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(2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
-
62% of activity with geranyl diphosphate
-
-
?
(2E)-3-methyl-2,6-heptadienyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
-
24% of activity with geranyl diphosphate
-
-
?
(2E)-3-methyl-2-butenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
-
21.5% of activity with geranyl diphosphate
-
-
?
(2E)-3-methyl-2-hexenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
-
95% of activity with geranyl diphosphate
-
-
?
(2E)-3-methyl-2-pentenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
-
63% of activity with geranyl diphosphate
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
(E)-3-methyl-2-dodecenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
(2E,5E)-3,6-dimethylpentadeca-2,5-dien-1-yl diphosphate + diphosphate
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
3,8-dimethyl-2-nonenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
-
59% of activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
?
3-methyl-2-alkenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
-
a number of 3-methyl-2-alkenyl diphosphates ranging in carbon number from 6 to 13 act as substrates
-
-
?
6,7-dihydrogeranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
-
87% of activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
?
8,8'-bisnorgeranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
-
107% of activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
?
cis-3-methyl-2-hexenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
cyclopentylideneethyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
2 diphosphate + (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
geranyl diphosphate activity of enzyme leads to additional production of geranyl diphosphate. The ratio of geranyl diphosphate to geranylgeranyl diphosphate produced averages approximately 9:1. No synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
dimethylallyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
? + diphosphate
bifunctional enzyme EC2.5.1.29/EC2.5.1.10, the FPP/GGPP product ratio increases with the rise of the reaction temperature
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranyl diphosphate
dimethylallyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranyl diphosphate + farnesyl diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
large subunit alone
-
-
?
E-3-methyl-2-undecenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
-
53% of the activity with farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
?
farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
geranyl diphosphate + 3-desmethylisopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + 3-desmethylfarnesyl diphosphate
i.e. but-3-enyl diphosphate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 3-ethylbut-3-enyl diphosphate
diphosphate + 3-ethylfarnesyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 3-propylbut-3-enyl diphosphate
diphosphate + 3-propylfarnesyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + dimethylallyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
the enzyme also performs the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate from geranyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, reaction of EC 2.5.1.10. The enzyme prefers farnesyl diphosphate over other allylic substrates for coupling with IPP, it behaves like a type-III geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. Ligand binding strutcure, overview
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
farnesyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
trans-3-methyl-2-octenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
-
similar activity as with dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
?
trans-3-methyl-2-pentenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
-
33% of activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme catalyze the sequential head-to-tail addition of three C5 molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate to dimethylallyl diphosphate with the concomitant release of pyrophosphate
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
preferred reaction
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
highest specific activity is observed using geranyl diphosphate as an allylic substrate. For all allylic substrates tested, EuFPS2 shows higher chain elongation activity than does EuFSP1. Depending on the pH, the metal ion cofactor, and the cofactor concentration, EuFPS2 accumulates geranyl diphosphate as an intermediate product at a constant rate, whereas EuFPS1 synthesizes little geranyl diphosphate
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme produces geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate as a major product and of farnesyl pyrophosphate in smaller amounts
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme catalyze the sequential head-to-tail addition of three C5 molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate to dimethylallyl diphosphate with the concomitant release of pyrophosphate. Under environmental stresses, Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates large amounts of carotenoids. Scale of carotenoid biosynthesis depends on availability of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate precursor, which is supplied by GGPP synthase through sequential 1'-4 condensation of three isopentenyl pyrophosphates into dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme catalyze the sequential head-to-tail addition of three C5 molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate to dimethylallyl diphosphate with the concomitant release of pyrophosphate
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of cyclooctatin
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of cyclooctatin
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
biosynthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a precursor for the ether-linked lipids
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
(2Z,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate is not a substrate. Dimethylallyl diphosphate, geranyl diphosphate, and (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate are good substrates, with maximal activity for dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
dimethylallyl diphosphate, geranyl diphosphate, and (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate are, in decreasing order of activity, acceptable as allylic substrates to produce geranylgeranyl diphosphate. When dimethylallyl diphosphate or geranyl diphosphate are the allylic substrates, a significant amount of mixture of the products is shorter than geranylgeranyl diphosphate. (2Z,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate is not a substrate
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
the wild-type enzyme produces mostly 87% geranylgeranyl diphosphate. The mutant enzymes F77G, F77G/H114A, F77G/H114G, H114A, and H114G give C30, C45, C50, C30 and C40 as the main long product, respectively
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
biosynthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a precursor for the ether-linked lipids
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme is involved in Cyanobacterial terpenoid biosynthesis
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme is involved in Cyanobacterial terpenoid biosynthesis
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E)-3-methyl-2-dodecenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
(2E,5E)-3,6-dimethylpentadeca-2,5-dien-1-yl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E)-3-methyl-2-dodecenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
(2E,5E)-3,6-dimethylpentadeca-2,5-dien-1-yl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
45% of the activity with farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
heterodimer of small and large subunit
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
in vitro, but not in vivo activity. In vivo, enzyme displays geranyl diphosphate synthase activity, EC 2.5.1.1
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
isoforms TC5826 and TC11329, i.e. GGPPS2 and GGPPS1, respectively
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the expression level of the active GGPS is at least regulated through the splicing of intron 4b of its gene
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
mutants L138A and H139A synthesize larger products
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
inducible by methyl jasmonate. The product geranylgeranyl diphosphate is a key precursor for diterpenes and, in particular, Taxol, one of the most potent antitumor drugs
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
exclusive product
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
preferred allylic substrate
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
no activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
no activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
enzyme regulates taxane biosynthesis
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
66% of activity with geranyl diphosphate
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
bifunctional enzyme EC2.5.1.29/EC2.5.1.10, the FPP/GGPP product ratio increases with the rise of the reaction temperature. The enzyme contributes to adjust the membrane composition to the cell growth temperature modulating its substrate and product specificities
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
bifunctional enzyme EC2.5.1.29/EC2.5.1.10, the FPP/GGPP product ratio increases with the rise of the reaction temperature
-
-
?
cis-3-methyl-2-hexenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
-
56% of activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
?
cis-3-methyl-2-hexenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
-
14% of activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
?
cyclopentylideneethyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
-
13% of activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
?
cyclopentylideneethyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
?
-
13% of activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
2 diphosphate + (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate
the enzyme also performs the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate from dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, reaction of EC 2.5.1.92
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
2 diphosphate + (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate
the enzyme also performs the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate from dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, reaction of EC 2.5.1.92
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
2 diphosphate + (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate
the enzyme also performs the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate from dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, reaction of EC 2.5.1.92
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
0.3% of the activity with farnesyl diphosphate
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
preferred substrate
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
less than 5% of the activity with farnesyl diphosphate
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
9% of the activity with farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
dimethylallyl diphosphate, geranyl diphosphate, and (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate are good substrates, with maximal activity for dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
dimethylallyl diphosphate, geranyl diphosphate, and (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate are, in decreasing order of activity, acceptable as allylic substrates to produce geranylgeranyl diphosphate. When dimethylallyl diphosphate or geranyl diphosphate are the allylic substrates, a significant amount of mixture of the products is shorter than geranylgeranyl diphosphate. (2Z,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate is not a substrate
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
dimethylallyl diphosphate, geranyl diphosphate, and (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate are good substrates, with maximal activity for dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
dimethylallyl diphosphate, geranyl diphosphate, and (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate are, in decreasing order of activity, acceptable as allylic substrates to produce geranylgeranyl diphosphate. When dimethylallyl diphosphate or geranyl diphosphate are the allylic substrates, a significant amount of mixture of the products is shorter than geranylgeranyl diphosphate. (2Z,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate is not a substrate
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
low activity
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
33% of activity with geranyl diphosphate
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
heterodimer of small and large subunit
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
isoforms TC5826 and TC11329, i.e. GGPPS2 and GGPPS1, respectively
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranyl diphosphate
reaction of EC 2.5.1.1, the enzyme catalyze the sequential head-to-tail addition of three C5 molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate to dimethylallyl diphosphate with the concomitant release of pyrophosphate
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranyl diphosphate
highest specific activity is observed using geranyl diphosphate as an allylic substrate. For all allylic substrates tested, EuFPS2 shows higher chain elongation activity than does EuFSP1. Depending on the pH, the metal ion cofactor, and the cofactor concentration, EuFPS2 accumulates geranyl diphosphate as an intermediate product at a constant rate, whereas EuFPS1 synthesizes little geranyl diphosphate
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranyl diphosphate
the enzyme catalyze the sequential head-to-tail addition of three C5 molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate to dimethylallyl diphosphate with the concomitant release of pyrophosphate. Under environmental stresses, Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates large amounts of carotenoids. Scale of carotenoid biosynthesis depends on availability of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate precursor, which is supplied by GGPP synthase through sequential 1'-4 condensation of three isopentenyl pyrophosphates into dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranyl diphosphate
reaction of EC 2.5.1.1, the enzyme catalyze the sequential head-to-tail addition of three C5 molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate to dimethylallyl diphosphate with the concomitant release of pyrophosphate
-
-
?
farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
type II geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase utilizes a mechanism of chain length determination, which requires subunit interaction in the homooligomeric enzyme
-
-
?
farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
E)-farnesyl diphosphate + (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + farnesyl diphosphate
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
3% of the activity with farnesyl diphosphate
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
exclusively geranylgeranyl diphosphate
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
preferred substrate
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
geranyl diphosphate + farnesyl diphosphate, ratio of farnesyl diphosphate to geranylgeranyl diphosphate increases to more than 2 under both conditions of substrate and product inhibition
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
geranyl diphosphate + farnesyl diphosphate, ratio of farnesyl diphosphate to geranylgeranyl diphosphate increases to more than 2 under both conditions of substrate and product inhibition
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
approx. 30% of activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
less than 5% of the activity with farnesyl diphosphate
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
15% of the activity with farnesyl diphosphate
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
main product
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
dimethylallyl diphosphate, geranyl diphosphate, and (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate are good substrates, with maximal activity for dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
dimethylallyl diphosphate, geranyl diphosphate, and (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate are, in decreasing order of activity, acceptable as allylic substrates to produce geranylgeranyl diphosphate. When dimethylallyl diphosphate or geranyl diphosphate are the allylic substrates, a significant amount of mixture of the products is shorter than geranylgeranyl diphosphate. (2Z,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate is not a substrate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
dimethylallyl diphosphate, geranyl diphosphate, and (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate are good substrates, with maximal activity for dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
dimethylallyl diphosphate, geranyl diphosphate, and (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate are, in decreasing order of activity, acceptable as allylic substrates to produce geranylgeranyl diphosphate. When dimethylallyl diphosphate or geranyl diphosphate are the allylic substrates, a significant amount of mixture of the products is shorter than geranylgeranyl diphosphate. (2Z,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate is not a substrate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
preferred substrate
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
involved in taxol biosynthesis
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
heterodimer of small and large subunit
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
in vitro, but not in vivo activity. In vivo,enzyme displays geranyl diphosphate synthase activity, EC 2.5.1.1
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
isoforms TC5826 and TC11329, i.e. GGPPS2 and GGPPS1, respectively
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
reaction of EC 2.5.1.10, the enzyme catalyze the sequential head-to-tail addition of three C5 molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate to dimethylallyl diphosphate with the concomitant release of pyrophosphate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
highest specific activity is observed using geranyl diphosphate as an allylic substrate. For all allylic substrates tested, EuFPS2 shows higher chain elongation activity than does EuFSP1. Depending on the pH, the metal ion cofactor, and the cofactor concentration, EuFPS2 accumulates geranyl diphosphate as an intermediate product at a constant rate, whereas EuFPS1 synthesizes little geranyl diphosphate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
reaction of EC 2.5.1.10, the enzyme catalyze the sequential head-to-tail addition of three C5 molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate to dimethylallyl diphosphate with the concomitant release of pyrophosphate. Under environmental stresses, Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates large amounts of carotenoids. Scale of carotenoid biosynthesis depends on availability of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate precursor, which is supplied by GGPP synthase through sequential 1'-4 condensation of three isopentenyl pyrophosphates into dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
reaction of EC 2.5.1.10, the enzyme catalyze the sequential head-to-tail addition of three C5 molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate to dimethylallyl diphosphate with the concomitant release of pyrophosphate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
the enzyme also performs the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate from geranyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, reaction of EC 2.5.1.10
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
reaction of EC 2.5.1.10, bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
the enzyme also performs the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate from geranyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, reaction of EC 2.5.1.10
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
bifunctional enzyme EC2.5.1.29/EC2.5.1.10, the FPP/GGPP product ratio increases with the rise of the reaction temperature. The enzyme contributes to adjust the membrane composition to the cell growth temperature modulating its substrate and product specificities
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
bifunctional enzyme EC2.5.1.29/EC2.5.1.10, the FPP/GGPP product ratio increases with the rise of the reaction temperature
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
the enzyme participates in the mevalonate pathway, overview, enzyme inhibition leads to enhanced depletion of intracellular geranylgeranyl diphosphate relative to the nitrogenous bisphosphonate, overview
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
the enzyme takes part in the mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid synthesis, and plays a crucial role in cell survival, overview
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
tight binding substrate and product structures, overview
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
product distribution of the wild-type and mutant enzymes, overview, mechanism of product chain length determination
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
enzyme-product complex structure
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the N-terminal sequence affects the ratio of FPP to GGPP
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase from Aeropyrum pernix that has anomalous substrate specificity, due to the fact that only dimethylallyl diphosphate and geranylfarnesyl diphosphate, both of which are unusual substrates for known cis-prenyltransferases, are likely available as an allylic primer substrate for the archaeal enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme is a cis-prenyltransferas, determination of substrate specificity, product chain-length, and cofactor requirement, overview. The most preferred allylic substrates are farnesyl diphosphate and geranylfarnesyl diphosphate, the main product is UPP, regardless of the substrate. When the ratio of IPP to geranylfarnesyl diphosphate is decreased to 1, the UPP synthase predominately yields shorter C30-45 products. When the ratio is increased to 100, the main product is C60 dodecaprenyl diphosphate. The chain-length of the product of UPP synthase, which determines the structure of the glycosyl carrier lipid, is variable depending on the substrate ratio in the cells of Aeropyrum pernix. A 10fold increase in the substrate ratio results in a significant rise in the production of all-trans-hexaprenyl diphosphate. No activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate. The enzyme also shows the activity of hexaprenyl diphosphate synthase [geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific], EC 2.5.1.82, and of tritrans,polycis-undecaprenyl-diphosphate synthase [geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific], EC 2.5.1.89
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase from Aeropyrum pernix that has anomalous substrate specificity, due to the fact that only dimethylallyl diphosphate and geranylfarnesyl diphosphate, both of which are unusual substrates for known cis-prenyltransferases, are likely available as an allylic primer substrate for the archaeal enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme is a cis-prenyltransferas, determination of substrate specificity, product chain-length, and cofactor requirement, overview. The most preferred allylic substrates are farnesyl diphosphate and geranylfarnesyl diphosphate, the main product is UPP, regardless of the substrate. When the ratio of IPP to geranylfarnesyl diphosphate is decreased to 1, the UPP synthase predominately yields shorter C30-45 products. When the ratio is increased to 100, the main product is C60 dodecaprenyl diphosphate. The chain-length of the product of UPP synthase, which determines the structure of the glycosyl carrier lipid, is variable depending on the substrate ratio in the cells of Aeropyrum pernix. A 10fold increase in the substrate ratio results in a significant rise in the production of all-trans-hexaprenyl diphosphate. No activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate. The enzyme also shows the activity of hexaprenyl diphosphate synthase [geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific], EC 2.5.1.82, and of tritrans,polycis-undecaprenyl-diphosphate synthase [geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific], EC 2.5.1.89
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the GGPPS11 protein physically interacts with enzymes that use GGPP for the production of carotenoids, chlorophylls, tocopherols, phylloquinone, and plastoquinone
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the GGPPS11 protein physically interacts with enzymes that use GGPP for the production of carotenoids, chlorophylls, tocopherols, phylloquinone, and plastoquinone
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-
?
