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S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine + spermidine
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermine
S-adenosyl-L-methioninamine + spermidine
5'-methylthioadenosine + spermine
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-
-
?
S-adenosylmethioninamine + spermidine
5'-methylthioadenosine + spermine + H+
Polyamine sythesis, addition of a second aminopropyl group to the N-10 position of spermidine. The active site with a bound spermidine molecule contains an Asp276 residue, which is in an ideal position to facilitate the deprotonation of the N-10 amino group of spermidine that attacks the C-atom of the aminopropyl group of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine
-
-
?
H2N(CH2)3NH(CH2)4NH2 + S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine
H2N(CH2)3NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)3NH2 + S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine
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-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine + spermidine
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl-L-methioninamine + spermidine
5'-methylthioadenosine + spermine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosylmethioninamine + spermidine
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermine
additional information
?
-
S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine + spermidine
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine + spermidine
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosylmethioninamine + spermidine
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosylmethioninamine + spermidine
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermine
-
decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine is an essential intermediate in the synthesis of polyamines
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
The predominant polyamines in mammalian cells are spermidine and spermine, these polyamines are made by the sequential addition of aminopropyl groups from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine.
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
levels of spermidine and spermine are not only regulated by activity of spermidine synthase and spermine synthase, but also by other factors, e.g. the level of aminopropyl donor substrate, overview
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
spermine synthase is clearly essential for normal development in humans
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-
?
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S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine + spermidine
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermine
S-adenosylmethioninamine + spermidine
5'-methylthioadenosine + spermine + H+
Polyamine sythesis, addition of a second aminopropyl group to the N-10 position of spermidine. The active site with a bound spermidine molecule contains an Asp276 residue, which is in an ideal position to facilitate the deprotonation of the N-10 amino group of spermidine that attacks the C-atom of the aminopropyl group of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine
-
-
?
S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine + spermidine
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermine
-
-
-
-
?
S-adenosylmethioninamine + spermidine
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermine
-
decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine is an essential intermediate in the synthesis of polyamines
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine + spermidine
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermine
-
-
-
?
S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine + spermidine
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermine
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
The predominant polyamines in mammalian cells are spermidine and spermine, these polyamines are made by the sequential addition of aminopropyl groups from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine.
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
levels of spermidine and spermine are not only regulated by activity of spermidine synthase and spermine synthase, but also by other factors, e.g. the level of aminopropyl donor substrate, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
spermine synthase is clearly essential for normal development in humans
-
-
?
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Breast Neoplasms
Antiproliferative effect of spermine depletion by N-cyclohexyl-1,3-diaminopropane in human breast cancer cells.
Breast Neoplasms
Association between plasma diacetylspermine and tumor spermine synthase with outcome in triple negative breast cancer.
Carcinogenesis
Spermine synthase overexpression in vivo does not increase susceptibility to DMBA/TPA skin carcinogenesis or Min-Apc intestinal tumorigenesis.
Carcinoma
Independent roles of eIF5A and polyamines in cell proliferation.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Fluorinated analogues of spermidine as substrates of spermine synthase.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Inhibition of mammalian spermine synthase by N-alkylated-1,3-diaminopropane derivatives in vitro and in cultured rat hepatoma cells.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Specific depletion of spermidine and spermine in HTC cells treated with inhibitors of aminopropyltransferases.
Colorectal Neoplasms
Spermine synthase and MYC cooperate to maintain colorectal cancer cell survival by repressing Bim expression.
Colorectal Neoplasms
Supramolecular Chemotherapy: Host-Guest Complexes of Heptaplatin-Cucurbit[7]uril toward Colorectal Normal and Tumor Cells.
Colorectal Neoplasms
Supramolecular Chemotherapy: Noncovalent Bond Synergy of Cucurbit[7]uril against Human Colorectal Tumor Cells.
Deafness
Aminopropyltransferases: function, structure and genetics.
Deafness
Spermine synthase deficiency leads to deafness and a profound sensitivity to alpha-difluoromethylornithine.
Deafness
Spermine synthase.
Hypophosphatemia
Partial deletion of both the spermine synthase gene and the Pex gene in the X-linked hypophosphatemic, gyro (Gy) mouse.
Infertility
Aminopropyltransferases: function, structure and genetics.
Infertility
Spermine synthase.
Intellectual Disability
(R,R)-1,12-Dimethylspermine can mitigate abnormal spermidine accumulation in Snyder-Robinson syndrome.
Intellectual Disability
Aminopropyltransferases: function, structure and genetics.
Intellectual Disability
Myosin Va and spermine synthase: partners in exosome transport.
