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Information on EC 2.5.1.85 - all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate synthase [geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific]
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2.5.1.85 all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate synthase [geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific]IUBMB Comments
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate is preferred over farnesyl diphosphate as allylic substrate . The plant Arabidopsis thaliana has two different enzymes that catalyse this reaction. SPS1 contributes to the biosynthesis of the ubiquinone side-chain while SPS2 supplies the precursor of the plastoquinone side-chains .
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Word Map
- 2.5.1.85
- synthases
-
farnesyl
-
plastid
- isoprene
-
trypanosoma
- lycopersicum
-
isoprenoid
-
reoxidation
- ubiquinone-9
- plastoquinone-9
- cruzi
- plastochromanol-8
-
allylic
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Reaction Schemes
Synonyms
At-SPS1, At-SPS2, AtSPS1, AtSPS2, HbSDS, long-chain prenyl diphosphate synthase, long-chain solanesyl diphosphate synthase, SlSPS, solanesyl diphosphate synthase, solanesyl-diphosphate synthase, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
AtSPS1
AtSPS2
solanesyl diphosphate synthase
solanesyl-diphosphate synthase
solanesyl-diphosphate synthase 1
SPPS
SPS1
Sps2
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate = 5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
BRENDA
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
geranylgeranyl-diphosphate:isopentenyl-diphosphate transtransferase (adding 5 isopentenyl units)
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate is preferred over farnesyl diphosphate as allylic substrate [1]. The plant Arabidopsis thaliana has two different enzymes that catalyse this reaction. SPS1 contributes to the biosynthesis of the ubiquinone side-chain while SPS2 supplies the precursor of the plastoquinone side-chains [2].
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
83745-07-7
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + 6 isopentenyl diphosphate
6 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + 6 isopentenyl diphosphate
6 diphosphate + nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
17% of the activity with geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 8 isopentenyl diphosphate
8 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
geranyl diphosphate + 7 isopentenyl diphosphate
7 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + 6 isopentenyl diphosphate
6 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
At-SPS2 prefers geranylgeranyl diphosphate to farnesyl diphosphate as the allylic substrate
the main product is nonaprenyl diphosphate, considerable amounts of intermediates, such as geranylgeranyl diphosphate are formed
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + 6 isopentenyl diphosphate
6 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate is preferred over farnesyl diphosphate as allylic substrate
the main product is nonaprenyl diphosphate, considerable amounts of geranylgeranyl diphosphate are formed
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + 6 isopentenyl diphosphate
6 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 8 isopentenyl diphosphate
8 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 8 isopentenyl diphosphate
8 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
low activity
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 7 isopentenyl diphosphate
7 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
39% of the activity with geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 7 isopentenyl diphosphate
7 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
At-SPS2 prefers geranylgeranyl diphosphate to farnesyl diphosphate as the allylic substrate
a large amount of nonaprenyl diphosphate is formed
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate is preferred over farnesyl diphosphate as allylic substrate
nonaprenyl diphosphate is almost exclusively formed
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
At-SPS2 supplies the precursor of the plastoquinone side-chain in Arabidopsis thaliana
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
At-SPS1 contributes to the biosynthesis of the ubiquinone side-chain in Arabidopsis thaliana
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
At-SPS1 contributes to the biosynthesis of the ubiquinone side-chain in Arabidopsis thaliana
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
At-SPS1 contributes to the biosynthesis of the plastoquinone side-chain in Arabidopsis thaliana
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
geranylgeranyl diphosphate is the preferred allylic substrate
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
enzyme SlSPS extends the prenyl chain length of the endogenous ubiquinone to nine isoprene units
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate is the preferred allylic substrate
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
the enzyme is involved in synthesis of ubiquinone-9
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
geranylgeranyl diphosphate is the preferred allylic substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
no activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate and geranyl diphosphate, recombinant His6-tagged At-SPS2 fusion protein and truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
no activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate and geranyl diphosphate, recombinant His6-tagged At-SPS2 fusion protein and truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate and geranyl diphosphate, recombinant His6-tagged At-SPS2 fusion protein and truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
no activity with farnesyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 8 isopentenyl diphosphate
8 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
At-SPS1 contributes to the biosynthesis of the plastoquinone side-chain in Arabidopsis thaliana
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
At-SPS2 supplies the precursor of the plastoquinone side-chain in Arabidopsis thaliana
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
At-SPS1 contributes to the biosynthesis of the ubiquinone side-chain in Arabidopsis thaliana
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
At-SPS1 contributes to the biosynthesis of the ubiquinone side-chain in Arabidopsis thaliana
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
At-SPS1 contributes to the biosynthesis of the plastoquinone side-chain in Arabidopsis thaliana
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate
5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate
the enzyme is involved in synthesis of ubiquinone-9
-
-
?