additional information
?
-
the GGPPS11 protein physically interacts with enzymes that use GGPP for the production of carotenoids, chlorophylls, tocopherols, phylloquinone, and plastoquinone
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from Catharanthus roseus catalyses the formation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate via three successive condensation reactions, exhibiting the activities of EC 2.5.1.1, EC 2.5.1.10, and EC 2.5.1.29
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from Catharanthus roseus catalyses the formation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate via three successive condensation reactions, exhibiting the activities of EC 2.5.1.1, EC 2.5.1.10, and EC 2.5.1.29
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase catalyzes the condensation of the non-allylic diphosphate, isopentenyl diphosphate, with allylic diphosphates to generate a C20 prenyl chain
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase catalyzes the condensation of the non-allylic diphosphate, isopentenyl diphosphate, with allylic diphosphates to generate a C20 prenyl chain
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme also shows the activity of EC 2.5.1.1 and EC 2.5.1.10, with substrate dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate or geranyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, respectively. IdsA shows the highest catalytic efficiency with dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme also shows the activity of EC 2.5.1.1 and EC 2.5.1.10, with substrate dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate or geranyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, respectively. The catalytic efficiency of CrtE is highest with geranyl diphosphate and IPP
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme also shows the activity of EC 2.5.1.1 and EC 2.5.1.10, with substrate dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate or geranyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, respectively. IdsA shows the highest catalytic efficiency with dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme also shows the activity of EC 2.5.1.1 and EC 2.5.1.10, with substrate dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate or geranyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, respectively. The catalytic efficiency of CrtE is highest with geranyl diphosphate and IPP
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase catalyzes the sequential condensation of isopentenyl diphosphates with the allylic substrates dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), geranyl diphosphate (GPP), or both to produce geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP)
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme substrate specificity in reactions using 3-alkyl analogues of isopentenyl diphosphate as substrate, overview. No activity with 3-butylbut-3-enyl diphosphate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
large subunit alone shows geranyl diphosphate synthase activity, producing geranyl diphosphate, farnesyl diphosphate, and geranylgeranyl diphosphate from dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate in vitro
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
large subunit alone shows geranyl diphosphate synthase activity, producing geranyl diphosphate, farnesyl diphosphate, and geranylgeranyl diphosphate from dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate in vitro
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
GGPPS1 is involved in the biosynthesis of defence secretion
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
GGPPS1 is involved in the biosynthesis of defence secretion
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
GGPPS1 is involved in the biosynthesis of defence secretion
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
GGPPS1 is involved in the biosynthesis of defence secretion
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
GGPPS1 is involved in the biosynthesis of defence secretion, terpene biosynthetic pathway in termite soldiers, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
GGPPS1 is involved in the biosynthesis of defence secretion, terpene biosynthetic pathway in termite soldiers, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
GGPPS1 is involved in the biosynthesis of defence secretion, terpene biosynthetic pathway in termite soldiers, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
GGPPS1 is involved in the biosynthesis of defence secretion, terpene biosynthetic pathway in termite soldiers, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
silencing geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in Nicotiana attenuata dramatically impairs resistance to tobacco hornworm. 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpenoid glycosides or other minor undetected diterpenoids derived from geranylgeranyl diphosphate function as direct defenses for Nicotiana attenuata and are more potent than nicotine or trypsin protease inhibitors against attack by hornworm larvae
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
a bifunctional enzyme farnesyl diphosphate/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase exists in Plasmodium falciparum
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
a bifunctional enzyme farnesyl diphosphate/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase exists in Plasmodium falciparum
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
product identification by thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
product identification by thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS/GGPPS) is a key branchpoint enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
a bifunctional enzyme farnesyl diphosphate/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase exists in Plasmodium falciparum
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
product identification by thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS/GGPPS) is a key branchpoint enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
emission of the GGPP-derived volatile terpenoid (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene correlates with expression of GGPS1
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
emission of the GGPP-derived volatile terpenoid (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene correlates with expression of GGPS1
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the bifunctional enzyme is encoded by two clones of different lengths, exhibiting different preferences in farnesyl diphosphate synthesis and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthesis, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the bifunctional enzyme is encoded by two clones of different lengths, exhibiting different preferences in farnesyl diphosphate synthesis and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthesis, overview
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranyl diphosphate
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
bifunctional enzyme EC2.5.1.29/EC2.5.1.10, the FPP/GGPP product ratio increases with the rise of the reaction temperature. The enzyme contributes to adjust the membrane composition to the cell growth temperature modulating its substrate and product specificities
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
additional information
?
-
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme catalyze the sequential head-to-tail addition of three C5 molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate to dimethylallyl diphosphate with the concomitant release of pyrophosphate. Under environmental stresses, Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates large amounts of carotenoids. Scale of carotenoid biosynthesis depends on availability of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate precursor, which is supplied by GGPP synthase through sequential 1'-4 condensation of three isopentenyl pyrophosphates into dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of cyclooctatin
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of cyclooctatin
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
biosynthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a precursor for the ether-linked lipids
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
biosynthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a precursor for the ether-linked lipids
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme is involved in Cyanobacterial terpenoid biosynthesis
-
-
?
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme is involved in Cyanobacterial terpenoid biosynthesis
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
in vitro, but not in vivo activity. In vivo, enzyme displays geranyl diphosphate synthase activity, EC 2.5.1.1
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the expression level of the active GGPS is at least regulated through the splicing of intron 4b of its gene
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
inducible by methyl jasmonate. The product geranylgeranyl diphosphate is a key precursor for diterpenes and, in particular, Taxol, one of the most potent antitumor drugs
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
preferred allylic substrate
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
no activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
no activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
enzyme regulates taxane biosynthesis
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
66% of activity with geranyl diphosphate
-
-
?
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
bifunctional enzyme EC2.5.1.29/EC2.5.1.10, the FPP/GGPP product ratio increases with the rise of the reaction temperature. The enzyme contributes to adjust the membrane composition to the cell growth temperature modulating its substrate and product specificities
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
0.3% of the activity with farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
preferred substrate
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
less than 5% of the activity with farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
9% of the activity with farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
-
low activity
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 diphosphate
33% of activity with geranyl diphosphate
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
dimethylallyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranyl diphosphate
the enzyme catalyze the sequential head-to-tail addition of three C5 molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate to dimethylallyl diphosphate with the concomitant release of pyrophosphate. Under environmental stresses, Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates large amounts of carotenoids. Scale of carotenoid biosynthesis depends on availability of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate precursor, which is supplied by GGPP synthase through sequential 1'-4 condensation of three isopentenyl pyrophosphates into dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
3% of the activity with farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
preferred substrate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
less than 5% of the activity with farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
15% of the activity with farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
preferred substrate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 diphosphate
involved in taxol biosynthesis
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + diphosphate
-
in vitro, but not in vivo activity. In vivo,enzyme displays geranyl diphosphate synthase activity, EC 2.5.1.1
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
reaction of EC 2.5.1.10, the enzyme catalyze the sequential head-to-tail addition of three C5 molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate to dimethylallyl diphosphate with the concomitant release of pyrophosphate. Under environmental stresses, Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates large amounts of carotenoids. Scale of carotenoid biosynthesis depends on availability of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate precursor, which is supplied by GGPP synthase through sequential 1'-4 condensation of three isopentenyl pyrophosphates into dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
-
-
?
geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
reaction of EC 2.5.1.10, bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
the enzyme participates in the mevalonate pathway, overview, enzyme inhibition leads to enhanced depletion of intracellular geranylgeranyl diphosphate relative to the nitrogenous bisphosphonate, overview
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
the enzyme takes part in the mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid synthesis, and plays a crucial role in cell survival, overview
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate
diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase from Aeropyrum pernix that has anomalous substrate specificity, due to the fact that only dimethylallyl diphosphate and geranylfarnesyl diphosphate, both of which are unusual substrates for known cis-prenyltransferases, are likely available as an allylic primer substrate for the archaeal enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase from Aeropyrum pernix that has anomalous substrate specificity, due to the fact that only dimethylallyl diphosphate and geranylfarnesyl diphosphate, both of which are unusual substrates for known cis-prenyltransferases, are likely available as an allylic primer substrate for the archaeal enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the GGPPS11 protein physically interacts with enzymes that use GGPP for the production of carotenoids, chlorophylls, tocopherols, phylloquinone, and plastoquinone
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the GGPPS11 protein physically interacts with enzymes that use GGPP for the production of carotenoids, chlorophylls, tocopherols, phylloquinone, and plastoquinone
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the GGPPS11 protein physically interacts with enzymes that use GGPP for the production of carotenoids, chlorophylls, tocopherols, phylloquinone, and plastoquinone
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from Catharanthus roseus catalyses the formation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate via three successive condensation reactions, exhibiting the activities of EC 2.5.1.1, EC 2.5.1.10, and EC 2.5.1.29
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from Catharanthus roseus catalyses the formation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate via three successive condensation reactions, exhibiting the activities of EC 2.5.1.1, EC 2.5.1.10, and EC 2.5.1.29
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase catalyzes the condensation of the non-allylic diphosphate, isopentenyl diphosphate, with allylic diphosphates to generate a C20 prenyl chain
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase catalyzes the condensation of the non-allylic diphosphate, isopentenyl diphosphate, with allylic diphosphates to generate a C20 prenyl chain
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase catalyzes the sequential condensation of isopentenyl diphosphates with the allylic substrates dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), geranyl diphosphate (GPP), or both to produce geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP)
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
GGPPS1 is involved in the biosynthesis of defence secretion
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
GGPPS1 is involved in the biosynthesis of defence secretion
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
GGPPS1 is involved in the biosynthesis of defence secretion
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
GGPPS1 is involved in the biosynthesis of defence secretion
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
GGPPS1 is involved in the biosynthesis of defence secretion, terpene biosynthetic pathway in termite soldiers, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
GGPPS1 is involved in the biosynthesis of defence secretion, terpene biosynthetic pathway in termite soldiers, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
GGPPS1 is involved in the biosynthesis of defence secretion, terpene biosynthetic pathway in termite soldiers, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
GGPPS1 is involved in the biosynthesis of defence secretion, terpene biosynthetic pathway in termite soldiers, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
silencing geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in Nicotiana attenuata dramatically impairs resistance to tobacco hornworm. 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpenoid glycosides or other minor undetected diterpenoids derived from geranylgeranyl diphosphate function as direct defenses for Nicotiana attenuata and are more potent than nicotine or trypsin protease inhibitors against attack by hornworm larvae
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
a bifunctional enzyme farnesyl diphosphate/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase exists in Plasmodium falciparum
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
a bifunctional enzyme farnesyl diphosphate/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase exists in Plasmodium falciparum
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS/GGPPS) is a key branchpoint enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
a bifunctional enzyme farnesyl diphosphate/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase exists in Plasmodium falciparum
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS/GGPPS) is a key branchpoint enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
emission of the GGPP-derived volatile terpenoid (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene correlates with expression of GGPS1
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
emission of the GGPP-derived volatile terpenoid (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene correlates with expression of GGPS1
-
-
?