Intellectual Disability
New SMS mutation leads to a striking reduction in spermine synthase protein function and a severe form of Snyder-Robinson X-linked recessive mental retardation syndrome.
Intellectual Disability
Polyamine Homeostasis in Snyder-Robinson Syndrome.
Intellectual Disability
Rational design of small-molecule stabilizers of spermine synthase dimer by virtual screening and free energy-based approach.
Intellectual Disability
Snyder-Robinson syndrome.
Intellectual Disability
Snyder-Robinson syndrome: A novel nonsense mutation in spermine synthase and expansion of the phenotype.
Intellectual Disability
Spermine synthase deficiency causes lysosomal dysfunction and oxidative stress in models of Snyder-Robinson syndrome.
Intellectual Disability
Spermine synthase deficiency resulting in X-linked intellectual disability (Snyder-Robinson syndrome).
Intellectual Disability
The complete loss of function of the SMS gene results in a severe form of Snyder-Robinson syndrome.
Intellectual Disability
Whole-exome sequencing identifies a novel mutation in spermine synthase gene (SMS) associated with Snyder-Robinson Syndrome.
Leukemia
Effect of S-adenosyl-1,12-diamino-3-thio-9-azadodecane, a multisubstrate adduct inhibitor of spermine synthase, on polyamine metabolism in mammalian cells.
Mental Retardation, X-Linked
New SMS mutation leads to a striking reduction in spermine synthase protein function and a severe form of Snyder-Robinson X-linked recessive mental retardation syndrome.
Mental Retardation, X-Linked
The impact of spermine synthase (SMS) mutations on brain morphology.
Muscle Hypotonia
Aminopropyltransferases: function, structure and genetics.
Muscle Hypotonia
Polyamine Homeostasis in Snyder-Robinson Syndrome.
Neoplasm Metastasis
Association between plasma diacetylspermine and tumor spermine synthase with outcome in triple negative breast cancer.
Neoplasms
Antiproliferative effect of spermine depletion by N-cyclohexyl-1,3-diaminopropane in human breast cancer cells.
Neoplasms
Association between plasma diacetylspermine and tumor spermine synthase with outcome in triple negative breast cancer.
Neoplasms
Comparative antitumor properties in rodents of irreversible inhibitors of L-ornithine decarboxylase, used as such or as prodrugs.
Neoplasms
Spermine synthase overexpression in vivo does not increase susceptibility to DMBA/TPA skin carcinogenesis or Min-Apc intestinal tumorigenesis.
Neoplasms
Supramolecular Chemotherapy: Host-Guest Complexes of Heptaplatin-Cucurbit[7]uril toward Colorectal Normal and Tumor Cells.
Osteoporosis
Polyamine Homeostasis in Snyder-Robinson Syndrome.
Osteoporosis
Snyder-Robinson syndrome: A novel nonsense mutation in spermine synthase and expansion of the phenotype.
Seizures
Polyamine Homeostasis in Snyder-Robinson Syndrome.
spermine synthase deficiency
Diagnostic screening for spermine synthase deficiency by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
spermine synthase deficiency
Effect of spermine synthase deficiency on polyamine biosynthesis and content in mice and embryonic fibroblasts, and the sensitivity of fibroblasts to 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea.
spermine synthase deficiency
Publisher Correction: Spermine synthase deficiency causes lysosomal dysfunction and oxidative stress in models of Snyder-Robinson syndrome.
spermine synthase deficiency
Snyder-Robinson syndrome.
spermine synthase deficiency
Spermine synthase deficiency causes lysosomal dysfunction and oxidative stress in models of Snyder-Robinson syndrome.
spermine synthase deficiency
Spermine synthase deficiency leads to deafness and a profound sensitivity to alpha-difluoromethylornithine.
spermine synthase deficiency
Spermine synthase deficiency resulting in X-linked intellectual disability (Snyder-Robinson syndrome).
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Association between plasma diacetylspermine and tumor spermine synthase with outcome in triple negative breast cancer.
