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Information on EC 2.4.1.47 - N-acylsphingosine galactosyltransferase
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2.4.1.47 N-acylsphingosine galactosyltransferaseIUBMB Comments
This membrane-bound, endoplasmic reticulum-located enzyme catalyses the last step in the synthesis of galactocerebrosides, which are abundant sphingolipids of the myelin membrane of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It has a strong preference for ceramides that contain hydroxylated fatty acids.
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Word Map
- 2.4.1.47
- myelin
- oligodendrocyte
- sulfatide
-
udp-galactose:ceramide
- galactosylceramide
- galactocerebroside
-
galcer
-
2.4.1.45
-
myelin-specific
-
3'-phosphohydrolase
- 3'-phosphodiesterase
-
myelin-related
-
sulfoglycolipids
-
udp-glucose:ceramide
-
galactosphingolipids
-
paranodal
- medicine
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Synonyms
ceramide galactosyltransferase, cgalt, cerebroside synthase, udpgalactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
ceramide galactosyltransferase
cerebroside synthase
-
-
-
-
CGalT
-
-
-
-
CGT
-
-
-
-
EC 2.4.1.45
-
-
formerly
-
galactosyltransferase, uridine diphosphogalactose-2-hydroxyacylsphingosine
-
-
-
-
galactosyltransferase, uridine diphosphogalactose-acylsphingosine
-
-
-
-
GALT
UDP galactose-N-acylsphingosine galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDPgalactose-2-hydroxyacylsphingosine galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDPgalactose:2-2-hydroxyacylsphingosine galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDPgalactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
uridine diphosphogalactose-2-hydroxyacylsphingosine galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
uridine diphosphogalactose-acylsphingosine galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + a ceramide = UDP + a beta-D-galactosylceramide
-
-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
hexosyl group transfer
-
-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
UDP-galactose:N-acylsphingosine D-galactosyltransferase
This membrane-bound, endoplasmic reticulum-located enzyme catalyses the last step in the synthesis of galactocerebrosides, which are abundant sphingolipids of the myelin membrane of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It has a strong preference for ceramides that contain hydroxylated fatty acids.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
37277-54-6
-
37277-56-8
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
UDPglucose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
glucocerebroside + UDP
-
at 7-10% of the activity with UDP-galactose
-
?
UDP-galactose + ceramide
UDP + D-galactosylceramide
-
erythro-ceramides, unsaturated ceramides and bound sphingosines are more active than threo-ceramides, saturated and free sphingosines
-
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
highly specific
product: galactocerebroside containing 2-hydroxy fatty acids linked to the amino group of the sphingosine moiety
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
ceramide containing 2-hydroxystearic acid as the predominant fatty acid
product: galactocerebroside containing 2-hydroxy fatty acids linked to the amino group of the sphingosine moiety
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
i.e. 2-hydroxy fatty acid ceramide, synthesis of cerebroside
-
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
enzyme may play an important role in the synthesis of at least one type of myelin
-
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
-
galactoceramide
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
i.e. 2-hydroxy fatty acid ceramide
i.e. 2-hydroxy fatty acid galactosylceramide
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
key enzymatic step in the biosynthesis of the galactocerebrosides, cell-specific and highly time-regulated expression of the CGT gene in the terminal differentiated oligodendrocytes of CNS and in Schwann cells of PNS
galactocerebroside
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
key enzyme in the biosynthesis of galactocerebroside, the most abundant glycosphingolipid in the myelin sheath
galactocerebroside
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
highly specific
2-hydroxy fatty acid cerebroside, i.e. 2-hydroxy fatty acid galactosylceramide
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
i.e. 2-hydroxy fatty acid ceramide
2-hydroxy fatty acid cerebroside, i.e. 2-hydroxy fatty acid galactosylceramide
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
i.e. 2-hydroxy fatty acid ceramide, synthesis of cerebroside
-
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
-
cerebroside
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
-
i.e. 2-hydroxy fatty acid galactosylceramide
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
i.e. 2-hydroxy fatty acid ceramide
cerebroside
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
i.e. 2-hydroxy fatty acid ceramide
cerebroside
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
i.e. 2-hydroxy fatty acid ceramide
2-hydroxy fatty acid cerebroside, i.e. 2-hydroxy fatty acid galactosylceramide
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
-
cerebroside
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: galactose, galactose-1-phosphat, ADP-galactose
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
final step of galactosylceramide synthesis, which plays a role in myelin formation, signal transduction and oligodendrocyte development
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: ceramide containing nonhydroxy fatty acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
key enzyme in the biosynthesis of cerebrosides and sulfatides, cell-specific and highly time-regulated expression of the CGT gene is thought to play an important role in oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell differentiation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, asialo GM2ganglioside
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: ceramide containing nonhydroxy fatty acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
oligodendrocyte-specific enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the oligodendrocyte- and myelin-specific cerebrosides, time-regulated CGT expression with a peak around postnatal days 15-25
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
last step in biosynthesis of cerebrosides
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme ensures a supply of UDP-galactose in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen by retaining UDP-galactose transporter in a molecular complex
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
oligodendrocyte-specific enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the oligodendrocyte- and myelin-specific cerebrosides, time-regulated CGT expression with a peak around postnatal days 15-25
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
i.e. 2-hydroxy fatty acid ceramide, synthesis of cerebroside
-
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
enzyme may play an important role in the synthesis of at least one type of myelin
-
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
key enzymatic step in the biosynthesis of the galactocerebrosides, cell-specific and highly time-regulated expression of the CGT gene in the terminal differentiated oligodendrocytes of CNS and in Schwann cells of PNS
galactocerebroside
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
key enzyme in the biosynthesis of galactocerebroside, the most abundant glycosphingolipid in the myelin sheath
galactocerebroside
?
