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
highly specific for photobleached rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
RK normally exists in an inactive resting state and is only activated following interaction with photoactivated rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
high-gain phosphorylation of rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
substrate of pineal RK: pineal rod opsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
substrate of pineal RK: pineal blue cone opsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
involved in the inactivation of light-sensitive opsins in pineal, which contains a functional photoreceptive system
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
activity is increased in diabetes due to upregulation of the enzyme and downregulation of inhibitory recoverin and transducin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin

ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
light-dependent deactivation of rhodopsin involves receptor phosphorylation that is mediated by the highly specific protein kinases rhodopsin kinase
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
null mutations in the rhodopsin kinase gene are a cause of Oguchi disease and extend the known genetic heterogeneity in congenital stationary night blindness
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
enzyme is required for normal rhodopsin deactivation. Abnormal photoresponses and light-induced apoptosis in rods lacking rhodopsin kinase
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + S cone opsin

ADP + phosphorylated S cone opsin
-
light-dependent, multi-site phosporylation
-
-
?
ATP + S cone opsin
ADP + phosphorylated S cone opsin
-
light-dependent, multi-site phosporylation
-
-
?
ATP + S opsin

ADP + phosphorylated S opsin
-
S opsin binds to cone arrestin during cone phototransduction in the retina
-
-
?
ATP + S opsin
ADP + phosphorylated S opsin
-
trans-phosporylation is induced by activated rhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + S opsin
ADP + phosphorylated S opsin
-
S opsin binds to cone arrestin during cone phototransduction in the retina
-
-
?
GTP + rhodopsin

GDP + phosphorhodopsin
-
very poor substrate
-
-
?
GTP + rhodopsin
GDP + phosphorhodopsin
-
can replace ATP to a lesser extent
-
-
?
additional information

?
-
-
not: succinylated rhodopsin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: glycogen synthetase
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: protamine
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: protamine
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: apoprotein opsin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: unbleached rhodopsin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: unbleached rhodopsin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: casein, phosvitin, histones
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: casein, phosvitin, histones
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: casein, phosvitin, histones
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
beta-adrenergic receptor kinase, EC 2.7.1.126, is also capable of rhodopsin phosphorylation in a light-dependent manner
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme quenches light activation of cGMP phosphodiesterase in a reconstituted system
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
RK phosphorylates other color opsins in vivo
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
RK phosphorylates other color opsins in vivo
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme performs autophosphorylation in a light-dependent manner
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
nucleotide binding and conformational change, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme is under specific control of the neuronal Ca2+-sensor protein recoverin. In the dark state of the photoreceptor cell, the Ca2+-saturated form of recoverin forms a complex with the enzyme, which prevents binding of the enzyme to rhodopsin
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
cone-specific kinase GRK7 is essential for cone vision
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
cone-specific kinase GRK7 is essential for cone vision
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
cone-specific kinase GRK7 is essential for cone vision
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
for cone vision GRK1 is not essential
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
for cone vision GRK1 is not essential
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
for cone vision GRK1 is not essential
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
kinase plays a role in human visual signaling
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme performs autophosphorylation at Ser491 and Thr492 of the C-terminal domain
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: casein, phosvitin, histones
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
substrate specificity, the enzyme depends on basic residues for substrate recognition, the residues at the substrate phosphorylation site greatly influence the enzyme activity, autoregulation by a pseudosubstrate mechanism, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
analysis of the deactivation of the cone phototransduction cascade in mouse retina and the role of GRK1, GRK1-dependent phosphorylation of cone opsins and binding to cone arrestin leads to association of cone arrestins to the membrane in a light-dependent manner
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
dark-adapted retina rhodopsin is also phosphorylated in transgenic photoreceptor cells overexpressing the human S opsin mutant K296E
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
absence of PrBP/delta, a ubiquitous prenyl binding protein, in Pde6d knockout mice retina impairs transport of prenylated proteins, particularly GRK1 and cone PDE, to rod and cone outer segments, resulting in altered photoreceptor physiology and a phenotype of a slowly progressing rod/cone dystrophy, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
mutant Lrat-/- and Rpe65-/- mice, models of human liver congenital amaurosis, show disrupted retinoid cycle and no production of 11-cis-retinal, the chromophore of visual pigments. The Lrat-/- and Rpe65-/- retina phenotype presents with rapid sectorial cone degeneration, and the visual pigments, S-opsin and M/L-opsin, fail to traffic to cone outer segments appropriately. In contrast, rod opsin traffics normally in mutant rods. Concomitantly, guanylate cyclase 1, cone Talpha-subunit, cone phosphodiesterase 6alpha', and GRK1 are not transported to Lrat-/- and Rpe65-/- cone outer segments, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
analysis of the deactivation of the cone phototransduction cascade in mouse retina and the role of GRK1, GRK1-dependent phosphorylation of cone opsins and binding to cone arrestin leads to association of cone arrestins to the membrane in a light-dependent manner
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
almost inactive toward histone
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: apoprotein opsin
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
ATP + a protein
ADP + a phosphoprotein
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + arrestin
ADP + phospho-arrestin
-
the enzyme interacts with the squid visual arrestin, arrestin binding to photoactivated rhodopsin is a key mechanism of desensitization, overview
-
-
?
ATP + arrestin
ADP + phosphoarrestin
-
phosphorylation of arrestin in the presence of Ca2+, occurs only after photoactivation in vivo, dual role of RK in the inactivation of the squid visual system
-
-
?
ATP + cone opsin
ADP + phosphorylated cone opsin
light-dependent phosporylation
-
-
?
ATP + M opsin
ADP + phosphorylated m opsin
ATP + opsin
ADP + phosphoopsin
the enzyme is involved in the opsin deactivation process, GRK subtypes play a role in phosphorylating non-visual opsins in the particular extraretinal tissues
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phospho-rhodopsin
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
ATP + rhodopsin 1
ADP + phosphorhodopsin 1
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin TM5
ADP + phosphorhodopsin TM5
-
-
-
?
ATP + S opsin
ADP + phosphorylated S opsin
additional information
?
-
ATP + M opsin