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((((6E,11E)-9-((((S)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-yl)oxy)((pivaloyloxy)methoxy)phosphoryl)-2,6,12,16-tetramethylheptadeca-2,6,11,15-tetraen-9-yl)phosphoryl)bis(oxy))bis(methylene)bis(2,2-dimethylpropanoate)
-
((((E)-1((((S)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-yl)oxy)((pialoxy)methoxy)phosphoryl)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dien-1-yl)phosphoryl)bis(oxy))bis(methylene)bis(2,2-dimethylpropanoate)
-
((((E)-2-((((R)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-yl)oxy)((pivaloyloxy)methoxy)phosphoryl)-5,9-dimethyldeca-4,8-dien-2-yl)phosphoryl)bis(oxy))bis(methylene)bis(2,2-dimethylpropanoate)
-
((((E)-2-((((S)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-yl)oxy)((pivaloyloxy)methoxy)phosphoryl)-5,9-dimethyldeca-4,8-dien-2-yl)phosphoryl)bis(oxy))bis(methylene)bis(2,2-dimethylpropanoate)
-
((((E)-4-((((S)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-yl)oxy)((pivaloyloxy)methoxy)phosphoryl)-7,11-dimethyldodeca-1,6,10-trien-4-yl)phosphoryl)bis(oxy))bis(methylene)bis(2,2-dimethylpropanoate)
-
((((E)-5-((((S)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-yl)oxy)((pivaloyloxy)methoxy)phosphoryl)-2,8,12-trimethyltrideca-2,7,11-trien-5-yl)phosphoryl)bis(oxy))bis(methylene)bis(2,2-dimethylpropanoate)
-
(((2-(3-((3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis-(phosphonic acid)
-
(((2-(3-((4-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
-
(((2-(3-(4-fluorobenzamido)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
-
-
(((2-(3-(4-methoxybenzamido)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
-
(((2-(3-(4-methylbenzamido)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
-
(((2-(3-(phenylcarbamoyl)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
-
(((2-(3-benzamidophenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
-
(2-[1-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid)
-
a mixture of olefin isomers
(2-[1-[(3E)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dien-1-yl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid)
identification of a potent triazole bisphosphonate inhibitor of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase with very good selectivity for this enzyme over farnesyl diphosphate synthase. This compound also potently disrupts geranylgeranylation and induces cytotoxicity in human myeloma cells at submicromolar levels, suggesting that it may serve as a lead compound for treatment of malignancies characterized by excessive protein secretion
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
the enzyme shows substrate inhibition by its FPP substrate at low IPP concentration, suggesting the existence of a mechanism that may regulate intracellular FPP pools
(2E,6E)-farnesyl-bis(phosphonic acid)
-
both inhibition of in vitro reaction as well as of cellular geranylgeranylation
(2E,6E)-farnesyl-geranyl-bis(phosphonic acid)
-
both inhibition of in vitro reaction as well as of cellular geranylgeranylation
(2E,6Z)-farnesyl-bis(phosphonic acid)
-
both inhibition of in vitro reaction as well as of cellular geranylgeranylation
(3E,7Z)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1-phosphonitotrideca-3,7,11-trienylphosphonate
-
-
(3S)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-yl trimethyl [(6E)-2,6-dimethyldeca-2,6-diene-9,9-diyl]bis(phosphonate)
-
(3Z,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1-phosphonitotrideca-3,7,11-trienylphosphonate
-
-
(3Z,7Z)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1-phosphonitotrideca-3,7,11-trienylphosphonate
-
-
(4aR,10aS)-4a-[5-(4-bromophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-5,6-dihydroxy-1,1-dimethyl-7-(propan-2-yl)-2,3,4,4a,10,10a-hexahydrophenanthren-9(1H)-one
-
(4aR,10aS)-4a-[5-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-5,6-dihydroxy-1,1-dimethyl-7-(propan-2-yl)-2,3,4,4a,10,10a-hexahydrophenanthren-9(1H)-one
-
(4bR,8aS)-4b-(5-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-8,8-dimethyl-2-(propan-2-yl)-5,6,7,8,8a,9-hexahydrophenanthrene-3,4,10(4bH)-trione
-
(4bR,8aS)-4b-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-8,8-dimethyl-2-(propan-2-yl)-5,6,7,8,8a,9-hexahydrophenanthrene-3,4,10(4bH)-trione
-
(4bR,8aS)-4b-(5-[(1S)-1-[(hydroxymethyl)amino]ethyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-8,8-dimethyl-2-(propan-2-yl)-4b,5,6,7,8,8a,9,10-octahydrophenanthrene-3,4-diol
-
(6Z,11E)-2,6,12,16-tetramethylheptadeca-2,6,11,15-tetraene-9,9-diyldiphosphonate
-
-
(6Z,11Z)-2,6,12,16-tetramethylheptadeca-2,6,11,15-tetraene-9,9-diyldiphosphonate
-
-
(E)-(2-(1-((3-methyl-3-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)oxiran-2-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonate)
-
-
(E)-(2-(1-(3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonate)
-
-
(E)-dimethyl (4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dien-1-yl)phosphonate
-
(E)-methyl (4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dien-1-yl)phosphonochloridate
-
(E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate
(R)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-yl methyl ((E)-1-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dien-1-yl)phosphonate
-
(R)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-yl methyl ((E)-2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)-5,9-dimethyldeca-4,8-dien-2-yl)phosphonate
-
(R)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-yl methyl ((E)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dien-1-yl)phosphonate
-
(S)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-yl methyl ((6E,11E)-9-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)-2,6,12,16-tetramethylheptadeca-2,6,11,15-tetraen-9-yl)phosphonate
-
(S)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-yl methyl ((E)-1-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dien-1-yl)phosphonate
-
(S)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-yl methyl ((E)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dien-1-yl)phosphonate
-
(S)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-yl methyl ((E)-4-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)-7,11-dimethyldodeca-1,6,10-trien-4-yl)phosphonate
-
(S)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-yl methyl ((E)-5-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)-2,8,12-trimethyltrideca-2,7,11-trien-5-yl)phosphonate
-
(Z)-(2-(1-((3-methyl-3-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)oxiran-2-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonate)digeranyl bisphosphonate
-
cell treatment with inhibitor DGBP results in the accumulation of unmodified Rap1a and Rab6
(Z)-(2-(1-(3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonate)
-
-
(Z)-2,8,12-trimethyltrideca-2,7,11-triene-5,5-diyldiphosphonate
-
-
(Z,E,E)-Geranylgeranyl diphosphate
1-hydroxydecane-1,1-bisphosphonate
-
IC50: 720 nM
12-hydroxy-11,20-epoxyabieta-8(14),9(11),12-trien-20-one
-
2-[11,12-dihydroxy-20-oxoabieta-8(14),9(11),12-trien-20-yl]hydrazine-1-carboxamide
-
3-azafarnesyl diphosphate
-
0.00074 mM, 50% inhibition
3-azageranyl diphosphate
-
0.24 mM, 50% inhibition
3-azageranylgeranyl diphosphate
3-azahomofarnesyl diphosphate
-
0.00031 mM, 50% inhibition
3-azahomogeranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
0.00037 mM, 50% inhibition
4-[(5-[[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-oxopiperazin-1-yl]methyl]-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]benzonitrile
-
a dual prenyl transferase inhibitor that has advanced to clinical trials
6,20-epoxyabieta-8,13-diene-7,11,12,20-tetrone
-
7,20-epoxyabieta-8,13-diene-11,12-dione
-
Aminophenylethyl diphosphate
-
-
bis[(6E)-2,6-dimethylnona-2,6-diene-9,9-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid)
-
both inhibition of in vitro reaction as well as of cellular geranylgeranylation
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-(5-methylhex-4-enamido)propyl)phosphonate
-
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienamido]propyl)phosphonate
-
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-[(2Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienamido]propyl)phosphonate
-
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-[(3R)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-enamido]propyl)phosphonate
-
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-[(3S)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-enamido]propyl)phosphonate
-
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-[(3Z)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dienamido]propyl)phosphonate
-
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-[(4E)-5,9-dimethyldeca-4,8-dienamido]propyl)phosphonate
-
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-[(4Z)-5,9-dimethyldeca-4,8-dienamido]propyl)phosphonate
-
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-[3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienamido]propyl)phosphonate
-
geranylgeranyl diphosphate
homorisedronate
-
i.e. NE58051, 0.41 mM, 50% inhibition
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
K+
-
inhibitory at 50-400 mM
Li+
-
400 mM, 72% inhibition, slight activation at 50 mM
methyl 11,12-dihydroxy-7-(phenylsulfanyl)abieta-8(14),9(11),12-trien-20-oate
-
methyl 11,12-dihydroxy-7-methoxyabieta-8(14),9(11),12-trien-20-oate
-
methyl 11,12-dihydroxy-7-oxoabieta-8(14),9(11),12-trien-20-oate
-
methyl 11,12-dihydroxyabieta-8(14),9(11),12-trien-20-oate
-
methyl 7-[(2-hydroxyethyl)sulfanyl]-11,12-dioxoabieta-8,13-dien-20-oate
-
MMV019313
the inhibitor is highly selective for Plasmodium falciparum FPPS/GGPPS and shows no activity against human farnesyl diphosphate synthase or geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. Inhibition of the bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase by MMV019313, but not bisphosphonates, is disrupted in an S228T variant, demonstrating that MMV019313 and bisphosphonates have distinct modes-of-inhibition. Inhibition occurs via a new small molecule binding site
Mn2+
required, activates up to 5 mM, inhibitory above 5 mM
N-([5-[(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)amino]-2'-methylbiphenyl-2-yl]carbonyl)-L-leucine
-
-
N-acetyl-S-((4aR,10aS)-5,6-dihydroxy-7-isopropyl-4a-(methoxycarbonyl)-1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthren-9-yl)-L-cysteine
-
N-benzyl-11,12-dihydroxyabieta-8(14),9(11),12-trien-20-amide
-
N-cycloheptyl-11,12-dihydroxyabieta-8(14),9(11),12-trien-20-amide
-
N-[3-(1-azepanyl)propyl]-5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]quinoline-2-carboxamide
i.e. MMV019313. The non-bisphosphonate compound, MMV019313, which is highly selective for the bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase shows no activity against human farnesyl diphosphate synthase and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase enzymes
N-[methyl(4-phenylbutyl)]-3-aminopropyl-1-hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonate
the bisphosphonate binds only to the GGPP product inhibitory site
NH4+
-
20 mM, 20% inhibition
nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates
-
nitrogeneous biphosphonates
-
-
-
p-chloromercuribenzoate
-
1 mM, 90% inhibition, 30% inhibition in the presence of 800 mM KCl
RAM2061
in vivo evaluation of isoprenoid triazole bisphosphonate inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase shows that RAM2061 has a higher maximum tolerated dose and lower hepatic drug levels across multiple time points after injection compared with the same dose of the homogeranyl isomer RAM2093
RAM2093
in vivo evaluation of isoprenoid triazole bisphosphonate inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase shows that RAM2061 has a higher maximum tolerated dose and lower hepatic drug levels across multiple time points after injection compared with the same dose of the homogeranyl isomer RAM2093
tert-butyl [(1S)-1-[5-[(4aR,10aS)-5,6-dihydroxy-1,1-dimethyl-7-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydrophenanthren-4a(2H)-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]ethyl]carbamate
-
Triton X-100
-
stimulates farnesyl-transferring activity, inhibits dimethylallyl-transferring activity
VSW1198
potent GGDPS inhibitor, a mixture of homogeranyl/homoneryl triazole bisphosphonates
[(6E)-2,6-dimethyl-10-[1-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]deca-2,6-diene-9,9-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid)
-
[(6E,11E)-2,6,12,16-tetramethylheptadeca-2,6,11,15-tetraene-9,9-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid)
[([6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]amino)methylene]bis(phosphonic acid)
-
[1-hydroxy-2-(1,1':4',1''-terphenyl-3-yl)ethane-1,1-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid)
-
-
[1-hydroxy-2-(3-pyridinyl)ethylidene]bisphosphonic acid
-
a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate
[1-hydroxy-2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethane-1,1-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid)
-
-
[2-[1-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]ethane-1,1-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid)
-
[[(2-phenylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]methylene]bis(phosphonic acid)
-
[[(5,6-dihydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]methylene]bis(phosphonic acid)
-
[[(6-phenylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]methylene]bis(phosphonic acid)
-
(E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
0.005 mM, 50% inhibition, competitive vs. farnesyl diphosphate
(E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
(Z,E,E)-Geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
0.005 mM, approx. 50% inhibition, competitive vs. farnesyl diphosphate
(Z,E,E)-Geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
3-azageranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
3-azageranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
0.00014 mM, 50% inhibition
3-azageranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
0.0009 mM, 90% inhibition
digeranyl bisphosphonate
-
IC50: 200 nM
digeranyl bisphosphonate
-
-
digeranyl bisphosphonate
-
inhibition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase induces apoptosis through multiple mechanisms and displays synergy with inhibition of other isoprenoid biosynthetic enzymes
digeranyl bisphosphonate
-
decreased intracellular GGPP levels in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts leading to impaired Rap1a geranylgeranylation. DGBP inhibits matrix mineralization in the MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts
diphosphate
-
10 mM, 97% inhibition
diphosphate
-
10 mM, complete inhibition
diphosphate
-
10 mM, more than 90% inhibition
EDTA
complete inhibition
farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
farnesyl diphosphate
-
above 0.025 mM
geranylgeranyl diphosphate
the enzyme shows product inhibition
geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
competitive product inhibition
geranylgeranyl diphosphate
-
-
ibandronate
-
0.083 mM, 50% inhibition
ibandronate
-
a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate
nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates
-
-
-
nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates
-
Plasmodium vivax GGPP synthase can bind nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates strongly with the energetically favorable cooperation of three Mg2+, resulting in inhibition at IC50 concentrations below 100 nM. The aspartates at the start and end of the five-residue motif, the second aspartate-rich motif, in Plasmodium vivax GGPPSs both participate in the coordination of the third Mg2+
-
nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates
bind to the A-site, structure, overview
-
pamidronate
-
0.18 mM, 50% inhibition
risedronate
-
i.e. NE58095, 0.35 mM, 50% inhibition
risedronate
competitive inhibitor
zoledronate
-
weak inhibition, IC50: 0.1 mM, above
zoledronate
-
a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate
[(6E,11E)-2,6,12,16-tetramethylheptadeca-2,6,11,15-tetraene-9,9-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid)
-
-
[(6E,11E)-2,6,12,16-tetramethylheptadeca-2,6,11,15-tetraene-9,9-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid)
-
additional information
-
inhibition by irradiation with the photolabile analog of geranyl diphosphate
-
additional information
-
geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase is inhibited by a variety of bisphosphonates
-
additional information
-