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Mg2+
optimal level of activity obtained at 0.5-1 mM. No activation by Mn2+
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
1-[(n-oct-1-ylamino)ethyl] 1,1-bisphosphonic acid
strong enzyme inhibitor
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
fibrillin 5B
FBN5-B, fibrillin 5B specifically interacts with solanesyl diphosphate synthase 1, which biosynthesize the solanesyl moiety of plastoquinone-9. Plants containing defective FBN5-B accumulate less plastoquinone-9 and its cyclized product, plastochromanol-8, but the levels of tocopherols are not affected. Homozygous mutations in FBN5 are seedling-lethal. FBN5-B is required for PQ-9 biosynthesis through its interaction with enzyme SPS. FBN5 binding to the hydrophobic solanesyl moiety, which is generated by SPS1, in FBN5 B/SPS homodimeric complexes stimulates the enzyme activity of SPS1
-
fibrillin 5B
FBN5-B, fibrillin 5B specifically interacts with solanesyl diphosphate synthase 2, which biosynthesize the solanesyl moiety of plastoquinone-9. Plants containing defective FBN5-B accumulate less plastoquinone-9 and its cyclized product, plastochromanol-8, but the levels of tocopherols are not affected. Homozygous mutations in FBN5 are seedling-lethal. FBN5-B is required for PQ-9 biosynthesis through its interaction with enzyme SPS. FBN5 binding to the hydrophobic solanesyl moiety, which is generated by SPS2, in FBN5 B/SPS homodimeric complexes stimulates the enzyme activity of SPS2
-
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.00689
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
0.00512
farnesyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, His6-tagged At-SPS2 fusion protein
0.000565
geranylgeranyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, His6-tagged At-SPS2 fusion protein
0.000843
geranylgeranyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus), truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
0.000565
geranylgeranyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, His6-tagged At-SPS2 fusion protein
151
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, cosubstrate: farnesyl diphosphate
20
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, cosubstrate: geranylgeranyl diphosphate
0.248
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, cosubstrate: farnesyl diphosphate, His6-tagged At-SPS2 fusion protein
0.182
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, cosubstrate: farnesyl diphosphate, truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
0.0377
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, cosubstrate: geranylgeranyl diphosphate, His6-tagged At-SPS2 fusion protein
0.0307
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 7.4, 37°C, cosubstrate: farnesyl diphosphate
0.0289
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, cosubstrate: geranylgeranyl diphosphate, truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
0.0243
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 7.4, 37°C, cosubstrate: geranylgeranyl diphosphate
0.0192
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 7.4, 37°C, cosubstrate: geranyl diphosphate
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TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
3.77
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
2.33
geranylgeranyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus), truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
1.72
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, cosubstrate: geranylgeranyl diphosphate, truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
0.217
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 7.4, 37°C, cosubstrate: geranylgeranyl diphosphate
2.83
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, cosubstrate: farnesyl diphosphate, truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
0.131
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 7.4, 37°C, cosubstrate: geranyl diphosphate
0.043
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.4, 37°C, cosubstrate: farnesyl diphosphate
14.7
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, cosubstrate: farnesyl diphosphate
15
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, cosubstrate: geranylgeranyl diphosphate
0.043
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 7.4, 37°C, cosubstrate: farnesyl diphosphate
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kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs-1]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
547
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
2770
geranylgeranyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus), truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
2770
geranylgeranyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus), truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