ADP + phosphorylated m opsin
-
M opsin binds to cone arrestin during cone phototransduction in the retina
-
-
?
ATP + M opsin
ADP + phosphorylated m opsin
-
M opsin binds to cone arrestin during cone phototransduction in the retina
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin

ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylation of enzyme may represent one of the control mechanisms for rhodopsin phosphorylation
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
specific and Ca2+-dependent recoverin/RK interaction may play an important role in photoreceptor light adaptation
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
RK partially terminates the biochemical events that follow photon absorption
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
deactivation of photoexcited rhodopsin by its phosphorylation by RK, in vivo, since ATP is present, RK exists in an autophosphorylated state
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
major regulatory mechanism for the control of photorhodopsin transduction pathway
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
light-dependent initiating of deactivation of rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
involved in a mechanism for quenching or terminating the visual signal involving the interaction of metarhodopsin II with RK and arrestin, phosphorylation of light-activated rhodopsin by RK is the key step in the signal-termination reaction
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
involved in a mechanism for quenching or terminating the visual signal involving the interaction of metarhodopsin II with RK and arrestin, phosphorylation of light-activated rhodopsin by RK is the key step in the signal-termination reaction
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
second messenger-independent protein kinase, involved in the deactivation of photolyzed rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
involved in quenching of the excitational pathway of phototransduction
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
enzyme in vivo is probably inactive in the dark, but is almost fully activated in the light
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
phosphorylation of rhodopsin may control passive permeability to certain ions in rod outer segments, so mediating the responsiveness to a light impulse
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
conformational flexibility of GRK1 is reduced in the presence of either Mg2+-ATP or rhodopsin, with Mg2+ATP having the greatest effect
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
dual role of RK in the inactivation of the squid visual system
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
important enzyme of phototransduction
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
important enzyme of phototransduction
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
light-dependent initiating of deactivation of rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
light-dependent initiating of deactivation of rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
natural substrate is photoactivated rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
important enzyme of phototransduction
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
important enzyme of phototransduction
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
light-dependent initiating of deactivation of rhodopsin
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
involved in the inactivation of light-sensitive opsins in pineal, which contains a functional photoreceptive system
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
GRK1 and GRK7
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
GRK1 is a visual pigment kinase in rods and is essential for inactivation of light-activated rhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
enzyme in vivo is probably inactive in the dark, but is almost fully activated in the light
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
the deactivation of photoexcited rhodopsin requires multiple phosphorylations
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
initiation of deactivation of photoexcited visual pigments in rod and cone photoreceptors, recoverin is a Ca2+-dependent negative regulator of RK in vertebrate phototransduction
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
differential spatial and temporal phosphorylation of the visual receptor rhodopsin at the primary phosphorylation sites Ser334 and Ser338 in mice exposed to light, phosphorylation of rhodopsin critically controls the visual transduction cascade by uncoupling it from the G-protein transducin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
the enzyme phosphorylates activated rhodopsin, light causes phosphorylation of nonactivated rhodopsin in intact rod photoreceptor cells
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
rhodopsin is converted to the physiologically active Meta II (R*) state, which triggers the rod light response. Meta II is rapidly inactivated by the phosphorylation of C-terminal serine and threonine residues by G-protein receptor kinase
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
the enzyme sequentially phosphorylates a cluster of six to seven serine/threonine residues located near the C terminus of rhodopsin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
localization of enzyme enables it to quench immediately the activated form of the photopigment
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
involved in the inactivation of light-sensitive opsins in pineal, which contains a functional photoreceptive system
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorhodopsin
-
activity is increased in diabetes due to upregulation of the enzyme and downregulation of inhibitory recoverin and transducin
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin

ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
light-dependent deactivation of rhodopsin involves receptor phosphorylation that is mediated by the highly specific protein kinases rhodopsin kinase
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
-
-
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
null mutations in the rhodopsin kinase gene are a cause of Oguchi disease and extend the known genetic heterogeneity in congenital stationary night blindness
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
enzyme is required for normal rhodopsin deactivation. Abnormal photoresponses and light-induced apoptosis in rods lacking rhodopsin kinase
-
-
?
ATP + rhodopsin
ADP + phosphorylated rhodopsin
-
-
-
?
ATP + S opsin

ADP + phosphorylated S opsin
-
S opsin binds to cone arrestin during cone phototransduction in the retina
-
-
?
ATP + S opsin
ADP + phosphorylated S opsin
-
S opsin binds to cone arrestin during cone phototransduction in the retina
-
-
?
additional information

?
-
-
RK phosphorylates other color opsins in vivo
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?
additional information
?
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RK phosphorylates other color opsins in vivo
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?
additional information
?
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cone-specific kinase GRK7 is essential for cone vision
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?
additional information
?
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cone-specific kinase GRK7 is essential for cone vision
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?
additional information
?
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cone-specific kinase GRK7 is essential for cone vision
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?
additional information
?
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for cone vision GRK1 is not essential
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?
additional information
?
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for cone vision GRK1 is not essential
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?
additional information
?
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for cone vision GRK1 is not essential
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?
additional information
?
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kinase plays a role in human visual signaling
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?
additional information
?
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analysis of the deactivation of the cone phototransduction cascade in mouse retina and the role of GRK1, GRK1-dependent phosphorylation of cone opsins and binding to cone arrestin leads to association of cone arrestins to the membrane in a light-dependent manner
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?
additional information
?
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dark-adapted retina rhodopsin is also phosphorylated in transgenic photoreceptor cells overexpressing the human S opsin mutant K296E
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?
additional information
?
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absence of PrBP/delta, a ubiquitous prenyl binding protein, in Pde6d knockout mice retina impairs transport of prenylated proteins, particularly GRK1 and cone PDE, to rod and cone outer segments, resulting in altered photoreceptor physiology and a phenotype of a slowly progressing rod/cone dystrophy, overview
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?
additional information
?
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mutant Lrat-/- and Rpe65-/- mice, models of human liver congenital amaurosis, show disrupted retinoid cycle and no production of 11-cis-retinal, the chromophore of visual pigments. The Lrat-/- and Rpe65-/- retina phenotype presents with rapid sectorial cone degeneration, and the visual pigments, S-opsin and M/L-opsin, fail to traffic to cone outer segments appropriately. In contrast, rod opsin traffics normally in mutant rods. Concomitantly, guanylate cyclase 1, cone Talpha-subunit, cone phosphodiesterase 6alpha', and GRK1 are not transported to Lrat-/- and Rpe65-/- cone outer segments, overview
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?
additional information
?
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analysis of the deactivation of the cone phototransduction cascade in mouse retina and the role of GRK1, GRK1-dependent phosphorylation of cone opsins and binding to cone arrestin leads to association of cone arrestins to the membrane in a light-dependent manner
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?
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1-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-deoxy-N-ethyl-beta-D-furanuronamide
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good inhibitor
2',3'-dideoxyadenosine
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-
5'-(N-ethylcarbamoyl)adenosine
-
-
5'-[p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl]adenosine
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pseudo-first-order kinetics, MgATP and ATP protect almost completely, rhodopsin only slightly, Mg2+ not at all
5,6-Dichloro-1-(beta-ribofuranosyl)-benzimidazole
-
-