potency and specificity of bisphosphonate enzyme inhibitors
-
additional information
-
GGDPS inhibitors versus geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitors in cancer therapy, overview. The use of GGDPS inhibitors, thereby blocking prenylation of both sets of geranylgeranylated proteins, may be more effective than targeting either set alone through the use of a geranylgeranyl transferase I inhibitor or a geranylgeranyl transferase II inhibitor (such as the phosphonocarboxylate 3-PEHPC); statins inhibit the enzyme indirectly through feedback inhibition via inhibition of the first and rate-limiting step of isoprenoid biosynthesis, namely, conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate by HMG-CoA reductase. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate depletion (and consequently geranylgeranylation) is strongly linked to statin-induced apoptosis in several models. In endothelial cells, statins potentiate tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated apoptosis by blocking rhoA geranylgeranylation
-
additional information
-
evaluation of geranyl and neryl triazole bisphosphonates as inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, overview. Stereoselective synthesis of these triazoles through the use of epoxy azides for the cycloaddition reaction followed by regeneration of the desired olefin, a Z-olefin isomer is a potent and selective inhibitor of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase
-
additional information
pivaloyloxymethyl prodrugs of several compounds based on a motif , prepared with one isoprenoid chain on the alpha-carbon, a second included as a phosphonate ester, and the potential for a third at the alpha-carbon, are prepared and the resulting compounds are tested for their ability to disrupt protein geranylgeranylation and induce cytotoxicity in myeloma cells. The enzyme GGDPS inhibition demonstrate a structurefunction relationship which is dependent on the nature of the alkyl group at the alpha-carbon. Cytotoxicity of the compounds in myeloma cells, overview
-
additional information
geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) inhibitors are of potential therapeutic interest as a consequence of their activity against the bone marrow cancer multiple myeloma
-
additional information
-
monovalent cations at low concentrations, i.e. 50 mM, enhance activity, at high concentrations, i.e. 400 mM, they are inhibitory, except for K+
-
additional information
the enzyme is inhibited by nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates
-
additional information
-
the enzyme is inhibited by nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates
-
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0.00061 - 0.275
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
0.0014 - 0.0044
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate
0.00095 - 0.39
dimethylallyl diphosphate
0.0005 - 0.121
farnesyl diphosphate
0.00072 - 0.022
geranyl diphosphate
0.0003 - 0.267
isopentenyl diphosphate
0.0004 - 0.055
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
additional information
additional information
-
0.00061
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant N101A/Y105A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0018
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 5.8, 55°C, wild-type enzyme
0.0021
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
pH 7.5, 37°C, recombinant enzyme, with isopentenyl diphosphate
0.0025
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant H139A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0037
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
wild-type enzyme, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0037
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant M111A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0055
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant N104A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.006
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 30°C, recombinant His-tagged enzyme
0.0063
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant N101A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0073
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.7, 37°C, recombinant PvGGPPS
0.0077
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant Y105A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0089
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant R140A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.009
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant M111E, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0146
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant M111F, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0153
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant N101A/N104A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.019
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
pH 7.2, 20°C
0.02
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 30°C, recombinant His-tagged enzyme
0.0467
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant N104A/Y105A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.187
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
fixed substrate: isopentenyl diphosphate, enzyme EuFPS2, pH 7.0, 25°C
0.275
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
fixed substrate: isopentenyl diphosphate, enzyme EuFPS1, pH 7.0, 25°C
0.0014
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant DELTA1-7, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0019
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant DELTA1-9, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0024
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant L8G, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0026
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant DELTA1-8, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0028
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant E7G/L8G, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0031
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant L8G/I9G, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0032
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate
wild-type, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0036
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant I9G, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0043
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant DELTA1-6, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0044
(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate
mutant E7G, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.00095
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
0.002
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
0.0032
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.7, 37°C, recombinant PvGGPPS
0.0065
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
pH 5.8, 55°C, wild-type enzyme
0.008
dimethylallyl diphosphate
pH 7.2, 20°C
0.0082
dimethylallyl diphosphate
fixed substrate: isopentenyl diphosphate, enzyme EuFPS2, pH 7.0, 25°C
0.0095
dimethylallyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 70°C
0.0115
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
0.0127
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
0.0155
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
GGPPS2
0.0168
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
0.0195
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
cosubstrate geranyl diphosphate, GGPPS2
0.0197
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
cosubstrate geranyl diphosphate, GGPPS1
0.0201
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
cosubstrate farnesyl diphosphate, GGPPS2
0.0228
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
GGPPS1
0.023
dimethylallyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 90°C
0.0277
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
cosubstrate farnesyl diphosphate, GGPPS1
0.029
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
heterodimer of geranyl phosphate synthase small subunit of Antirrhinum majus with Nicotiana tabacum geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase GGPPS2
0.029
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
heterodimer of GGPPS2 with geranyl phosphate synthase small subunit of Antirrhinum majus
0.0309
dimethylallyl diphosphate
fixed substrate: isopentenyl diphosphate, enzyme EuFPS1, pH 7.0, 25°C
0.033
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
0.0589
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
heterodimer of geranyl phosphate synthase small subunit of Antirrhinum majus with Nicotiana tabacum geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase GGPPS2
0.0589
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
heterodimer of GGPPS1 with geranyl phosphate synthase small subunit of Antirrhinum majus
0.062
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
0.066
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
0.068
dimethylallyl diphosphate
pH 7.5, 37°C, recombinant enzyme, with isopentenyl diphosphate
0.099
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
A57L mutant enzyme
0.127
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
-
0.39
dimethylallyl diphosphate
-
0.0005
farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
0.00074
farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
0.0012
farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
0.0017
farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
0.0017
farnesyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 70°C
0.0019
farnesyl diphosphate
-
0.00246
farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
0.0026
farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
0.006
farnesyl diphosphate
recombinant enzyme
0.00678
farnesyl diphosphate
-
0.0094
farnesyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 90°C
0.011
farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
0.0147
farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
0.0288
farnesyl diphosphate
-
GGPPS1
0.0532
farnesyl diphosphate
-
GGPPS2
0.06
farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
0.121
farnesyl diphosphate
-
-
0.00072
geranyl diphosphate
-
pH 5.8, 55°C, wild-type enzyme
0.0008
geranyl diphosphate
-
-
0.001
geranyl diphosphate
-
-
0.0019
geranyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.7, 37°C, recombinant PvGGPPS
0.0022
geranyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 70°C
0.00234
geranyl diphosphate
-
0.00236
geranyl diphosphate
-
GGPPS2
0.00363
geranyl diphosphate
-
GGPPS1
0.0077
geranyl diphosphate
-
-
0.0078
geranyl diphosphate
pH 7.5, 37°C, recombinant enzyme, with isopentenyl diphosphate
0.009
geranyl diphosphate
-
-
0.0097
geranyl diphosphate
fixed substrate: isopentenyl diphosphate, enzyme EuFPS1, pH 7.0, 25°C
0.011
geranyl diphosphate
fixed substrate: isopentenyl diphosphate, enzyme EuFPS2, pH 7.0, 25°C
0.012
geranyl diphosphate
pH 7.2, 20°C
0.0126
geranyl diphosphate
-
-
0.0133
geranyl diphosphate
-
-
0.022
geranyl diphosphate
pH 8.0, 90°C
0.0003
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant E7G/L8G, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.000361
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 5.8, 55°C, wild-type enzyme
0.0004
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant DELTA1-7, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0004
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant E7G, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0005
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant DELTA1-8, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0005
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant L8G, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0006
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant DELTA1-6, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0006
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant L8G/I9G, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.00061
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant N101A/Y105A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0007
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant I9G, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0008
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme
0.0008
isopentenyl diphosphate
wild-type, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.00081
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 7.5, 37°C, recombinant enzyme, with geranyl diphosphate
0.0014
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant DELTA1-9, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0015
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
-
0.0017
isopentenyl diphosphate
wild-type enzyme, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.002
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
-
0.002
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 7.5, 37°C, recombinant enzyme, with dimethylallyl diphosphate
0.0024
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 7.5, 37°C, recombinant enzyme, with (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
0.0025
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant M111A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0026
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant Y105A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0027
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant F108A
0.0029
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.0, 37°C, wild-type enzyme
0.003
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
-
0.003
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.7, 37°C, recombinant enzyme
0.0033
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant Y107A/F108A
0.0035
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
-
0.0045
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant R140A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0047
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant Y107A
0.005
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 30°C, recombinant His-tagged enzyme
0.0051
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant H139A
0.0051
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.0, 37°C, carboxy-terminal deletion mutant DELTA-4
0.0051
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant H139A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0055
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant N104A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0066
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant M111E, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.007
isopentenyl diphosphate
recombinant enzyme
0.008
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
cosubstrate dimethylallyl diphosphate at 0.175 mM
0.008
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 30°C, recombinant His-tagged enzyme
0.0081
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant N104A/Y105A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0084
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.7, 37°C, recombinant PvGGPPS
0.009
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
-
0.0093
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
heterodimer of geranyl phosphate synthase small subunit of Antirrhinum majus with Nicotiana tabacum geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase GGPPS1
0.0093
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
heterodimer of GGPPS1 with geranyl phosphate synthase small subunit of Antirrhinum majus
0.0113
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant M111F, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0146
isopentenyl diphosphate
fixed substrate: dimethylallyl diphosphate, enzyme EuFPS2, pH 7.0, 25°C
0.017
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant L135A/H139A
0.0202
isopentenyl diphosphate
fixed substrate: farnesyl diphosphate, enzyme EuFPS2, pH 7.0, 25°C
0.0206
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
GGPPS1
0.0206
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
GGPPS2
0.0206
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
heterodimer of geranyl phosphate synthase small subunit of Antirrhinum majus with Nicotiana tabacum geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase GGPPS1
0.0206
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
heterodimer of GGPPS2 with geranyl phosphate synthase small subunit of Antirrhinum majus
0.024
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
0.028
isopentenyl diphosphate