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drug target
spermine synthase and MYC cooperate to maintain colorectal cancer cell survival by repressing Bim expression. Combined inhibition of spermine synthase and MYC signaling may be an effective therapy for colorectal cancer
physiological function
spermine synthase is a key enzyme controlling the concentration of spermidine and spermine in the cell
malfunction
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cells derived from patients with Snyder-Robinson syndrome, a rare X-linked recessive human disease caused by SMS gene mutations that greatly reduce the content of spermine synthase, show an increase in decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine
physiological function
-
inverse relationship between the amount of spermine synthase protein and the content of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine. In mice lacking spermine synthase occurs a large increase in decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine, dcAdoMet, overexpression of human spermine synthase reduces the amount of this nucleoside, Content of AdoMet and dcAdoMet in cultured lymphoblasts from control and Snyder-Robinson syndrome patients
malfunction
SMS single missense mutations cause the Snyder-Robinson Syndrome, SRS. Concerning mutability depending on structural micro-environment and involvement in the function and structural integrity of the SMS, the I150 site does not tolerate any mutation, while V132, despite its key position at the interface of SMS dimer, is quite mutable. The G56 site is still quite sensitive to charge residue replacement
malfunction
mutations in the spermine synthase gene are associated with Snyder Robinson mental retardation syndrome
metabolism
spermine synthase and MYC cooperate to maintain colorectal cancer cell survival by repressing Bim expression
metabolism
the enzyme is critical for maintaining the balance of spermine/spermidine in the cell
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DELTA1-129
0.02% activity compared to the wild-type enzyme
DELTA1-19
0.003% activity compared to the wild-type enzyme
DELTA1-43
0.0002% activity compared to the wild-type enzyme
DELTA1-82
0.00023% activity compared to the wild-type enzyme
DELTA347-366
truncation of the protein at position 346 removing the last 20 residues lead to a complete loss of activity
DELTA358-366A
smaller truncation of only 9 residues has a smaller effect but still reduced activity by 75%
F58L
the mutation is associated with the Snyder-Robinson syndrome
G191S
the mutation at a site far away from the active pocket affects the active site dynamics and thus the functionality of SpmSyn. This suggests that SpmSyn functionality is regulated by networks of interacting residues and thus expands the functional and structural importance beyond the amino acids directly involved in the catalysis
G67E
the mutation is associated with the Snyder-Robinson syndrome
I150T
naturally occuring missense mutation involved in Snyder-Robinson Syndrome, the mutation affects dimer and monomer stability and perturb the hydrogen bond network of the functionally important amino acids
M35R
the mutation is associated with the Snyder-Robinson syndrome
P112L
the mutation is associated with the Snyder-Robinson syndrome
V132G
naturally occuring missense mutation involved in Snyder-Robinson Syndrome, the mutation affects dimer and monomer stability and perturb the hydrogen bond network of the functionally important amino acids
G56S
-
point mutation, leads to a large loss of spermine synthase activity, an inability to form dimers
I150T
-
point mutation, leads to a large loss of spermine synthase activity, an inability to form dimers
S165D/L175E/T178H/C206R
-
the mutant shows increased activity compared to the wild type enzyme
V132G
-
point mutation, leads to a large loss of spermine synthase activity, an inability to form dimers
D201A
40000fold decrease in ratio kcat/Km value
D201A
mutation of Asp201 to Ala decreases the kcat/Km for decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine by more than 100000fold
D201N
40000fold decrease in ratio kcat/Km value
D201N
mutation of Asp201 to Asn decreases the kcat/Km for decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine by more than 100000fold
D276N
250000fold decrease in ratio kcat/Km value
D276N
alteration of this residue reduces the kcat/Km for spermidine by more than 200000fold
E353Q
1000fold decrease in ratio kcat/Km value
E353Q
mutation of Glu353 to Gln reduces the kcat/Km by 800fold
G56S
naturally occuring missense mutation involved in Snyder-Robinson Syndrome, the mutation affects dimer and monomer stability and perturb the hydrogen bond network of the functionally important amino acids
G56S
the mutation destabilizes the enzyme homodimer and thus abolishes enzymatic activity
G56S
the mutation is associated with the Snyder-Robinson syndrome
additional information
deletion of the N-terminal domain leads to a complete loss of spermine synthase activity
additional information
-
deletion of the N-terminal domain leads to a complete loss of spermine synthase activity
additional information
-
enzyme overexpression in transgenic mice under control of a composite CMV-IE enhancer-chicken beta-actin promotor causes no deleterious effects, the mice show normal growth, fertility, and behaviour, the content of S-adenosylmethionine in transgenic mice is important for viability, overview
additional information
-
mutation p.G56S in the N-terminal region of spermine synthase greatly reduces spermine synthase activity and leads to severe epilepsy and cognitive impairment related to Snyder-Robinson X-linked recessive mental retardation syndrome
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Kajander, E.O.; Kauppinen, L.I.; Pajula, R.L.; Karkola, K.; Eloranta, T.O.
Purification and partial characterization of human polyamine synthases
Biochem. J.
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1989
Homo sapiens
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Korhonen, V.P.; Halmekyto, M.; Kauppinen, L.; Myohanen, S.; Wahlfors, J.; Keinanen, T.; Hyvonen, T.; Alhonen, L.; Eloranta, T.; Janne, J.
Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding human spermine synthase
DNA Cell Biol.
14
841-847
1995
Homo sapiens
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Ikeguchi, Y.; Wang, X.; McCloskey, D.E.; Coleman, C.S.; Nelson, P.; Hu, G.; Shantz, L.M.; Pegg, A.E.
Characterization of transgenic mice with widespread overexpression of spermine synthase
Biochem. J.
381
701-707
2004
Homo sapiens
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Wu, H.; Min, J.; Zeng, H.; McCloskey, D.E.; Ikeguchi, Y.; Loppnau, P.; Michael, A.J.; Pegg, A.E.; Plotnikov, A.N.
Crystal structure of human spermine synthase: implications of substrate binding and catalytic mechanism
J. Biol. Chem.
283
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2008
Homo sapiens (P52788), Homo sapiens
brenda
de Alencastro, G.; McCloskey, D.E.; Kliemann, S.E.; Maranduba, C.M.; Pegg, A.E.; Wang, X.; Bertola, D.R.; Schwartz, C.E.; Passos-Bueno, M.R.; Sertie, A.L.
New SMS mutation leads to a striking reduction in spermine synthase protein function and a severe form of Snyder-Robinson X-linked recessive mental retardation syndrome
J. Med. Genet.
45
539-543
2008
Homo sapiens
brenda
MacLean, H.E.; Chiu, W.S.; Notini, A.J.; Axell, A.; Davey, R.A.; McManus, J.F.; Ma, C.; Plant, D.R.; Lynch, G.S.; Zajac, J.D.
Impaired skeletal muscle development and function in male, but not female, genomic androgen receptor knockout mice
FASEB J.
22
2676-2689
2008
Homo sapiens (P52788)
brenda
Pegg, A.E.; Michael, A.J.
Spermine synthase
Cell. Mol. Life Sci.
67
113-121
2010
Homo sapiens, Monosiga brevicollis, Mus musculus, no activity in Caenorhabditis elegans, no activity in Hydra magnipapillata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
brenda
Pegg, A.E.; Wang, X.; Schwartz, C.E.; McCloskey, D.E.
Spermine synthase activity affects the content of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine
Biochem. J.
433
139-144
2011
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
brenda
Zhang, Z.; Norris, J.; Schwartz, C.; Alexov, E.
In silico and in vitro investigations of the mutability of disease-causing missense mutation sites in spermine synthase
PLoS ONE
6
e20373
2011
Homo sapiens (P52788)
brenda
Peng, Y.; Norris, J.; Schwartz, C.; Alexov, E.
Revealing the effects of missense mutations causing Snyder-Robinson syndrome on the stability and dimerization of spermine synthase
Int. J. Mol. Sci.
17
77
2016
Homo sapiens (P52788)
brenda
Zhang, Z.; Zheng, Y.; Petukh, M.; Pegg, A.; Ikeguchi, Y.; Alexov, E.
Enhancing human spermine synthase activity by engineered mutations
PLoS Comput. Biol.
9
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2013
Homo sapiens
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Zhang, Z.; Martiny, V.; Lagorce, D.; Ikeguchi, Y.; Alexov, E.; Miteva, M.A.
Rational design of small-molecule stabilizers of spermine synthase dimer by virtual screening and free energy-based approach
PLoS ONE
9
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2014
Homo sapiens (P52788), Homo sapiens
brenda
Dolce, L.G.; Silva-Junior, R.M.P.; Assis, L.H.P.; Nascimento, A.F.Z.; Araujo, J.S.; Meschede, I.P.; Espreafico, E.M.; de Giuseppe, P.O.; Murakami, M.T.
Myosin Va interacts with the exosomal protein spermine synthase
Biosci. Rep.
39
BSR20182189
2019
Homo sapiens (P52788)
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Timson, D.J.
Myosin Va and spermine synthase partners in exosome transport
Biosci. Rep.
39
BSR20190326
2019
Homo sapiens (P52788)
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Peng, Y.; Michonova, E.
Long-range effect of a single mutation in spermine synthase
J. Theor. Comput. Chem.
17
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2018
Homo sapiens (P52788)
-
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Guo, Y.; Ye, Q.; Deng, P.; Cao, Y.; He, D.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, C.; Zaytseva, Y.Y.; Schwartz, C.E.; Lee, E.Y.; Mark Evers, B.; Morris, A.J.; Liu, S.; She, Q.B.
Spermine synthase and MYC cooperate to maintain colorectal cancer cell survival by repressing Bim expression
Nat. Commun.
11
3243
2020
Homo sapiens (P52788)
brenda