8,2'-Anhydro-8-mercapto-9-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine
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weak
8,3'-Anhydro-8-oxy-9-(beta-D-xylofuranosyl)adenine
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good inhibitor
8,5'-Anhydro-8-oxy-9-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)adenine
-
-
8-Bromoadenosine
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good inhibitor
adenosine 5'-monosulfate
-
-
arrestin
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competes for binding to rhodopsin
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ATP-analogues
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weak or no inhibition, overview
Ca2+
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at concentrations equal to Mg2+, forms an unproductive Ca-ATP complex, Mg2+ partially reverses
D-myo-Inositol 1-phosphate
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weak, above 0.1 mM, stimulates below
dibutyryl-cAMP
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weak, not in the dark
Formycin monophosphate
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G-protein
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competes for binding to rhodopsin
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GRK1 peptides
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bovine commercial preparation, inhibition analysis of enzyme binding to S-modulin, overview
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inositol triphosphate
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weak
isoquinoline derivative
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-
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K+
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weak, only at high concentrations
mastoparan
potent inhibitor
nucleoside analogue
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overview
papaverine
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weak, not in the dark
Peptides from cytosolic surface of rhodopsin
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-
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Phosphodiesterase inhibitor SQ 20009
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light-dependent
polycation
e.g. polyamines or polylysine, potent inhibitor
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polylysine
potent inhibitor
purine nucleotide
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overview
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pyrrolopyrimidine derivative
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preferentially in anti-configuration, strong
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S-modulin/recoverin
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recombinant myristoylated S-modulin overexpressed in Escherichia coli, GRK1 activity is inhibited by binding of the Ca2+-bound form of S-modulin/recoverin, determination of the binding site by peptide mapping, binding involves Leu6, Asn12, and Tyr15, mutation of these residues reduces the inhibition significantly, inhibition mechanism, overview
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Sangivamycin
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strong, in vivo and in vitro
spermidine
potent inhibitor
spermine
at higher concentrations, activates at low concentrations
Synthetic peptide
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corresponding to sequences within opsin loops 3-4 and 5-6 and the C-terminus, bleached rhodopsin as substrate
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theophylline
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light-dependent
Transducin
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inhibits the enzyme, recoverin expression is reduced in diabetic rat retina
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tubercidin 5'-phosphate
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good inhibitor
Zn2+
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1 mM, 90% inhibition
5'-AMP

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1 mM, 50% inhibition
5'-AMP
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competitive inhibition with respect to ATP
adenosine

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1 mM, 50% inhibition
adenosine
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competitive inhibition with respect to ATP
ADP

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competitive inhibition with respect to ATP
Calmodulin

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very poor inhibitor
Calmodulin
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the high affinity calmodulin binding site is localized within a stretch of amino acid residues V150-K175 in the N-terminal regulatory region of rhodopsin kinase. The inhibitory effect of calmodulin and recoverin on rhodopsin kinase activity is synergetic
Digitonin

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0.1%, 50% inhibition
Digitonin
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0.1%, about 60% inhibition
emulphogene

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0.1%, 50% inhibition
emulphogene
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BC720, 0.1%, about 60% inhibition
heparin

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modest inhibition
heparin
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potent inhibitor
Mg2+