fixed substrate: farnesyl diphosphate, enzyme EuFPS1, pH 7.0, 25°C
0.0292
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant N101A/N104A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0298
isopentenyl diphosphate
fixed substrate: dimethylallyl diphosphate, enzyme EuFPS1, pH 7.0, 25°C
0.0302
isopentenyl diphosphate
fixed substrate: dimethylallyl diphosphate, enzyme EuFPS2, pH 7.0, 25°C
0.0308
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
-
0.033
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
-
0.036
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
-
0.036
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
cosubstrate farnesyl diphosphate
0.0381
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
0.039
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
cosubstrate farnesyl diphosphate
0.039
isopentenyl diphosphate
pH 7.2, 20°C
0.048
isopentenyl diphosphate
mutant N101A, pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0483
isopentenyl diphosphate
fixed substrate: dimethylallyl diphosphate, enzyme EuFPS1, pH 7.0, 25°C
0.051
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant Y107A/F108A/L135A/H139A
0.056
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.0, 37°C, carboxy-terminal deletion mutant DELTA-8
0.088
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
cosubstrate dimethylallyl diphosphate
0.097
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant Y107A/F108A/H139A
0.108
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
cosubstrate dimethylallyl diphosphate
0.122
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
cosubstrate geranyl diphosphate
0.136
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant F108A/H139A
0.267
isopentenyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant Y107A/H139A
0.0034
Mg2+
-
-
0.035
Mg2+
recombinant enzyme
0.0004
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant Y107A/F108A/H139A
0.00071
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.0, 37°C, wild-type enzyme
0.001
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant Y107A/F108A/L135A/H139A
0.0011
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant Y107A/H139A
0.0017
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant Y107A
0.002
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.0, 37°C, carboxy-terminal deletion mutant DELTA-4
0.0021
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant F108A
0.0025
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant H139A
0.0026
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant Y107A/F108A
0.0027
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant L135A/H139A
0.0028
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.0, 37°C, carboxy-terminal deletion mutant DELTA-8
0.0032
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme
0.0042
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.7, 37°C, recombinant enzyme
0.0051
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.5, 25°C, recombinant mutant F108A/H139A
0.055
trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate
-
pH 7.0, 37°C, carboxy-terminal deletion mutant DELTA-12
additional information
additional information
-
kinetics of wild-type and mutant enzymes
-
additional information
additional information
Michaelis-Menten kinetics
-
additional information
additional information
-
Michaelis-Menten kinetics
-
additional information
additional information
Michaelis-Menten kinetics
-
additional information
additional information
-
Michaelis-Menten kinetics
-
additional information
additional information
-
steady-state kinetics, recombinant enzyme
-
additional information
additional information
-
kinetic constants of mutant enzymes
-
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0.086
(((2-(3-((3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis-(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication, wild-type enzyme
75
(((2-(3-((4-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
0.042
(((2-(3-(4-fluorobenzamido)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication, wild-type enzyme
-
0.085
(((2-(3-(4-methoxybenzamido)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
0.1
(((2-(3-(4-methylbenzamido)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
0.049
(((2-(3-(phenylcarbamoyl)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
0.064
(((2-(3-benzamidophenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
0.0022
(2-[1-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
-
pH 7.7, 22°C
0.000045
(2-[1-[(3E)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dien-1-yl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.0001
(2E,6E)-farnesyl-bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
-
pH 7.5, 37°C
0.0003
(2E,6E)-farnesyl-geranyl-bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
-
pH 7.5, 37°C
0.0006
(2E,6Z)-farnesyl-bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
-
pH 7.5, 37°C
0.0006
(3E,7Z)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1-phosphonitotrideca-3,7,11-trienylphosphonate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.04
(3Z,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1-phosphonitotrideca-3,7,11-trienylphosphonate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.07
(3Z,7Z)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1-phosphonitotrideca-3,7,11-trienylphosphonate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.04
(4aR,10aS)-4a-[5-(4-bromophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-5,6-dihydroxy-1,1-dimethyl-7-(propan-2-yl)-2,3,4,4a,10,10a-hexahydrophenanthren-9(1H)-one
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.0494
(4aR,10aS)-4a-[5-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-5,6-dihydroxy-1,1-dimethyl-7-(propan-2-yl)-2,3,4,4a,10,10a-hexahydrophenanthren-9(1H)-one
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.0123
(4bR,8aS)-4b-(5-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-8,8-dimethyl-2-(propan-2-yl)-5,6,7,8,8a,9-hexahydrophenanthrene-3,4,10(4bH)-trione
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.0109
(4bR,8aS)-4b-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-8,8-dimethyl-2-(propan-2-yl)-5,6,7,8,8a,9-hexahydrophenanthrene-3,4,10(4bH)-trione
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.0432
(4bR,8aS)-4b-(5-[(1S)-1-[(hydroxymethyl)amino]ethyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-8,8-dimethyl-2-(propan-2-yl)-4b,5,6,7,8,8a,9,10-octahydrophenanthrene-3,4-diol
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.006
(6Z,11E)-2,6,12,16-tetramethylheptadeca-2,6,11,15-tetraene-9,9-diyldiphosphonate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.003
(6Z,11Z)-2,6,12,16-tetramethylheptadeca-2,6,11,15-tetraene-9,9-diyldiphosphonate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.023
(E)-(2-(1-((3-methyl-3-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)oxiran-2-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonate)
Homo sapiens
-
pH 7.7, 22°C
0.017
(E)-(2-(1-(3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonate)
Homo sapiens
-
pH 7.7, 22°C
0.017
(Z)-(2-(1-((3-methyl-3-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)oxiran-2-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonate)digeranyl bisphosphonate
Homo sapiens
-
pH 7.7, 22°C
0.00038
(Z)-(2-(1-(3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonate)
Homo sapiens
-
pH 7.7, 22°C
0.007
(Z)-2,8,12-trimethyltrideca-2,7,11-triene-5,5-diyldiphosphonate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.00072
1-hydroxydecane-1,1-bisphosphonate
Homo sapiens
-
IC50: 720 nM
0.0147
12-hydroxy-11,20-epoxyabieta-8(14),9(11),12-trien-20-one
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.0379
2-[11,12-dihydroxy-20-oxoabieta-8(14),9(11),12-trien-20-yl]hydrazine-1-carboxamide
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.0232
6,20-epoxyabieta-8,13-diene-7,11,12,20-tetrone
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.0169
7,20-epoxyabieta-8,13-diene-11,12-dione
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.0002
bis[(6E)-2,6-dimethylnona-2,6-diene-9,9-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
-
pH 7.5, 37°C
0.0002
digeranyl bisphosphonate
0.0144
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-(5-methylhex-4-enamido)propyl)phosphonate
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.0047
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienamido]propyl)phosphonate
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.0377
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-[(2Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienamido]propyl)phosphonate
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.0034
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-[(3R)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-enamido]propyl)phosphonate
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.0054
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-[(3S)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-enamido]propyl)phosphonate
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.0037
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-[(3Z)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dienamido]propyl)phosphonate
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.0008
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-[(4E)-5,9-dimethyldeca-4,8-dienamido]propyl)phosphonate
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.0011
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-[(4Z)-5,9-dimethyldeca-4,8-dienamido]propyl)phosphonate
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.0024
disodium (1-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-3-[3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienamido]propyl)phosphonate
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.0000619
ibandronate
Plasmodium vivax
-
pH 7.7, 37°C, recombinant PvGGPPS
0.0055
methyl 11,12-dihydroxy-7-(phenylsulfanyl)abieta-8(14),9(11),12-trien-20-oate
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.0354
methyl 11,12-dihydroxy-7-methoxyabieta-8(14),9(11),12-trien-20-oate
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.0436
methyl 11,12-dihydroxy-7-oxoabieta-8(14),9(11),12-trien-20-oate
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.0152
methyl 11,12-dihydroxyabieta-8(14),9(11),12-trien-20-oate
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.0459
methyl 7-[(2-hydroxyethyl)sulfanyl]-11,12-dioxoabieta-8,13-dien-20-oate
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.0154
N-acetyl-S-((4aR,10aS)-5,6-dihydroxy-7-isopropyl-4a-(methoxycarbonyl)-1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthren-9-yl)-L-cysteine
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.0378
N-benzyl-11,12-dihydroxyabieta-8(14),9(11),12-trien-20-amide
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.0347
N-cycloheptyl-11,12-dihydroxyabieta-8(14),9(11),12-trien-20-amide
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.000074 - 0.01
risedronate
0.0375
tert-butyl [(1S)-1-[5-[(4aR,10aS)-5,6-dihydroxy-1,1-dimethyl-7-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydrophenanthren-4a(2H)-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]ethyl]carbamate
Homo sapiens
pH 7.5, 23°C
0.0000433 - 0.1
zoledronate
0.00038
[(6E)-2,6-dimethyl-10-[1-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]deca-2,6-diene-9,9-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.43
[(6E,11E)-2,6,12,16-tetramethylheptadeca-2,6,11,15-tetraene-9,9-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid)
1.5
[([6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]amino)methylene]bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication, wild-type enzyme
0.0000475
[1-hydroxy-2-(3-pyridinyl)ethylidene]bisphosphonic acid
Plasmodium vivax
-
pH 7.7, 37°C, recombinant PvGGPPS
0.00043
[2-[1-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]ethane-1,1-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
0.082
[[(2-phenylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]methylene]bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication, wild-type enzyme
0.094
[[(6-phenylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]methylene]bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication, wild-type enzyme
75
(((2-(3-((4-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication, mutant enzyme Y246D
75
(((2-(3-((4-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication, wild-type enzyme
0.085
(((2-(3-(4-methoxybenzamido)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication, mutant enzyme Y246D
0.085
(((2-(3-(4-methoxybenzamido)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication, wild-type enzyme
0.1
(((2-(3-(4-methylbenzamido)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication, mutant enzyme Y246D
0.1
(((2-(3-(4-methylbenzamido)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication, wild-type enzyme
0.049
(((2-(3-(phenylcarbamoyl)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication, mutant enzyme Y246D
0.049
(((2-(3-(phenylcarbamoyl)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication, wild-type enzyme
0.064
(((2-(3-benzamidophenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication, mutant enzyme Y246D
0.064
(((2-(3-benzamidophenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-amino)methylene)bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication, wild-type enzyme
0.0002
digeranyl bisphosphonate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.0002
digeranyl bisphosphonate
Homo sapiens
-
IC50: 200 nM
0.000074
risedronate
Toxoplasma gondii
-
0.0013
risedronate
Plasmodium falciparum
pH 7.5, 37°C, recombinant enzyme, versus FPP/IPP
0.01
risedronate
Plasmodium falciparum
pH 7.5, 37°C, recombinant enzyme, versus GPP/IPP
0.0000433
zoledronate
Plasmodium vivax
-
pH 7.7, 37°C, recombinant PvGGPPS
0.00061
zoledronate
Toxoplasma gondii
-
0.1
zoledronate
Homo sapiens
-
weak inhibition, IC50: 0.1 mM, above
0.43
[(6E,11E)-2,6,12,16-tetramethylheptadeca-2,6,11,15-tetraene-9,9-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication, mutant enzyme Y246D
0.43
[(6E,11E)-2,6,12,16-tetramethylheptadeca-2,6,11,15-tetraene-9,9-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid)
Homo sapiens
pH and temperature not specified in the publication, wild-type enzyme
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drug target
antimalarial drug target
drug target
the enzyme is a target for treating bone resorption diseases and some cancers
evolution
Jc-GGPPS is a member of the polyprenyltransferases with two highly conserved aspartate-rich motifs, and shows high homology to other plant GGPPSs, phylogenetic analysis, overview. Jc-GGPPS has closer relationship with angiosperm plant GGPPSs
evolution
the enzyme from Catharanthus roseus is a plant type II GGPS belonging to the short-chain prenyltransferase subfamily
evolution
Euglena gracilis CrtE belongs to a clade that is distinct from groups of algae and higher plants
evolution
fungi-derived GGPPSs can be divided into three clusters, suggesting there are three types of GGPPSs in fungi. Each type may be responsible for a different metabolism. The three types of GGPPSs from Cordyceps militaris belong to the different clusters separately
evolution
fungi-derived GGPPSs can be divided into three clusters, suggesting there are three types of GGPPSs in fungi. Each type may be responsible for a different metabolism. The three types of GGPPSs from Cordyceps militaris belong to the different clusters separately. Isozyme GGPPS191 contains all five domains highly conserved among prenyltransferases as well as two aspartate-rich DDXX(XX)D motifs in domains II and V, which have been proven essential for prenyltransferase activity
evolution
fungi-derived GGPPSs can be divided into three clusters, suggesting there are three types of GGPPSs in fungi. Each type may be responsible for a different metabolism. The three types of GGPPSs from Cordyceps militaris belong to the different clusters separately. Isozyme GGPPS727 contains all five domains highly conserved among prenyltransferases as well as two aspartate-rich DDXX(XX)D motifs in domains II and V, which have been proven essential for prenyltransferase activity
evolution
-
phylogenetic analysis of characterized and putative prenyltransferases, overview
evolution
-
the enzyme is a member of a group of polyprenyltransferases with five conserved domains and two highly conserved aspartate-rich motifs
evolution
-
Euglena gracilis CrtE belongs to a clade that is distinct from groups of algae and higher plants
-
evolution
-