UDPgalactose + 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine + UDP
-
i.e. 2-hydroxy fatty acid ceramide, synthesis of cerebroside
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
final step of galactosylceramide synthesis, which plays a role in myelin formation, signal transduction and oligodendrocyte development
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
key enzyme in the biosynthesis of cerebrosides and sulfatides, cell-specific and highly time-regulated expression of the CGT gene is thought to play an important role in oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell differentiation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
oligodendrocyte-specific enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the oligodendrocyte- and myelin-specific cerebrosides, time-regulated CGT expression with a peak around postnatal days 15-25
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
last step in biosynthesis of cerebrosides
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme ensures a supply of UDP-galactose in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen by retaining UDP-galactose transporter in a molecular complex
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
oligodendrocyte-specific enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the oligodendrocyte- and myelin-specific cerebrosides, time-regulated CGT expression with a peak around postnatal days 15-25
-
-
?
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Ca2+
-
stimulates at 10 mM, dialyzed enzyme has requirement for divalent cations
Mg2+
Mn2+
Mg2+
-
dialyzed enzyme has requirement for divalent cations, optimal stimulation at 5 mM
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Protein inhibitor
-
from brain, kidney, spleen and liver of rat and other animals
-
zoledronate
optimal inhibitor of human ceramide galactosyltransferase, showing a favorable steric hindrance factor in contrast to other inhibitors or UDP-gal. It exhibits binding sites distributed homogeneously that can bind simultaneously
additional information
-
nutritional inadequacy during the active growth phase of the brain causes significantly diminished enzyme activity
-
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
HSP70
-
dog heat shock protein 70 increases production of lactosylceramide to 156%
-
phosphatidylcholine
-
optimum phospholipid requirement of phosphatidylethanolamine: phosphatidylcholine of 5:1 with 2.5fold stimulation, Na cholate prevents stimulation
phosphatidylethanolamine
-
optimum phospholipid requirement of phosphatidylethanolamine: phosphatidylcholine of 5:1 with 2.5fold stimulation, Na cholate prevents stimulation
Phospholipids
-
addition to incubation mixture containing Triton X-100 increases activity
Phospholipids
-
optimum phospholipid requirement of phosphatidylethanolamine: phosphatidylcholine of 5:1 with 2.5fold stimulation, Na cholate prevents stimulation
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Ataxia
Disruption of axo-glial junctions causes cytoskeletal disorganization and degeneration of Purkinje neuron axons.
Breast Neoplasms
Association between CLN3 (Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, CLN3 Type) Gene Expression and Clinical Characteristics of Breast Cancer Patients.
Breast Neoplasms
Ceramide galactosyltransferase (UGT8) is a molecular marker of breast cancer malignancy and lung metastases.
Breast Neoplasms
Inhibition of UGT8 suppresses basal-like breast cancer progression by attenuating sulfatide-?V?5 axis.
Demyelinating Diseases
Oligodendrocyte-specific ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGT) expression phenotypically rescues CGT-deficient mice and demonstrates that CGT activity does not limit brain galactosylceramide level.
Demyelinating Diseases
Oligodendrocytes assist in the maintenance of sodium channel clusters independent of the myelin sheath.
Demyelinating Diseases
Tellurium causes dose-dependent coordinate down-regulation of myelin gene expression.