15.5
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, cosubstrate: farnesyl diphosphate, truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
595
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, cosubstrate: geranylgeranyl diphosphate, truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
0.0014
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 7.4, 37°C, cosubstrate: farnesyl diphosphate
15.5
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 8.0, 30°C, cosubstrate: farnesyl diphosphate, truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
0.00685
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.4, 37°C, cosubstrate: geranyl diphosphate
15.5
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, cosubstrate: farnesyl diphosphate, truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
0.00685
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 7.4, 37°C, cosubstrate: geranyl diphosphate
0.752
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, cosubstrate: geranylgeranyl diphosphate
0.0968
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 30°C, cosubstrate: farnesyl diphosphate
0.00893
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 7.4, 37°C, cosubstrate: geranylgeranyl diphosphate
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
strains 29-13 and TREU927/4, single gene Tb09.160.4300, identical in both strains
UniProt
brenda
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
mRNA level is 5fold higher in leaf than in root
brenda
mRNA level is 5fold higher in leaf than in root
brenda
additional information
in the parental 29-13 cells, enzyme TbSPPS is abundantly transcribed
brenda
additional information
-
in the parental 29-13 cells, enzyme TbSPPS is abundantly transcribed
brenda
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
-
solanesyl diphosphate synthase is targeted to the plastid and both solanesol and plastoquinone are associated with thylakoid membranes
-
brenda
At-SPS2 is transported into chloroplasts
brenda
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
co-expression network of the Arabidopsis thaliana solanesyl-diphosphate synthase family
malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
malfunction
in contrast to other plastochromanol-8 biosynthetic mutants, neither the single atsps knock-outs nor the atsps1 atsps2 double knock-out display any defects in tocopherols accumulation or germination
malfunction
knockout of genes AtSPS1 and AtSPS2 causes a reduction in plastoquinone-9 content in leaves, and the leaves exhibit light suppression of photosynthetic system II under high-intensity light
malfunction
leaves of the atsps2 knock-out are devoid of plastochromanol-8 and display severe losses of both non-photoactive and photoactive plastoquinone-9, resulting in near complete photoinhibition at high light intensity. The photoinhbition is paralleled by significant damage to photosystem II but not to photosystem I. In contrast to other plastochromanol-8 biosynthetic mutants, neither the single atsps knock-outs nor the atsps1 atsps2 double knock-out display any defects in tocopherols accumulation or germination
malfunction
-
plants silenced for SlSPS are photobleached and accumulate phytoene
malfunction
RNAi-mediated depletion of TbSPPS leads to severe growth inhibition. Ablation of TbSPPS by RNAi will decrease the function of the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle, which is cured by application of glycerol. The viability of the BSF cells is compromised upon RNAi induction, phenotype overview. Addition of ubiquinone to the medium alleviates the effect of RNAi-mediated depletion of TbSPPS
metabolism
FBN5-B is required for plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis through its interaction with enzyme SPS
metabolism
-
requirement for two long-chain prenyl diphosphate synthases in the tomato, i.e. SlSPS and SlDPS, a decaprenyl diphosphate synthase, EC 2.5.1.86
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of solanesyl diphosphate and plastoquinone-9
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of solanesyl diphosphate and plastoquinone-9. FBN5-B is required for plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis through its interaction with enzyme SPS
metabolism
the enzyme interacts with the plastid lipid binding protein fibrillin5 for synthesis of the solanesyl diphosphate tail in plastoquinone-9
metabolism
-
FBN5-B is required for plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis through its interaction with enzyme SPS
-
metabolism
-
the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of solanesyl diphosphate and plastoquinone-9
-
metabolism
-
the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of solanesyl diphosphate and plastoquinone-9. FBN5-B is required for plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis through its interaction with enzyme SPS