phylogenetic analysis of characterized and putative prenyltransferases, overview
-
malfunction
-
depletion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate by inhibitor statins leads to accumulation of farnesyl diphosphate, which activates nuclear hormone receptors stimulating osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Statins directly inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the first step of the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway
malfunction
-
crtE overexpression compensates for the lack of IdsA, whereas plasmid-borne overexpression of ispB does not
malfunction
inefficient substrate channeling between Erg20p and Bts1p results in farnesyl diphosphate accumulation, which in turn leads to feedback inhibition or precursor drain through competing reactions (sterol biosynthesis, dephosphorylation, or other)
malfunction
reduced GGPPS11 levels in the ggpps11-5 allele result in pale plants with smaller mesophyll chloroplasts. Levels of chlorophylls (a and b), carotenoids (beta-carotene, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, and lutein) and prenylquinones such as tocopherols (alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol), plastoquinones (plastochromanol-8 and plastoquinone-9) and phylloquinone are significantly reduced in ggpps11-5 seedlings, whereas complemented lines show a metabolite profile similar to that of wild-type controls, phenotype, overview
malfunction
specific deletion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 1 (Ggps1) in lung epithelium during fetal lung development results in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome-like disease. The knockout mice die at postnatal day 1 of respiratory failure, and the lungs show compensatory pneumonectasis, pulmonary atelectasis, and hyaline membranes. Lung malformations in Ggps1-deficient mice result from the failure of fetal lung branching morphogenesis. Ggps1 deletion blocks K-Ras geranylgeranylation and extracellular signal-related kinase 1 or 2/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, which in turn disturbs fibroblast growth factor 10 regulation on fetal lung branching morphogenesis. Ggps1 deficiency inhibits KRas/MAPK signaling, which in turn abrogates FGF10 regulation on fetal lung morphogenesis, phenotype, overview
malfunction
the two T-DNA insertion mutant alleles, ggps1-2 and ggps1-3, result in seedling lethal albino and embryo-lethal phenotypes, respectively. Mutations in geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 1 affect chloroplast development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Temperature-sensitive leaf variegation mutant ggps1-1 is caused by a point mutation. Total chlorophyll and carotenoid levels are reduced in ggps1-1 white tissues as compared with green tissues. The ggps1-1 green sector photosynthetic rate is not elevated relative to wild-type tissues. Chloroplast development in green sectors of mutated leaves appear normal, whereas cells in white sectors contain abnormal plastids with numerous electron translucent bodies and poorly developed internal membranes. Mutant ggps1-1 phenotype, detailed overview
malfunction
yeast geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase becomes an inactive monomer when the first N-terminal helix involved in dimerization is deleted
malfunction
crtE knockout mutants are white, in contrast to the light orange color of the wild-type strains
malfunction
-
direct silencing of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase decreases the carotenoid content
malfunction
knockdown of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibits the migration and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells, but does not affect cell proliferation and apoptosis. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibition significantly increases the expression of E-cadherin and reduces the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin in lung adenocarcinoma cells. In addition, the Rac1/Cdc42 geranylgeranylation is reduced by geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase knockdown
malfunction
the bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS/GGPPS) is a key branchpoint enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis
malfunction
the loss of Ggpps causes disorganized cardiac cytoarchitecture as early as E11.5 by disturbing cell-cell junctions. Ggpps inactivation decreases Rho GTPase geranylgeranylation and their activity, which might account for the disruption of cell-cell junctions
malfunction
-
the bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS/GGPPS) is a key branchpoint enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis
-
malfunction
-
crtE overexpression compensates for the lack of IdsA, whereas plasmid-borne overexpression of ispB does not
-
malfunction
-
specific deletion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 1 (Ggps1) in lung epithelium during fetal lung development results in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome-like disease. The knockout mice die at postnatal day 1 of respiratory failure, and the lungs show compensatory pneumonectasis, pulmonary atelectasis, and hyaline membranes. Lung malformations in Ggps1-deficient mice result from the failure of fetal lung branching morphogenesis. Ggps1 deletion blocks K-Ras geranylgeranylation and extracellular signal-related kinase 1 or 2/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, which in turn disturbs fibroblast growth factor 10 regulation on fetal lung branching morphogenesis. Ggps1 deficiency inhibits KRas/MAPK signaling, which in turn abrogates FGF10 regulation on fetal lung morphogenesis, phenotype, overview
-
malfunction
-
reduced GGPPS11 levels in the ggpps11-5 allele result in pale plants with smaller mesophyll chloroplasts. Levels of chlorophylls (a and b), carotenoids (beta-carotene, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, and lutein) and prenylquinones such as tocopherols (alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol), plastoquinones (plastochromanol-8 and plastoquinone-9) and phylloquinone are significantly reduced in ggpps11-5 seedlings, whereas complemented lines show a metabolite profile similar to that of wild-type controls, phenotype, overview
-
malfunction
-
the two T-DNA insertion mutant alleles, ggps1-2 and ggps1-3, result in seedling lethal albino and embryo-lethal phenotypes, respectively. Mutations in geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 1 affect chloroplast development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Temperature-sensitive leaf variegation mutant ggps1-1 is caused by a point mutation. Total chlorophyll and carotenoid levels are reduced in ggps1-1 white tissues as compared with green tissues. The ggps1-1 green sector photosynthetic rate is not elevated relative to wild-type tissues. Chloroplast development in green sectors of mutated leaves appear normal, whereas cells in white sectors contain abnormal plastids with numerous electron translucent bodies and poorly developed internal membranes. Mutant ggps1-1 phenotype, detailed overview
-
malfunction
-
crtE knockout mutants are white, in contrast to the light orange color of the wild-type strains
-
metabolism
-
CrtE catalyzes one of the first steps in the carotenogenic pathway, overview
metabolism
GGPP is one of the key precursors in the biosynthesis of biologically significant isoprenoid compounds
metabolism
role of SmGGPPS involved in the tanshinones biosynthesis pathway, overview
metabolism
the enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from Catharanthus roseus catalyses the formation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate via three successive condensation reactions, exhibiting the activities of EC 2.5.1.1, EC 2.5.1.10, and EC 2.5.1.29
metabolism
biosynthesis of sclareol from geranylgeranyl diphosphate, overview
metabolism
-
both Corynebacterium glutamicum enzymes, IdsA and CrtE, catalyze prenyl transfer with isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), dimethylallyl diphosphate, geranyl diphosphate and farnesyl phosphate as substrates. The enzymes are part of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, but CrtE is not required for carotenogenesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum. IdsA shows the highest catalytic efficiency with dimethylallyl diphosphate and IPP, whereas the catalytic efficiency of CrtE is highest with geranyl diphosphate and IPP
metabolism
geranylgeranyl diphosphate is synthesized in different compartments by GGPP synthase (GGPPS) enzymes (the numbers refer to the Arabidopsis thaliana isoforms). Some of the enzymes channel geranylgeranyl diphosphate to specific isoprenoid pathways, isoprenoid biosynthesis in plant cell compartments, overview
metabolism
geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase is a key enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing the synthesis of its C20 precursor
metabolism
geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase is a key enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing the synthesis of its C20 precursor. Isozyme GGPPS 727 may be responsible for primary metabolism
metabolism
the enzyme catalyzes an early step of carotenoid biosynthesis
metabolism
the enzyme catalyzes the entrance step in the deinoxanthin biosynthetic pathway
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of cyclooctatin
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
metabolism
produces geranylgeranyl diphosphate for the synthesis of carotenoids in the chloroplast
metabolism
the bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS/GGPPS) is a key branchpoint enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis in Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) parasites
metabolism
the enzyme facilitates the organization of cardiomyocytes during mid-gestation through modulating protein geranylgeranylation in mouse heart
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the mevalonate pathway
metabolism
the enzyme participates in the astaxanthin biosynthesis
metabolism
under environmental stresses, Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates large amounts of carotenoids. Scale of carotenoid biosynthesis depends on availability of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate precursor, which is supplied by geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase through sequential 1'-4 condensation of three isopentenyl pyrophosphates into dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. Transcription of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase genes, morphological transformation, and carotenoid biosynthesis are differentially induced by environmental stresses, while the products of the enzyme are low in vivo, implying that most of prenyl pyrophosphate flux is shunted into carotenoid biosynthesis
metabolism
-
the enzyme catalyzes an early step of carotenoid biosynthesis
-
metabolism
-
both Corynebacterium glutamicum enzymes, IdsA and CrtE, catalyze prenyl transfer with isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), dimethylallyl diphosphate, geranyl diphosphate and farnesyl phosphate as substrates. The enzymes are part of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, but CrtE is not required for carotenogenesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum. IdsA shows the highest catalytic efficiency with dimethylallyl diphosphate and IPP, whereas the catalytic efficiency of CrtE is highest with geranyl diphosphate and IPP
-
metabolism
-
the enzyme catalyzes the entrance step in the deinoxanthin biosynthetic pathway
-
metabolism
-
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
-
metabolism
-
geranylgeranyl diphosphate is synthesized in different compartments by GGPP synthase (GGPPS) enzymes (the numbers refer to the Arabidopsis thaliana isoforms). Some of the enzymes channel geranylgeranyl diphosphate to specific isoprenoid pathways, isoprenoid biosynthesis in plant cell compartments, overview
-
metabolism
-
the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of cyclooctatin
-
metabolism
-
CrtE catalyzes one of the first steps in the carotenogenic pathway, overview
-
physiological function
-
influence on plaunotol biosynthesis
physiological function
Vitis vinifera x Vitis vinifera
-
involved in terpenoid metabolism
physiological function
-
involved in terpenoid metabolism
physiological function
-
isoform PaxG is required for paxilline biosynthesis
physiological function
biosynthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a precursor for the ether-linked lipids
physiological function
geranylgeranyl diphosphate is synthesized as diterpene defensive secretion used as chemical weapon of termite soldiers. GGPP is also used for various other essential cellular roles in animals. It plays an essential role in various processes such as electron transport (e.g., ubiquinones), glycosylation (e.g., dolichols), and membrane association (prenylation of proteins: e.g., geranylgeranylated proteins), as well as in secondary metabolites such as carotenoids
physiological function
geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase catalyzes the biosynthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, which is a key precursor for diterpenes including tanshinone. SmGGPPS is elicitor-responsive
physiological function
-
the enzyme is required for synthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate which is required for e.g. Rap1a geranylgeranylation
physiological function
-
the primary cellular use of geranylgeranyl diphosphate in humans is post-translational incorporation into proteins, a process known as geranylgeranylation. proteins modified post-translationally by geranylgeranylation are implicated in numerous cellular processes related to human disease, e.g. geranylgeranylation of Rab27B is required for the formation of xenograft tumors in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Isoprenoids regulate geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthesis through several feedback mechanisms, overview
physiological function
enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase catalyzes the condensation of the non-allylic diphosphate, isopentenyl diphosphate, with allylic diphosphates to generate the C20 prenyl chain used for protein prenylation and diterpenoid biosynthesis
physiological function
gene GGPPS11, encoding the only plastid isozyme essential for plant development, functions as a hub gene among GGPPS paralogues and is required for the production of all major groups of plastid isoprenoids. Both gene co-expression and protein-protein interaction likely contribute to the channeling of geranylgeranyl diphosphate by GGPPS11. Metabolite analysis confirms the essential role of GGPPS11 in plastid isoprenoid metabolism. Isozyme GGPPS11 interacts with plastid enzymes that use geranylgeranyl diphosphate as substrate
physiological function
-
geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase catalyzes the biosynthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a key precursor for carotenoid biosynthesis
physiological function
geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase is a key enzyme in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway that catalyzes the formation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a precursor molecule to several biochemical pathways including those that lead into the biosynthesis of carotenoids and abscisic acid, prenyllipids such as the chlorophylls, and diterpenes such as gibberellic acid, in chlorplasts. GGPS1 is an essential key gene in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway
physiological function
geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase modulates fetal lung branching morphogenesis possibly through controlling K-Ras prenylation. Enzyme GGPPS-controlled K-Ras prenylation and Erk1/2/MAPK signaling mediates FGF signaling on lung branching morphogenesis. FGF10 signaling is a principal pathway in regulating the development of various organs, including lung, mammary gland, kidney, and prostate
physiological function
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase is a key enzyme for a structurally diverse class of isoprenoid biosynthetic metabolites including gibberellins, carotenoids, chlorophylls and rubber
physiological function
GGPP synthase catalyzes all three isopentenyl diphosphate additions to dimethylally diphosphate, carrying out in the same active site the reactions catalyzed by both Erg20p (farnesyl diphosphate synthase, EC 2.5.1.10) and Bts1p (geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, EC 2.5.1.29)