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at high concentrations; requirement at lower concentrations
Mg2+
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above 10 mM, presumably by formation of Mg-ATP-Mg; requirement at lower concentrations
Mg2+
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at high concentrations; requirement at lower concentrations
Na+

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0.1 M, 90% inhibition
Na+
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weak, only at high concentrations
polyanion

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polyanion
e.g. heparin, dextran sulfate, polyglutamic acid
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recoverin

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Ca2+-dependent inhibition
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recoverin
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ATP inhibits and ADP enhances the RK-recoverin interaction, inhibition mechanism; Ca2+-dependent inhibition
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recoverin
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Ca2+-dependent inhibition; highly specific direct Ca2+-dependent interaction with RK, N-terminal myristoyl residue of recoverin enhances RK inhibition and introduces cooperativity to the inhibitory effect, quenches high-gain phosphorylation of rhodopsin in the presence of Ca2+
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recoverin
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Ca2+-dependent inhibition; Ca2+ is required for recoverin to bind RK, 0.1 mM ADP enhances, ATP causes RK autophosphorylation and strongly weakens inhibition, effect of N-myristoylation of recoverin on inhibition
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recoverin
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Ca2+-dependent inhibition
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recoverin
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a neuronal calcium sensor, myristoylated, inhibits the enzyme in a Ca2+-dependent manner, two Ca2+ binding sites in the EF-hand structure, high-affinity binding site mutant E121Q and low-affinity binding site mutant E85Q are unable to inhibit the enzyme, binding kinetics
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recoverin
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inhibits the enzyme Ca2+-dependently in detergent-resistant membranes, that are insoluble in Triton X-100, cholesterol increases the inhibition by recoverin by facilitating the binding
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recoverin
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binds exclusively to an amphipathic peptide at the N-terminus of rhodopsin kinase, inhibiting rhodopsin phosphorylation without affecting catalytic activity of the kinase, calcium depletion causes release of recoverin from rhodopsin kinase, freeing the kinase to phosphorylate rhodopsin and to terminate the light response
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recoverin
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calcium-induced inhibition, structural mechanism, recoverin serves as a calcium sensor that regulates rhodopsin kinase activity, binding structures, overview, NMR structure determination and analysis of the ternary complex RK25-Ca2+-recoverin
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recoverin
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the inhibitory effect of calmodulin and recoverin on rhodopsin kinase activity is synergetic
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recoverin
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Ca2+-dependent inhibition
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recoverin
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inhibits the enzyme, recoverin expression is reduced in diabetic rat retina
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additional information

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not inhibited by a synthetic peptide corresponding to the major or minor autophosphorylation site of RK
-
additional information
not inhibited by a synthetic peptide corresponding to the major or minor autophosphorylation site of RK
-
additional information
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not inhibited by cAMP; not inhibited by cGMP; not inhibited by dibutyryl-GMP
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additional information
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not inhibited by cAMP; not inhibited by cGMP; not inhibited by K+
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additional information
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not inhibited by cAMP; not inhibited by cGMP; not inhibited by K+; not inhibited by spermidine
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additional information
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little inhibition by S-adenosyl-L-methionine, coenzyme A, methylene adenosine 5'-triphosphate, imidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate, adenosine 9-arabinofuranoside 5'-monophosphate, GMP, adenosine N1-oxide; not inhibited by 2'-deoxyadenosine, adenosine 2',3'-monophosphate, adenosine 2'-deoxy-3,5-monophosphate, inosine monophosphate, guanosine, GDP, xanthosine 5'-monophosphate, hypoxanthine 9-arabinofuranoside, 1-N6-ethenoadenosine monophosphate, NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH; not inhibited by cAMP; not inhibited by cGMP
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additional information
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not inhibited by Na+
-
additional information
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not inhibited by cAMP
-
additional information
-
inhibition studies with adenosine analogues, not inhibited by ribose 5-phosphate, ethenoadenosine, 8-bromo-AMP, 8,2'-anhydro-8-oxy-9-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine
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additional information
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influence of complexing lipids on the activity of the solubilized enzyme, cholesterol increases the inhibition by recoverin by facilitating the binding
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additional information
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autoregulation by a pseudosubstrate mechanism, overview
-
additional information
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not: protein inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase
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