Galactosemias
The molecular relationship between deficient UDP-galactose uridyl transferase (GALT) and ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGT) enzyme function: a possible cause for poor long-term prognosis in classic galactosemia.
Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell
Substrate reduction therapy for Krabbe disease and metachromatic leukodystrophy using a novel ceramide galactosyltransferase inhibitor.
Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic
Substrate reduction therapy for Krabbe disease and metachromatic leukodystrophy using a novel ceramide galactosyltransferase inhibitor.
Lung Neoplasms
Expression of Ceramide Galactosyltransferase (UGT8) in Primary and Metastatic Lung Tissues of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.
Neoplasm Metastasis
Ceramide galactosyltransferase (UGT8) is a molecular marker of breast cancer malignancy and lung metastases.
Neoplasms
Ceramide galactosyltransferase (UGT8) as a molecular marker of canine mammary tumor malignancy.
Neoplasms
Ceramide galactosyltransferase (UGT8) is a molecular marker of breast cancer malignancy and lung metastases.
Neoplasms
Microarray analysis of altered sphingolipid metabolism reveals prognostic significance of sphingosine kinase 1 in breast cancer.
Oligodendroglioma
Biosynthesis of galactocerebrosides and glucocerebrosides in glial cell lines.
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.018
2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
-
Km value for ceramide is influenced by its dispersion state, in presence of 2 mM Triton S-100 biphasic kinetics are observed with increasing ceramide concentration, yielding two apparent Km values of 0.018 and 0.15 mM
0.15
2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine
-
Km value for ceramide is influenced by its dispersion state, in presence of 2 mM Triton S-100 biphasic kinetics are observed with increasing ceramide concentration, yielding two apparent Km values of 0.018 and 0.15 mM
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
-
more, specific activity is maximal at about 21 days and then gradually declines
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
37
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem of 14 and 21 days old rats
brenda
-
cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem of 14 and 21 days old rats
brenda
-
cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem of 14 and 21 days old rats
brenda
-
cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem of 14 and 21 days old rats, whole brain of 7 days old rats
brenda
-
overexpression of enzyme results in 4fold increase in activity and concomitant decrease in alpha-hydroxylated galactosylceramide and significant up-regulation of the myelin and lymphocyte protein
brenda
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
integrated into ER membrane, enzymatically active part of CGT may be oriented toward the lumen of the ER
brenda
additional information
-
activity can also be found to a minor degree in mitochondrial fraction
-
brenda
-
translation product with N-terminal 20 amino acids signal sequence, C-terminal 23 amino acids transmembrane domain and KKVK endoplasmic reticulum retention signal
brenda
-
with transmembrane helical domain, hydrophobic sequence of 20 amino acids in the C-terminal domain
brenda
-
with C-terminal 23 amino acids transmembrane domain
brenda
-
smooth endoplasmic reticulum, with C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum membrane retention signal, C-terminal 20 residue transmembrane domain as anchor of enzyme in the membrane of the ER
brenda
-
smooth endoplasmic reticulum, with C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum membrane retention signal, C-terminal 20 residue transmembrane domain as anchor of enzyme in the membrane of the ER
-
brenda
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UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). CGT_HUMAN
541
2
61438
Swiss-Prot
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 1)
CGT_MOUSE
541
2
61249
Swiss-Prot
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 1)
CGT_RAT
541
2
61126
Swiss-Prot
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 1)
A0A5B6YXH7_DAVIN
167
0
18419
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
C9Y0E7_CROTZ
Cronobacter turicensis (strain DSM 18703 / CCUG 55852 / LMG 23827 / z3032)
424
0
45326
TrEMBL
-
A0A0D2L995_9CHLO
567
0
59185
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 1)
A0A5B7AJZ4_DAVIN
156
0
17752
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A5B7AMC3_DAVIN
112
0
12786
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A5B7C3P4_DAVIN
221
0
24816
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A2QJV2_ASPNC
Aspergillus niger (strain CBS 513.88 / FGSC A1513)
529
0
59439
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0A8M1N952_DANRE
541
1
61086
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 1)
A0A5B7B827_DAVIN
443
0
48946
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 4)
A0A0D2JXQ6_9CHLO
398
0
42579
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 5)
Q98TB5_CHICK
541
2
61598
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 1)
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
400000 - 500000
59000
-
x * 64000, glycosylated protein, x * 59000, deglycosylated protein with glycopeptidase F, SDS-PAGE
64000
64000
-
x * 64000, glycosylated protein, x * 59000, deglycosylated protein with glycopeptidase F, SDS-PAGE
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
-
enzyme forms a complex with UDP-galactose transporter in the endoplasmic reticulum
?