physiological function
-
IdsA is the major GGPPS of Corynebacterium glutamicum
physiological function
-
IdsA is the major GGPPS of Corynebacterium glutamicum. CrtE overexpression compensates for the lack of IdsA, whereas plasmid-borne overexpression of ispB does not
physiological function
the amino acid composition of and around the first aspartate-rich motif of the enzyme is vital for GGPP synthase function. Enzyme DR1395 functions as GGPPS to provide GGPP for the biosynthesis of phytoene and then lycopene
physiological function
the enzyme is a key enzyme in the metabolism of virtually all isoprenoids and it interconnects the 5-carbon moiety isoprenoid synthesis with the mid- or long-chained compound synthesis. The synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate is required for the biosynthesis of ubiquinone, dolichol, carotenoids, menaquinone, tocopherol, and protein prenylation
physiological function
the formation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate is a key step in biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids and many other terpenes. This step is catalyzed by geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. Expression of enzyme-encoding gene IbGGPS is likely associated with carotenoid profiles in storage roots. Sweet potato geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene IbGGPS increases carotenoid content and enhances osmotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana
physiological function
essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of prenyl precursors for the production of primary and secondary metabolites, including sterols, dolichols, carotenoids and ubiquinones, and for the modification of proteins
physiological function
the enzyme is involved in Cyanobacterial terpenoid biosynthesis
physiological function
under environmental stresses, Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates large amounts of carotenoids. Scale of carotenoid biosynthesis depends on availability of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate precursor, which is supplied by geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase through sequential 1'-4 condensation of three isopentenyl pyrophosphates into dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. Transcription of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase genes, morphological transformation, and carotenoid biosynthesis are differentially induced by environmental stresses, while the products of the enzyme are low in vivo, implying that most of prenyl pyrophosphate flux is shunted into carotenoid biosynthesis
physiological function
-
biosynthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a precursor for the ether-linked lipids
-
physiological function
-
IdsA is the major GGPPS of Corynebacterium glutamicum
-
physiological function
-
IdsA is the major GGPPS of Corynebacterium glutamicum. CrtE overexpression compensates for the lack of IdsA, whereas plasmid-borne overexpression of ispB does not
-
physiological function
-
the amino acid composition of and around the first aspartate-rich motif of the enzyme is vital for GGPP synthase function. Enzyme DR1395 functions as GGPPS to provide GGPP for the biosynthesis of phytoene and then lycopene
-
physiological function
-
geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase modulates fetal lung branching morphogenesis possibly through controlling K-Ras prenylation. Enzyme GGPPS-controlled K-Ras prenylation and Erk1/2/MAPK signaling mediates FGF signaling on lung branching morphogenesis. FGF10 signaling is a principal pathway in regulating the development of various organs, including lung, mammary gland, kidney, and prostate
-
physiological function
-
gene GGPPS11, encoding the only plastid isozyme essential for plant development, functions as a hub gene among GGPPS paralogues and is required for the production of all major groups of plastid isoprenoids. Both gene co-expression and protein-protein interaction likely contribute to the channeling of geranylgeranyl diphosphate by GGPPS11. Metabolite analysis confirms the essential role of GGPPS11 in plastid isoprenoid metabolism. Isozyme GGPPS11 interacts with plastid enzymes that use geranylgeranyl diphosphate as substrate
-
physiological function
-
geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase is a key enzyme in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway that catalyzes the formation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a precursor molecule to several biochemical pathways including those that lead into the biosynthesis of carotenoids and abscisic acid, prenyllipids such as the chlorophylls, and diterpenes such as gibberellic acid, in chlorplasts. GGPS1 is an essential key gene in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway
-
physiological function
-
the enzyme is a key enzyme in the metabolism of virtually all isoprenoids and it interconnects the 5-carbon moiety isoprenoid synthesis with the mid- or long-chained compound synthesis. The synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate is required for the biosynthesis of ubiquinone, dolichol, carotenoids, menaquinone, tocopherol, and protein prenylation
-
physiological function
-
the enzyme is involved in Cyanobacterial terpenoid biosynthesis
-
additional information
GGPPS gene can be a good model to study the regulatory mechanisms controlling phorbol esters accumulation at the transcriptional level
additional information
enzyme structure homology modelling and structure comparisons, overview
additional information
-
enzyme structure homology modelling and structure comparisons, overview
additional information
enzyme-substrate docking using the crystal structure of human GGPPase, PDB ID 2Q80PDB
additional information
HaGGPS expression alters gibberellin levels in transgenic tobacco lines
additional information
molecular homology modeling with CfGGPPS as model sequence and PDB entries 2E8V and 2Q80 (yeast and human GGPPSs) as templates, ligand binding analysis, overview
additional information
-
molecular homology modeling with CfGGPPS as model sequence and PDB entries 2E8V and 2Q80 (yeast and human GGPPSs) as templates, ligand binding analysis, overview
additional information
the enzyme supplies geranylgeranyl diphosphate or the production of carotenoids and other groups of plastidial isoprenoids
additional information
-
the enzyme supplies geranylgeranyl diphosphate or the production of carotenoids and other groups of plastidial isoprenoids
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A57L
-
mutated enzyme produces mainly farnesyl diphosphate
L50S
-
similar activity as wild-type
V8A
-
similar activity as wild-type
A57L
-
mutated enzyme produces mainly farnesyl diphosphate
-
L50S
-
similar activity as wild-type
-
S4F
-
very weak activity
-
V8A
-
similar activity as wild-type
-
H72A
the mutant enzyme shows less than 5% of the activity as compared to wild-type enzyme
N73A
the mutant enzyme shows less than 5% of the activity as compared to wild-type enzyme
R43A
the mutant enzyme shows less than 5% of the activity as compared to wild-type enzyme
R88A
the mutant enzyme shows less than 5% of the activity as compared to wild-type enzyme
R89A
the mutant enzyme shows less than 5% of the activity as compared to wild-type enzyme
H72A
-
the mutant enzyme shows less than 5% of the activity as compared to wild-type enzyme
-
N73A
-
the mutant enzyme shows less than 5% of the activity as compared to wild-type enzyme
-
R43A
-
the mutant enzyme shows less than 5% of the activity as compared to wild-type enzyme
-
R88A
-
the mutant enzyme shows less than 5% of the activity as compared to wild-type enzyme
-
R89A
-
the mutant enzyme shows less than 5% of the activity as compared to wild-type enzyme
-
A89F
-
mutant enzyme yields shorter products than the wild-type enzyme. Substrate specificity is almost identical to that of farnesyl diphosphate synthase
A89H
-
mutant enzyme yields shorter products than the wild-type enzyme. Substrate specificity is almost identical to that of farnesyl diphosphate synthase
A89L
-
mutant enzyme yields shorter products than the wild-type enzyme
H87A
-
activity using geranylgeranyl diphosphate as the substrate is undetectable
I121A
-
mutant enzyme yields longer products than the wild-type enzyme
L127A
-
approximately 20% of wild-type activity
L128A
-
mutant enzyme is completely inactive
L162A
-
nop change in chain length of product
L162A/V163A
-
altered substrate specificity, hardly accepts dimethylallyl diphosphate as substrate. Yields the products with the same chain-length with those of wild type
V125A
-
mutant enzyme yields longer products than the wild-type enzyme
DelP173/DelP174
decrease in reaction rate
G257D/P174C
little effect on reation rate, no effect on product composition
I161M
little effect on reation rate, no effect on product composition
I235T
decrease in reation rate, single product is geranyldiphosphate
L180F
little effect on reation rate, product composition is about 98% geranyldiphosphate, 12% geranygeranyl diphosphate
L180F/P174C
little effect on reation rate, product composition is about 98% geranyldiphosphate, 12% geranygeranyl diphosphate
L273F
decrease in reation rate, single product is geranyl diphosphate
M159I
little effect on reation rate, no effect on product composition
M165C
little effect on reation rate, no effect on product composition
M165Y
little effect on reation rate, product composition is about 90% geranyldiphosphate, 10% farnesyl diphosphate
M175I
little effect on reation rate, product composition is about 95% geranyldiphosphate, 3% farnesyl diphosphate, 25% geranygeranyl diphosphate
M175I/P174C
little effect on reation rate, single product is geranyldiphosphate
M175I/P174S
little effect on reation rate, no effect on product composition
P174C
little effect on reation rate, no effect on product composition
P174S
little effect on reation rate, no effect on product composition
V227M
decrease in reation rate
V240L
decrease in reation rate, no effect on product composition
DELTA 1-17
complete loss of activity, monomer
DELTA1-6
72% of wild-type activity. Dimer formation
DELTA1-7
29% of wild-type activity. Dimer and monomer formation
Delta1-8
0.3% of wild-type activity. Monomer formation
DELTA1-9
0.2% of wild-type activity. Monomer formation
E7G
84% of wild-type activity. Dimer and monomer formation
E7G/L8G
0.6% of wild-type activity
F108A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, mutant activity, substrate specificity, and product distribution compared to the wild-type enzyme
F108A/H139A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, mutant activity, substrate specificity, and product distribution compared to the wild-type enzyme
F96C
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows increased sclareol biosynthesis compared to the wild-type
F96S
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows increased sclareol biosynthesis compared to the wild-type
H139A/R140A
site-directed mutagenesis, inactive monomeric mutant
I9G
2.5% of wild-type activity
L135A/H139A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, mutant activity, substrate specificity, and product distribution compared to the wild-type enzyme
L138A
-
mutation upstream from the G(Q/E) motif. Mutant forms larger condensation products than wild-type. With farnesyl diphosphate as allylic substrate, mutant produces large amounts of a C25 product
L8G
20% of wild-type activity. Dimer formation
L8G/I9G
0.3% of wild-type activity. Monomer formation
M111A
site-directed mutagenesis, the dimeric mutant shows altered kinetics compared to the wild-type enzyme
M111E
site-directed mutagenesis, the dimeric/monomeric mutant shows altered kinetics compared to the wild-type enzyme
M111F
site-directed mutagenesis, the dimeric mutant shows altered kinetics compared to the wild-type enzyme
N101A
site-directed mutagenesis, the dimeric mutant shows altered kinetics compared to the wild-type enzyme
N101A/N104A
site-directed mutagenesis, the dimeric mutant shows reduced kcat compared to the wild-type
N101A/N104A/Y105A
site-directed mutagenesis, inactive dimeric mutant
N101A/Y105A
site-directed mutagenesis, the dimeric mutant shows reduced kcat compared to the wild-type
N104A
site-directed mutagenesis, the dimeric mutant shows altered kinetics compared to the wild-type enzyme
N104A/Y105A
site-directed mutagenesis, the dimeric mutant shows slightly reduced activity compared to the wild-type
S71Y
-
site-directed mutagenesis, mutant activity, substrate specificity, and product distribution compared to the wild-type enzyme
Y105A
site-directed mutagenesis, the dimeric mutant shows altered kinetics compared to the wild-type enzyme
Y107A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, mutant activity, substrate specificity, and product distribution compared to the wild-type enzyme
Y107A/F108A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, mutant activity, substrate specificity, and product distribution compared to the wild-type enzyme
Y107A/F108A//L135A/H139A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, mutant activity, substrate specificity, and product distribution compared to the wild-type enzyme
Y107A/F108A/H139A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, mutant activity, substrate specificity, and product distribution compared to the wild-type enzyme
Y107A/H139A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, mutant activity, substrate specificity, and product distribution compared to the wild-type enzyme
Y95A
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows increased sclareol biosynthesis compared to the wild-type
Y95C/F96H
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows increased sclareol biosynthesis compared to the wild-type
Y95L/F96I
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows increased sclareol biosynthesis compared to the wild-type
Y95S/F96H
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows increased sclareol biosynthesis compared to the wild-type
D170E/M171P/I172A/S173R
-
low activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate, approx. 60% of wild-type activity with geranyl diphosphate
F77G
-
C30-prenyl diphosphate is the main long product
F77G/H114A
-
C45-prenyl diphosphate is the main long product
F77G/H114G
-
although its activity is approximately 2-5% of the wild-type, this double-mutated enzyme exhibits a detectable activity and a thermostability to resist 15 h of heat treatment at 55°C. C50-prenyl diphosphate is the main long product
H114A
-
C30-prenyl diphosphate is the main long product
H114G
-
C40-prenyl diphosphate is the main long product
I147A
-
no change in chain length of product
I147A/S148A
-
no change in chain length of product
I147F
-
mutant does not accept farnesyl diphosphate as the allylic substrate, indicating a change in product specificity into that of farnesyl diphosphate synthase
I147G
-
elongation in the chain length of product
M171P
-
low activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate, approx. 50% of wild-type activity with geranyl diphosphate
M171P/I172R
-
no activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate, low activity with geranyl diphosphate
M171P/S173V
-
very low activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate, approx. 50% of wild-type activity with geranyl diphosphate
S148A
-
no change in chain length of product
S148F
-
mutant does not accept farnesyl diphosphate as the allylic substrate, indicating a change in product specificity into that of farnesyl diphosphate synthase
S148G
-
slight elongation in the chain length of product
S148H
-
mutant does not accept farnesyl diphosphate as the allylic substrate, indicating a change in product specificity into that of farnesyl diphosphate synthase
M87A
mutant enzyme produces the longer C25-geranylfarnesyl pyrophosphate product
V161M
the mutant enzyme, similar amounts of farnesyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate are produced and there is no evidence for formation of geranyl diphosphate
M87A
-
mutant enzyme produces the longer C25-geranylfarnesyl pyrophosphate product
-
s228T
inhibition of the bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase by MMV019313, but not bisphosphonates, is disrupted in an S228T variant
s228T
inhibition of then bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase by N-[3-(1-azepanyl)propyl]-5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]quinoline-2-carboxamide (MMV019313), but not bisphosphonates, is disrupted in the S228T variant