-
physiological function
Arabidopsis thaliana SPS1-overexpressing lines are much more resistant to photooxidative stress than the wild-type, showing marked decreases in leaf bleaching, lipid peroxidation and PSII photoinhibition under excess light. Comparison of the SPS1 overexpressors with other prenyl quinone mutants indicates that the enhanced phototolerance of the former plants is directly related to their increased capacities for plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis, phenotype, overview
physiological function
-
enzyme SlSPS is necessary for normal chloroplast structure and function
physiological function
plastid isoforms of solanesyl-diphosphate synthase catalyze the elongation of the prenyl side chain involved in the plastoquinone-9 and plastochromanol-8 biosynthesis, plastochromanol-8 originates from a subfraction of the non-photoactive pool of plastoquinone-9
physiological function
solanesyl diphosphate synthase is an enzyme of the ubiquinone synthetic pathway required throughout the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei
physiological function
-
solanesyl diphosphate synthase, Sps, is a key enzyme in the metabolic pathways of solanesol and plastoquinone biosynthesis
physiological function
solanesyl diphosphate synthase, Sps, is a key enzyme in the metabolic pathways of solanesol and plastoquinone biosynthesis
physiological function
-
Arabidopsis thaliana SPS1-overexpressing lines are much more resistant to photooxidative stress than the wild-type, showing marked decreases in leaf bleaching, lipid peroxidation and PSII photoinhibition under excess light. Comparison of the SPS1 overexpressors with other prenyl quinone mutants indicates that the enhanced phototolerance of the former plants is directly related to their increased capacities for plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis, phenotype, overview
-
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UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). NPPPS_MYCTU
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv)
335
0
35560
Swiss-Prot
-
SPS1_ARATH
406
0
44468
Swiss-Prot
Chloroplast (Reliability: 5)
SPS2_ARATH
417
0
46045
Swiss-Prot
Chloroplast (Reliability: 3)
SPS3_ARATH
422
0
46401
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 2)
A0A2I0ANN3_9ASPA
195
0
21893
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0A2I0B7S0_9ASPA
130
0
14902
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 2)
A0A2I0AZ11_9ASPA
107
0
12445
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 4)
A0A2I0AX06_9ASPA
179
0
20450
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 1)
A0A2I0BHE0_9ASPA
110
0
12461
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
A0A2I0AXE3_9ASPA
107
0
11992
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 4)
A0A2H9ZUD5_9ASPA
99
0
11699
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0A072UQ86_MEDTR
417
0
46088
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 2)
A0A5B7AQD6_DAVIN
421
0
46157
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A2G9G967_9LAMI
316
0
35454
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A086CGW8_9CHRO
323
0
35837
TrEMBL
-
A0A5B7CD13_DAVIN
524
0
58451
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A2I0AV43_9ASPA
93
0
10889
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A2I0B481_9ASPA
174
0
19834
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 1)
A0A2I0A5Y1_9ASPA
199
0
22415
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A2G9HY61_9LAMI
421
0
46441
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 2)
A0A2I0AIC1_9ASPA
623
0
71908
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A2G9GUN9_9LAMI
423
0
46170
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 2)
A0A2H9ZU38_9ASPA
200
0
22903
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5)
A0A2I0A351_9ASPA
93
0
10803
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A2I0AFP0_9ASPA
196
0
22209
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 3)
A0A087C4Y4_9BIFI
324
0
35714
TrEMBL
-
A0A5B7C0P0_DAVIN
744
0
82437
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 1)
A0A2H9ZV36_9ASPA
93
0
10770
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A1G4I7J5_TRYEQ
359
0
39253
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5)
A0A3Q8IA74_LEIDO
359
0
39041
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 2)
A0A2I0ABF8_9ASPA
134
0
15013
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 4)
A0A2I0BAA3_9ASPA
174
0
18746
TrEMBL
Chloroplast (Reliability: 3)
A0A7Y0ILB1_9CYAN
331
0
36356
TrEMBL
-
A0A5B7BWM1_DAVIN
402
0
43965
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A5B7ALG0_DAVIN
423
0
46505
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A2H9ZRM9_9ASPA
195
0