s228T
-
inhibition of then bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase by N-[3-(1-azepanyl)propyl]-5-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]quinoline-2-carboxamide (MMV019313), but not bisphosphonates, is disrupted in the S228T variant
-
H139A
-
site-directed mutagenesis, mutant activity, substrate specificity, and product distribution compared to the wild-type enzyme
H139A
-
mutation upstream from the G(Q/E) motif. Mutant forms larger condensation products than wild-type. With farnesyl diphosphate as allylic substrate, mutant produces large amounts of a C30 product
H139A
site-directed mutagenesis, the dimeric mutant shows altered kinetics compared to the wild-type enzyme
R140A
-
no enzymic activity
R140A
site-directed mutagenesis, the dimeric mutant shows altered kinetics compared to the wild-type enzyme
D170E/M171P/I172A/S173M
-
no activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate, low activity with geranyl diphosphate
D170E/M171P/I172A/S173M
-
mutant enzyme shows considerably lower activity toward primer substrates with a short prenyl chain, DMAPP and GPP, than the wild-type enzyme
D170E/M171P/I172R/S173V
-
no activity with dimethylallyl diphosphate, low activity with geranyl diphosphate
D170E/M171P/I172R/S173V
-
mutant enzyme shows considerably lower activity toward primer substrates with a short prenyl chain, DMAPP and GPP, than the wild-type enzyme. Scarcely accepts DMAPP as an allylic substrate. The mutant enzyme can not catalyze condensation of 3,7,ll-trimethyl-2,6,10,14-heptadecatetraenyl diphosphate with isopentenyl diphosphate. Does not accept short allylic substrates but forms products with the same length as those of the wild-type enzyme
M87F
the mutant enzyme can only generate C15-farnesyl pyrophosphate
M87F
the mutant enzyme can only generate farnesyl diphosphate, indicating that residues with large side chains obstruct product elongation
S88Y
the mutant enzyme can only generate C15-farnesyl pyrophosphate
S88Y
the mutant enzyme can only generate farnesyl diphosphate, indicating that residues with large side chains obstruct product elongation
M87F
-
the mutant enzyme can only generate C15-farnesyl pyrophosphate
-
M87F
-
the mutant enzyme can only generate farnesyl diphosphate, indicating that residues with large side chains obstruct product elongation
-
S88Y
-
the mutant enzyme can only generate C15-farnesyl pyrophosphate
-
S88Y
-
the mutant enzyme can only generate farnesyl diphosphate, indicating that residues with large side chains obstruct product elongation
-
additional information
-
geranyl phosphate synthase small subunit of Antirrhinum majus forms chimeric geranyl phosphate synthases with geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase GGPPS1 or GGPPS2 in Nicotiana tabacum. The formation of chimeric GPPS in transgenic plants also results in leaf chlorosis, increased light sensitivity, and dwarfism due to decreased levels of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and gibberellins. Transgenic plants have reduced levels of sesquiterpene emission
additional information
an F2 mapping population is established by crossing ggps1-1 (Col ecotype) with the LER ecotype of Arabidopsis thaliana, analysis of sequence polymorphisms in 209 F2 recombinant lines homozygous for the ggps1-1 variegated phenotype place the mutation in a 63-kb region on chromosome 4 contained on bacterial artificial chromosome AP22. Phenotype analysis of two lines with T-DNA insertions in the coding region of At4g36810 (Salk_015098 and Salk_085914), and mutant ggps1-1 phenotype, detailed overview
additional information
-
an F2 mapping population is established by crossing ggps1-1 (Col ecotype) with the LER ecotype of Arabidopsis thaliana, analysis of sequence polymorphisms in 209 F2 recombinant lines homozygous for the ggps1-1 variegated phenotype place the mutation in a 63-kb region on chromosome 4 contained on bacterial artificial chromosome AP22. Phenotype analysis of two lines with T-DNA insertions in the coding region of At4g36810 (Salk_015098 and Salk_085914), and mutant ggps1-1 phenotype, detailed overview
additional information
construction of several GGPPS11 homozygous transgenic lines containing each a single T-DNA insertion that inactivates gene GGPPS11, mutant genotyping, overview
additional information
-
construction of several GGPPS11 homozygous transgenic lines containing each a single T-DNA insertion that inactivates gene GGPPS11, mutant genotyping, overview
additional information
-
construction of several GGPPS11 homozygous transgenic lines containing each a single T-DNA insertion that inactivates gene GGPPS11, mutant genotyping, overview
-
additional information
-
an F2 mapping population is established by crossing ggps1-1 (Col ecotype) with the LER ecotype of Arabidopsis thaliana, analysis of sequence polymorphisms in 209 F2 recombinant lines homozygous for the ggps1-1 variegated phenotype place the mutation in a 63-kb region on chromosome 4 contained on bacterial artificial chromosome AP22. Phenotype analysis of two lines with T-DNA insertions in the coding region of At4g36810 (Salk_015098 and Salk_085914), and mutant ggps1-1 phenotype, detailed overview
-
additional information
functional completmentation of gene crtE in Escherichia coli
additional information
-
combined overexpression of idsA and the IPP isomerase gene idi in the absence of crtE leads to a very high decaprenoxanthin titer
additional information
-
generation of gene idsA-deficient Corynebacterium glutamicum cells. Combined overexpression of idsA and the IPP isomerase gene idi in the absence of crtE leads to a very high decaprenoxanthin titer
additional information
-
combined overexpression of idsA and the IPP isomerase gene idi in the absence of crtE leads to a very high decaprenoxanthin titer
-
additional information
-
generation of gene idsA-deficient Corynebacterium glutamicum cells. Combined overexpression of idsA and the IPP isomerase gene idi in the absence of crtE leads to a very high decaprenoxanthin titer
-
additional information
functional expression in Escherichia coli
additional information
transgenic tobacco plants expressing heterologous GGPS from Helianthus annuus show remarkably enhanced growth (an increase in shoot and root biomass and height), early flowering, increased number of seed pods and greater seed yield compared with control or wild-type plants. HaGGPS expression in transgenic tobacco enhances root growth. The gibberellin levels in HaGGPS-transgenic plants are higher than those in control plants, indicating that the observed phenotype may result from increased gibberellin content. No phenotypic defects in the transgenic plants. Enhanced growth in HaGGPS-transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and Taraxacum brevicorniculatum plants
additional information
-
women with 2 deletion alleles of GGPS1 -8188A ins/del (rs3840452) have significantly higher femoral neck bone marrow densitiy at baseline compared with those with one or no deletion allele. The response rate of women with 2 deletion alleles of GGPS1 -8188A ins/del (28.6%) is significantly lower than the rate of women with one or no deletion allele. Women with 2 deletion alleles of GGPS1 -8188A ins/del have 7fold higher risk of non-response to bisphosphonate therapy compared with women with other genotypes in GGPS1 -8188. Other polymorphisms in or GGPS1 are not associated with lumbar spine bone marrow density or femoral neck bon marrow density
additional information
coexpression of both small and large subunits in Escherichia coli yields a heterodimeric enzyme exhibiting altered ratios of GPP and GGPP synthase activities and greatly enhanced catalytic efficiency. The heterodimeric geranyl(geranyl)diphosphate synthase G(G)PPS may be involved in myrcene biosynthesis in hop trichomes. The conserved CxxxC motif, where x can be any hydrophobic amino acid residue, plays a critical role of in physical interactions between the 2 subunits
additional information
coexpression of both small and large subunits in Escherichia coli yields a heterodimeric enzyme exhibiting altered ratios of GPP and GGPP synthase activities and greatly enhanced catalytic efficiency. The heterodimeric geranyl(geranyl)diphosphate synthase G(G)PPS may be involved in myrcene biosynthesis in hop trichomes. The conserved CxxxC motif, where x can be any hydrophobic amino acid residue, plays a critical role of in physical interactions between the 2 subunits
additional information
small subunit alone is inactive. Coexpression of both small and large subunits in Escherichia coli yields a heterodimeric enzyme exhibiting altered ratios of GPP and GGPP synthase activities and greatly enhanced catalytic efficiency. The heterodimeric geranyl(geranyl)diphosphate synthase G(G)PPS may be involved in myrcene biosynthesis in hop trichomes. The conserved CxxxC motif, where x can be any hydrophobic amino acid residue, plays a critical role of in physical interactions between the 2 subunits
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small subunit alone is inactive. Coexpression of both small and large subunits in Escherichia coli yields a heterodimeric enzyme exhibiting altered ratios of GPP and GGPP synthase activities and greatly enhanced catalytic efficiency. The heterodimeric geranyl(geranyl)diphosphate synthase G(G)PPS may be involved in myrcene biosynthesis in hop trichomes. The conserved CxxxC motif, where x can be any hydrophobic amino acid residue, plays a critical role of in physical interactions between the 2 subunits
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expression of the sweetpotato geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene IbGGPS in Arabidopsis thaliana increases carotenoid content and enhances osmotic stress tolerance in the transgenic plants. Transgenic seedlings grow significantly longer roots compared to wild-type. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis shows altered expressions of several genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis in transgenic plants
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functional expression in Escherichia coli
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functional expression in Escherichia coli
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inducible lung epithelium-specific GGPS1 knockout mice (SPC-rtTA/TetO-Cre/Ggps1flox/flox) are generated by crossing Ggps1flox/flox mice with SPC-rtTA mice and TetOCre mice. All mice are backcrossed for at least six generations to C57BL/6J strain background and are genotyped by genomic DNA PCR
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inducible lung epithelium-specific GGPS1 knockout mice (SPC-rtTA/TetO-Cre/Ggps1flox/flox) are generated by crossing Ggps1flox/flox mice with SPC-rtTA mice and TetOCre mice. All mice are backcrossed for at least six generations to C57BL/6J strain background and are genotyped by genomic DNA PCR
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isoforms GGPPS2 and GGPPS1 can form functional heterodimers with heterologously expressed geranyl phosphate synthase small subunit of Antirrhinum majus. The formation of chimeric GPPS in transgenic plants also results in leaf chlorosis, increased light sensitivity, and dwarfism due to decreased levels of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and gibberellins. Transgenic plants have reduced levels of sesquiterpene emission
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functional expression in Escherichia coli. A truncated PaxG mutant lacking the C-terminal tripeptide GRV is unable to complement a DeltapaxG mutant
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functional expression in Escherichia coli. In the DeltapaxG mutant background ggsA is unable to complement paxilline biosynthesis
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engineering of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous by transforming it with the crtE cDNA to divert metabolite flow from the sterol pathway towards carotenoid biosynthesis. Transformants show increased levels of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase leading to higher carotenoid levels including astaxanthin by 8fold
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engineering of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous by transforming it with the crtE cDNA to divert metabolite flow from the sterol pathway towards carotenoid biosynthesis. Transformants show increased levels of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase leading to higher carotenoid levels including astaxanthin by 8fold
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the farnesyl-transferring activities of wild-type GGPS, DELTA-4, DELTA-8 and DELTA-12 carboxyterminal deletion mutants are relatively in a ratio of 1.0, 0.84, 0.26 and 0.0015. Each Km value of the four recombinants are estimated to be 0.00071, 0.002, 0.0028 and 0.055 mM for farnesyl diphosphate and to be 0.0029, 0.0051, 0.056 and above 0.1 mM for isopentenyl diphosphate, respectively. Allylic substrate specificities of these recombinants are estimated by quantitative analysis of the products, revealing that DELTA-8 and DELTA-12 mutants lack the ability to accept dimethylallyl and geranyl diphosphates compared to wild-type GGPS and DELTA-4 mutant
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deletion of the first 9 or 17 amino acids caused the dissociation of dimer into monomer, the DELTA1-17 mutant shows abolished enzyme activity
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efficient diterpene production in yeast by engineering farnesyl diphosphate synthase Erg20p, EC 2.5.1.10, into a geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, overview. Several Erg20p mutants support sclareol yield significantly higher than the yield obtained by overexpression of Cistus creticus GGPPS. A single chromosomally integrated copy of the ERG20(F96C) mutant gene is significantly more efficient than overexpression of a heterologous fungal GGPP synthase in redirecting precursor fluxes towards the diterpene branch
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efficient diterpene production in yeast by engineering farnesyl diphosphate synthase Erg20p, EC 2.5.1.10, into a geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, overview. Several Erg20p mutants support sclareol yield significantly higher than the yield obtained by overexpression of Cistus creticus GGPPS. A single chromosomally integrated copy of the ERG20(F96C) mutant gene is significantly more efficient than overexpression of a heterologous fungal GGPP synthase in redirecting precursor fluxes towards the diterpene branch
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isozyme GGPS1 expression is induced in leaves by spider mite Tetranychus urticae feeding and mechanical wounding in wild type tomato but not in the jasmonic acid-response mutant def-1 and the salicylic acid-deficient transgenic NahG line, isozyme GGPS2 is not induced in leaves by spider mite-feeding, wounding, jasmonic acid or methyl salicylate, overview
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isozyme GGPS1 expression is induced in leaves by spider mite Tetranychus urticae feeding and mechanical wounding in wild type tomato but not in the jasmonic acid-response mutant def-1 and the salicylic acid-deficient transgenic NahG line, isozyme GGPS2 is not induced in leaves by spider mite-feeding, wounding, jasmonic acid or methyl salicylate, overview
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isozyme GGPS1 expression is induced in leaves by spider mite Tetranychus urticae feeding and mechanical wounding in wild type tomato but not in the jasmonic acid-response mutant def-1 and the salicylic acid-deficient transgenic NahG line, overview
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isozyme GGPS1 expression is induced in leaves by spider mite Tetranychus urticae feeding and mechanical wounding in wild type tomato but not in the jasmonic acid-response mutant def-1 and the salicylic acid-deficient transgenic NahG line, overview
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the sequence between position 77 and position 86 of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase has been replaced with the corresponding sequences of farnesyl diphosphate synthase from human, rat, Arabidopsis thaliana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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