21817
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A2I0A4V6_9ASPA
188
0
21503
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 4)
A0A2I0AE87_9ASPA
93
0
10656
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A5B7ALR6_DAVIN
219
0
24003
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 3)
A0A088RLX1_9TRYP
359
0
39376
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5)
A0A2I0AK16_9ASPA
199
0
22090
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
Q38EX7_TRYB2
Trypanosoma brucei brucei (strain 927/4 GUTat10.1)
359
0
39253
TrEMBL
-
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
39200
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
construction of a T-DNA insertion mutant SALK_064292 from gene At1g17050 encoding AtSPS2
additional information
construction of a T-DNA insertion mutant SALK_064292 from gene At1g17050 encoding AtSPS2
additional information
construction of a T-DNA insertion mutant SALK_126948 from gene At1g78510 encoding AtSPS1
additional information
construction of a T-DNA insertion mutant SALK_126948 from gene At1g78510 encoding AtSPS1
additional information
-
virus-induced gene silencing. The gene SlSPS is not able to complement silencing of gene SlDPS, encoding a decaprenyl diphosphate synthase, EC 2.5.1.86
additional information
inhibition of TbSPPS expression by RNAi, inducible by tetracycline, causes effects of TbSPPS RNAi onmRNAand protein levels in the procyclic stage, viability of the BSF cells is also compromised upon RNAi induction, phenotype
additional information
-
inhibition of TbSPPS expression by RNAi, inducible by tetracycline, causes effects of TbSPPS RNAi onmRNAand protein levels in the procyclic stage, viability of the BSF cells is also compromised upon RNAi induction, phenotype
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TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
recombinant His6-tagged At-SPS2 fusion protein partially purified to about 10% purity, truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus) is purified to about 90% purity
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
expression in Escherichia coli, His6-tagged At-SPS2 fusion protein and the truncated from of At-SPS2 (At-SPS2DELTA, in which the 30 N-terminal residues of the putative signal-peptide are removed and, instead the His6 tag is attached to the N-terminus)
expression of TcSPPS is able to complement an Escherichia coli ispB mutant
gene AtSPS1, overexpressing of the plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis gene SPS1 in Arabidopsis thaliana generating plants that specifically accumulate plastoquinone-9 and its derivative plastochromanol-8
gene AtSPS1, phylogenetic analysis, recombinant expression of N-terminally GST-tagged enzyme in Nicotiana benthamiana epidermis cell endoplasmic reticulum using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58C1 for transfection
gene AtSPS2, phylogenetic analysis, recombinant expression of N-terminally GST-tagged enzyme in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf chloroplasts using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58C1 for transfection
gene SlSPS, constitutive overexpression of SlSPS in immature tobacco leaves elevates the plastoquinone content in the leaves
-
gene SlSPS, recombinant expression in Escherichia coli. In planta, constitutive overexpression of SlSPS elevates the plastoquinone content of immature tobacco leaves
-
heterologous expression of either SPS1 allows the generation of UQ-9 in a decaprenyl diphosphate synthase-defective strain of fission yeast and also in wild-type Escherichia coli
heterologous expression of SPS1 allows the generation of UQ-9 in a decaprenyl diphosphate synthase-defective strain of fission yeast and also in wild-type Escherichia coli
heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli as as His6-tagged fusion protein
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REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Hirooka, K.; Bamba, T.; Fukusaki, E.I.; Kobayashi, A.
Cloning and kinetic characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana solanesyl diphosphate synthase
Biochem. J.
370
679-686
2003
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q8S948)
brenda
Hirooka, K.; Izumi, Y.; An, C.I.; Nakazawa, Y.; Fukusaki, E.; Kobayashi, A.
Functional analysis of two solanesyl diphosphate synthases from Arabidopsis thaliana
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
69
592-601
2005
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q76FS5), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q8S948), Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Jun, L.; Saiki, R.; Tatsumi, K.; Nakagawa, T.; Kawamukai, M.
Identification and subcellular localization of two solanesyl diphosphate synthases from Arabidopsis thaliana
Plant Cell Physiol.
45
1882-1888
2004
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q76FS5), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q8S948)
brenda
Ferella, M.; Montalvetti, A.; Rohloff, P.; Miranda, K.; Fang, J.; Reina, S.; Kawamukai, M.; Bua, J.; Nilsson, D.; Pravia, C.; Katzin, A.; Cassera, M.B.; Aslund, L.; Andersson, B.; Docampo, R.; Bontempi, E.J.
A solanesyl-diphosphate synthase localizes in glycosomes of Trypanosoma cruzi
J. Biol. Chem.
281
39339-39348
2006
Trypanosoma cruzi (Q964Q8), Trypanosoma cruzi
brenda
Phatthiya, A.; Takahashi, S.; Chareonthiphakorn, N.; Koyama, T.; Wititsuwannakul, D.; Wititsuwannakul, R.
Cloning and expression of the gene encoding solanesyl diphosphate synthase from Hevea brasiliensis
Plant Sci.
172
824-831
2007
Hevea brasiliensis
brenda
Jones, M.; Perez-Fons, L.; Robertson, F.; Bramley, P.; Fraser, P.
Functional characterization of long-chain prenyl diphosphate synthases from tomato
Biochem. J.
449
729-740
2013
Solanum lycopersicum
brenda
Lai, D.H.; Bontempi, E.J.; Lukes, J.
Trypanosoma brucei solanesyl-diphosphate synthase localizes to the mitochondrion
Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.
183
189-192
2012
Trypanosoma brucei (Q38EX7)
brenda
Lai, D.H.; Poropat, E.; Pravia, C.; Landoni, M.; Couto, A.S.; Rojo, F.G.; Fuchs, A.G.; Dubin, M.; Elingold, I.; Rodriguez, J.B.; Ferella, M.; Esteva, M.I.; Bontempi, E.J.; Lukes, J.
Solanesyl diphosphate synthase, an enzyme of the ubiquinone synthetic pathway, is required throughout the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei
Eukaryot. Cell
13
320-328
2014
Trypanosoma brucei (Q38EX7), Trypanosoma brucei
brenda
Block, A.; Fristedt, R.; Rogers, S.; Kumar, J.; Barnes, B.; Barnes, J.; Elowsky, C.G.; Wamboldt, Y.; Mackenzie, S.A.; Redding, K.; Merchant, S.S.; Basset, G.J.
Functional modeling identifies paralogous solanesyl-diphosphate synthases that assemble the side chain of plastoquinone-9 in plastids
J. Biol. Chem.
288
27594-27606
2013
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q76FS5), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q8S948)
brenda
Yan, N.; Liu, Y.; Gong, D.; Du, Y.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, Z.
Solanesol: a review of its resources, derivatives, bioactivities, medicinal applications, and biosynthesis
Phytochem. Rev.
14
403-417
2015
Solanum lycopersicum, Arabidopsis thaliana (Q76FS5), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q8S948)
-
brenda
Kim, E.H.; Lee, Y.; Kim, H.U.
Fibrillin 5 is essential for plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis by binding to solanesyl diphosphate synthases in Arabidopsis
Plant Cell
27
2956-2971
2015
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q76FS5), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q8S948), Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 (Q76FS5), Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 (Q8S948)
brenda
Ksas, B.; Becuwe, N.; Chevalier, A.; Havaux, M.
Plant tolerance to excess light energy and photooxidative damage relies on plastoquinone biosynthesis
Sci. Rep.
5
10919
2015
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q8S948), Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 (Q8S948)
brenda
Kim, E.H.; Lee, D.W.; Lee, K.R.; Jung, S.J.; Jeon, J.S.; Kim, H.U.
Conserved function of fibrillin5 in the plastoquinone-9 biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis and rice
Front. Plant Sci.
8
1197
2017
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q76FS5), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q8S948)
brenda
Kahlau, S.; Schroeder, F.; Freigang, J.; Laber, B.; Lange, G.; Passon, D.; Kleessen, S.; Lohse, M.; Schulz, A.; von Koskull-Doering, P.; Klie, S.; Gille, S.
Aclonifen targets solanesyl diphosphate synthase, representing a novel mode of action for herbicides
Pest Manag. Sci.
76
3377-3388
2020
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q76FS5), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q8S948)
brenda
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